西瓜优质高产栽培技术研究
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摘要
西瓜是世界十大水果之一，我国是世界上最大的西瓜生产国，占世界总面积和总产量的45％以上。但我国西瓜品质相对较差，种植经济效益不高。随着我国加入WTO，西瓜消费市场面临着国际化的竞争，提高西瓜果实品质已十分迫切。同时随着生活水平的提高和水果品种的多样化，国内消费者对瓜果品质的要求也越来越高。因此，开展西瓜优质高产栽培技术研究具有重要意义。
本研究系统地研究了各种栽培因子对西瓜品质、产量性状的影响，基本摸清了优质西瓜主栽品种——早佳及早佳嫁接西瓜的主要生育特性，并形成了一套西瓜优质高产高效栽培及可持续生产的配套技术体系。研究取得的主要结果如下：
1、早佳品种熟期早、前期产量高、可溶性固形物含量高、品质优、风味佳、种植效益高，适合设施早熟栽培。
2、早佳品种采用不同栽培方式其产量和效益差异显著，三膜覆盖全程避雨栽培的产量和产值最高，分别比地膜栽培高86.3％、254.0％；双膜覆盖栽培次之，比地膜栽培高43.2％、71.8％。
3、西瓜苗期增施CO_2气肥能明显增强幼苗素质，表现为株高、茎粗、根多、叶片大、叶色浓，根、茎、叶重增加，且下午增施CO_2气肥比上午增施CO_2气肥的效果更为明显；增施CO_2气肥的西瓜比对照雌花多、单株结瓜多0.2个，单果增0.25kg，中心折光糖度增0.5％，边缘折光糖度增0.1％；熟期提早6d，每667m~2产量增8.7％。
4、早佳品种在相同整枝方式的情况下，不同种植密度其产量差异明显，以200株·(667m~2)~(-1)的密度产量最高；密度在200～250株·(667m~2)~(-1)范围内，产量相差不大；随着种植密度进一步提高，产量逐渐降低。
5、早佳品种在肥力足的条件下，结瓜大，单株结瓜数多，产量高；肥力不足、N多K少则瓜偏小，结瓜数少，产量低，品质差；坐瓜前N过多藤蔓生长旺盛，坐瓜难，产量低；不施膨瓜肥或膨瓜肥迟施，瓜小、产量低；N∶P∶K以2.1∶1∶1.3时产量最高。
6、以小西瓜专用砧、神通力作砧木的早佳嫁接西瓜，抗病、产量高、品质优。
7、早佳嫁接西瓜采用三蔓整枝，种植密度在150一600株·(667m2I，之间，随着
种植密度的增加，早期产量提高。
8、在N、P水平相同条件下，增施K肥或增施有机肥与K肥，早佳嫁接西瓜结
瓜大，产量略高，品质明显提高;在N水平相同条件下，增施K肥比增施P肥优质。
Summary watermelon is ranked one of the top 10 fruits in the world market. China is the largest producer for watermelon, accounting for approximately 45% in terms with total acreages and yield. However, watermelon fruits produced in China is relatively lower either in quality or in economic returns. With the entrance of world trade market, domestic watermelon markets are challenged with global competition. Hence, it is very imperative to improve fruit quality. Meanwhile, domestic consumers are also seeking higher quality fruits with the increasing living standard and diversified supply of fruits available. As aforementioned, it is essential to start investigation on high quality and yielding cultivation techniques.
This research is practiced aiming at making clear the main properties of high quality watermelon cultivar "Zaojia" and grafted ones by using various stocks. The influence of culture parameters on quality and yield is investigated and corresponding high yield, and high quality sustainable system has been established. The main results are as follows: (1) Watermelon cultivar "Zaojia" is of early maturity, high earlier yield and superior quality with high sugar content and good flavor. It is an ideal cultivar for early protection culture. (2) Yield and economic gains are varied significantly by cultivating growing period, which is 86.3% and 254.0% higher respectively than mulch cover alone. Accordingly, second largest yield and income has been obtained by two-layer plastic cover, 43.2% and 71.8% higher respectively than single mulch cover. (3) Additional application of CO2 aerial fertilizer on seedling-raising stage is obviously capable of enhancing seedling quality that shows higher plant height, big stem diame
ter, good formation of hairy system, and dark green leaf color. Furthermore, it is more effective to apply CO2 aerial fertilizer in the afternoon than in the early morning, by which early maturity, higher quality and yield are achieved. In addition, more female flowers are generated than those non-treated ones. The plants treated with CO2 aerial fertilizer showed 20% more fruiting on single plant and increase of 0.25 kg for single fruit on the average resulting in 8.7% increase in total yield per 667 m2. (4) The total yield varies greatly with different training practices and planting density. It is decreased accordingly with the increase of density at which the highest yield is
obtained at the density of 200 plants per 667 m2. However, no significant differences in yields are observed when planting density ranges from 200 to 250 plants per 667 m2. (5) In adequate application of fertilizers, more fruit-setting and bigger fruit that leads to higher yield are obtained, whereas in insufficient supply of fertilizers, such as less potassium and more nitrogen, smaller fruits and lower fruit-setting rate is found that result in low yield and inferior quality. In our experiment, the favorable ration of N: P:K is 2.1:1:1.3 in which the highest yield is achievable. (6) The resistance to fusarium wilt, yield and fruit quality are improved by using minature watermelon specialized stock cultivars or 'Shengtongli' stock cultivar. The earlier yield is increased with planting density ranging from 150 to 600 plants per 667 m2 when grafting 'Zaojia' cultivar is trained with 3 vines. Moreover, enhanced application of potassium and organic fertilizers is beneficial for higher yield with bigger fruit an
d higher quality. In addition, the effect of enhanced application of potassium on yield and quality is more profound than phosphorous application.
本研究系统地研究了各种栽培因子对西瓜品质、产量性状的影响，基本摸清了优质西瓜主栽品种——早佳及早佳嫁接西瓜的主要生育特性，并形成了一套西瓜优质高产高效栽培及可持续生产的配套技术体系。研究取得的主要结果如下：
1、早佳品种熟期早、前期产量高、可溶性固形物含量高、品质优、风味佳、种植效益高，适合设施早熟栽培。
2、早佳品种采用不同栽培方式其产量和效益差异显著，三膜覆盖全程避雨栽培的产量和产值最高，分别比地膜栽培高86.3％、254.0％；双膜覆盖栽培次之，比地膜栽培高43.2％、71.8％。
3、西瓜苗期增施CO_2气肥能明显增强幼苗素质，表现为株高、茎粗、根多、叶片大、叶色浓，根、茎、叶重增加，且下午增施CO_2气肥比上午增施CO_2气肥的效果更为明显；增施CO_2气肥的西瓜比对照雌花多、单株结瓜多0.2个，单果增0.25kg，中心折光糖度增0.5％，边缘折光糖度增0.1％；熟期提早6d，每667m~2产量增8.7％。
4、早佳品种在相同整枝方式的情况下，不同种植密度其产量差异明显，以200株·(667m~2)~(-1)的密度产量最高；密度在200～250株·(667m~2)~(-1)范围内，产量相差不大；随着种植密度进一步提高，产量逐渐降低。
5、早佳品种在肥力足的条件下，结瓜大，单株结瓜数多，产量高；肥力不足、N多K少则瓜偏小，结瓜数少，产量低，品质差；坐瓜前N过多藤蔓生长旺盛，坐瓜难，产量低；不施膨瓜肥或膨瓜肥迟施，瓜小、产量低；N∶P∶K以2.1∶1∶1.3时产量最高。
6、以小西瓜专用砧、神通力作砧木的早佳嫁接西瓜，抗病、产量高、品质优。
7、早佳嫁接西瓜采用三蔓整枝，种植密度在150一600株·(667m2I，之间，随着
种植密度的增加，早期产量提高。
8、在N、P水平相同条件下，增施K肥或增施有机肥与K肥，早佳嫁接西瓜结
瓜大，产量略高，品质明显提高;在N水平相同条件下，增施K肥比增施P肥优质。
Summary watermelon is ranked one of the top 10 fruits in the world market. China is the largest producer for watermelon, accounting for approximately 45% in terms with total acreages and yield. However, watermelon fruits produced in China is relatively lower either in quality or in economic returns. With the entrance of world trade market, domestic watermelon markets are challenged with global competition. Hence, it is very imperative to improve fruit quality. Meanwhile, domestic consumers are also seeking higher quality fruits with the increasing living standard and diversified supply of fruits available. As aforementioned, it is essential to start investigation on high quality and yielding cultivation techniques.
This research is practiced aiming at making clear the main properties of high quality watermelon cultivar "Zaojia" and grafted ones by using various stocks. The influence of culture parameters on quality and yield is investigated and corresponding high yield, and high quality sustainable system has been established. The main results are as follows: (1) Watermelon cultivar "Zaojia" is of early maturity, high earlier yield and superior quality with high sugar content and good flavor. It is an ideal cultivar for early protection culture. (2) Yield and economic gains are varied significantly by cultivating growing period, which is 86.3% and 254.0% higher respectively than mulch cover alone. Accordingly, second largest yield and income has been obtained by two-layer plastic cover, 43.2% and 71.8% higher respectively than single mulch cover. (3) Additional application of CO2 aerial fertilizer on seedling-raising stage is obviously capable of enhancing seedling quality that shows higher plant height, big stem diame
ter, good formation of hairy system, and dark green leaf color. Furthermore, it is more effective to apply CO2 aerial fertilizer in the afternoon than in the early morning, by which early maturity, higher quality and yield are achieved. In addition, more female flowers are generated than those non-treated ones. The plants treated with CO2 aerial fertilizer showed 20% more fruiting on single plant and increase of 0.25 kg for single fruit on the average resulting in 8.7% increase in total yield per 667 m2. (4) The total yield varies greatly with different training practices and planting density. It is decreased accordingly with the increase of density at which the highest yield is
obtained at the density of 200 plants per 667 m2. However, no significant differences in yields are observed when planting density ranges from 200 to 250 plants per 667 m2. (5) In adequate application of fertilizers, more fruit-setting and bigger fruit that leads to higher yield are obtained, whereas in insufficient supply of fertilizers, such as less potassium and more nitrogen, smaller fruits and lower fruit-setting rate is found that result in low yield and inferior quality. In our experiment, the favorable ration of N: P:K is 2.1:1:1.3 in which the highest yield is achievable. (6) The resistance to fusarium wilt, yield and fruit quality are improved by using minature watermelon specialized stock cultivars or 'Shengtongli' stock cultivar. The earlier yield is increased with planting density ranging from 150 to 600 plants per 667 m2 when grafting 'Zaojia' cultivar is trained with 3 vines. Moreover, enhanced application of potassium and organic fertilizers is beneficial for higher yield with bigger fruit an
d higher quality. In addition, the effect of enhanced application of potassium on yield and quality is more profound than phosphorous application.
引文
1．马跃，我国西甜瓜生产回顾与展望．长江蔬菜，2000(8)：4～7
2．王坚，等．中国西瓜甜瓜．北京中国农业出版社2000，66～68，87～89，116～117
3．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1992．
4．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术(修订版)．北京金盾出版社1998，57
5．王坚，等．西瓜优质丰产栽培．北京农业出版社1992．
6．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1992．
7．王坚，等．西瓜栽培与育种．北京农业出版社1992．
8．王坚，试论我国西瓜甜瓜产业发展的若干问题，中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(2)：1～3
9．刘君璞，等．中国西瓜生产及新品种推广现状与发展．国家审定西瓜品种推广应用指南．北京中国农业出版社2002，9～15
10．孙小武，等．精品瓜优质高效栽培技术．北京金盾出版社2001，153～159
11．关佩聪，等．瓜类生物学和栽培技术．北京农业出版社1994．
12．朱洪勋，等．西瓜施肥特点的研究．中国西瓜甜瓜，1989(2)：32～35
13．吴明珠，韩国瓜菜产业概况．浙江省蔬菜瓜果协会资料汇编，2004．
14．郑高飞，等．不同葫芦砧木对西瓜生长及产量的影响[J]．中国西瓜甜瓜，1993(2)：19～20
15．郑世杰，等．西瓜早熟栽培．北京农业出版社1988．
16．单福成，等．西瓜果实营养物质积累规律的研究．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990(2)：22～24
17．林燚，玉麟牌西瓜产业化生产发展目标及对策．中国西瓜甜瓜，2001(4)：40～42
18．林燚，等．大棚西瓜增施二氧化碳气肥初探．中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(1)：14～15
19．林銀，等．早佳西瓜嫁接育苗技术．中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(5)：28～29
20．林燚，等．早佳嫁接西瓜特征特性与栽培技术．浙江农业科学，2003(6)：294～296
21．林燚，“玉麟”西瓜特征特性与栽培技术．中国西瓜甜瓜，2004(1)：20～21
22．林燚，等．不同砧木对早佳西瓜产量与品质的影响．浙江农业科学，2004(增刊)．
23．徐祖禅，西瓜氮磷钾配比施肥的效果试验．浙江农业科学，1989(4)
24．徐润芳，美国西瓜抗病育种进展．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990(2)：1～4
25．徐润芳，我国西瓜抗枯萎病育种的进展与前景．中国西瓜甜瓜，1992(1)：2～5
26．陶勤茜，等．氮磷钾肥对西瓜产量与优质风味成分的影响．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990 (1)：22～26
27．蒋有条，大棚温室西瓜甜瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1998，51～52
28．蒋有条，瓜类嫁接栽培．北京金盾出版社2000，1～3
29．蒋有条，西瓜早熟栽培上的几个问题．瓜类科技通讯，1985(2)，2～3
30．蒋有条，西瓜嫁接栽培及其砧木选择．浙江农大学报，1983
31．蒋有条，西瓜的嫁接栽培综述．中国西瓜甜瓜，1989(1)，27～37
32.Brown AC, Summer WL, Carbonhydrate Accumulation and Color Development in Watermelon. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1985, 110(5): 683～687
33.Elmstrom GW, Davis PL, Sugars in Developing and Mature Fruits of Several Watermelon on Cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1981, 106(3): 330～333
34.Jin-feng Chen, Major Cucurbit Crops of China. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 336～342
35.V. M. Russo and B. D. Bruton, T. W. Popham, A Quantitative Model of Melon Plant Development. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 394
36.Merritt Jo Taylor, Trends in World Cucurbit Production 1991 to 2001. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 374～375
37.William Watson, The National Watermelon Promotion Board. Cueurbitaeeae 2002, 431～435
2．王坚，等．中国西瓜甜瓜．北京中国农业出版社2000，66～68，87～89，116～117
3．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1992．
4．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术(修订版)．北京金盾出版社1998，57
5．王坚，等．西瓜优质丰产栽培．北京农业出版社1992．
6．王坚，等．西瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1992．
7．王坚，等．西瓜栽培与育种．北京农业出版社1992．
8．王坚，试论我国西瓜甜瓜产业发展的若干问题，中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(2)：1～3
9．刘君璞，等．中国西瓜生产及新品种推广现状与发展．国家审定西瓜品种推广应用指南．北京中国农业出版社2002，9～15
10．孙小武，等．精品瓜优质高效栽培技术．北京金盾出版社2001，153～159
11．关佩聪，等．瓜类生物学和栽培技术．北京农业出版社1994．
12．朱洪勋，等．西瓜施肥特点的研究．中国西瓜甜瓜，1989(2)：32～35
13．吴明珠，韩国瓜菜产业概况．浙江省蔬菜瓜果协会资料汇编，2004．
14．郑高飞，等．不同葫芦砧木对西瓜生长及产量的影响[J]．中国西瓜甜瓜，1993(2)：19～20
15．郑世杰，等．西瓜早熟栽培．北京农业出版社1988．
16．单福成，等．西瓜果实营养物质积累规律的研究．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990(2)：22～24
17．林燚，玉麟牌西瓜产业化生产发展目标及对策．中国西瓜甜瓜，2001(4)：40～42
18．林燚，等．大棚西瓜增施二氧化碳气肥初探．中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(1)：14～15
19．林銀，等．早佳西瓜嫁接育苗技术．中国西瓜甜瓜，2003(5)：28～29
20．林燚，等．早佳嫁接西瓜特征特性与栽培技术．浙江农业科学，2003(6)：294～296
21．林燚，“玉麟”西瓜特征特性与栽培技术．中国西瓜甜瓜，2004(1)：20～21
22．林燚，等．不同砧木对早佳西瓜产量与品质的影响．浙江农业科学，2004(增刊)．
23．徐祖禅，西瓜氮磷钾配比施肥的效果试验．浙江农业科学，1989(4)
24．徐润芳，美国西瓜抗病育种进展．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990(2)：1～4
25．徐润芳，我国西瓜抗枯萎病育种的进展与前景．中国西瓜甜瓜，1992(1)：2～5
26．陶勤茜，等．氮磷钾肥对西瓜产量与优质风味成分的影响．中国西瓜甜瓜，1990 (1)：22～26
27．蒋有条，大棚温室西瓜甜瓜栽培技术．北京金盾出版社1998，51～52
28．蒋有条，瓜类嫁接栽培．北京金盾出版社2000，1～3
29．蒋有条，西瓜早熟栽培上的几个问题．瓜类科技通讯，1985(2)，2～3
30．蒋有条，西瓜嫁接栽培及其砧木选择．浙江农大学报，1983
31．蒋有条，西瓜的嫁接栽培综述．中国西瓜甜瓜，1989(1)，27～37
32.Brown AC, Summer WL, Carbonhydrate Accumulation and Color Development in Watermelon. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1985, 110(5): 683～687
33.Elmstrom GW, Davis PL, Sugars in Developing and Mature Fruits of Several Watermelon on Cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1981, 106(3): 330～333
34.Jin-feng Chen, Major Cucurbit Crops of China. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 336～342
35.V. M. Russo and B. D. Bruton, T. W. Popham, A Quantitative Model of Melon Plant Development. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 394
36.Merritt Jo Taylor, Trends in World Cucurbit Production 1991 to 2001. Cucurbitaceae 2002, 374～375
37.William Watson, The National Watermelon Promotion Board. Cueurbitaeeae 2002, 431～435