施肥与丛枝菌根真菌对兰州百合生长的影响
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摘要
丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; AMF)在陆地生态系统中分布广泛,能够和陆地上80%的高等植物建立共生关系,属于球囊霉门真菌。能够通过促进植物对土壤中氮、磷、钾的吸收来改善植物营养,从而促进植物生长,以达到维持生态系统稳定和植被恢复的目的。丛枝菌根真菌还能帮助其宿主植物抵御不良环境,各种胁迫以及病虫害。兰州百合(Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton)是闻名中外的甜百合,是兰州的特色产业。但是近年来由于兰州百合栽培年限过长许多农户盲目缩短其生长周期导致兰州百合品质下降,土壤中病虫害严重等问题。针对这些问题,本实验运用传统的显微技术从与兰州百合共生的丛枝菌根真菌方面,在不同施肥处理和杀真菌剂处理下研究兰州百合及与之共生的丛枝菌根真菌的年际变化,进而阐述施肥和丛枝菌根真菌对兰州百合的影响。为解决兰州百合的连作障碍问题提供一定的理论依据。本实验得出的主要结论如下：
1.兰州百合的基生根(肉质根:Succulent root)和茎生根(纤维根：Fiber root)都有丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与之共生。根中的AMF主要以重楼型(Paris-type)丛枝结构为主,根系中很少观察到疆南星型(Arum-type)的丛枝结构。而且兰州百合肉质根中AMF不同结构的侵染水平都低于同期纤维根中的侵染。
2.采用湿筛倾析-蔗糖离心法分离土壤中的AMF孢子,并计数分析,压片。根据孢子的大小、形状、颜色以及有无连孢菌丝等外部形态初步鉴定出2属8个种,分别为摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、土球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)、聚丛球囊霉(Glomus aggregatum)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)、苦丝球囊霉(Glomus. sinuosum)、和平孢囊霉(Pacispora franciscana)、疣突球囊霉(Glomus. verruculosum),目前尚有8种待进一步鉴定。
3.兰州百合大鳞茎产量和与兰州百合共生的AMF侵染率都与年份成显著正相关性。兰州百合鳞茎产量和AMF的丛枝、泡囊、菌丝以及总的侵染率基本成逐年增加趋势。AMF总的侵染率都在20%到80%之间。
4.AMF对兰州百合根系的侵染提高了兰州百合的产量。但是氮肥、磷肥、钾肥等无机肥的施用降低了AMF的侵染,同时本实验发现有机肥鸡粪也会降低AMF的侵染。
5.苯菌灵处理对兰州百合根中的AMF有明显抑制作用,而且苯菌灵能够降低土壤中的速效钾含量,同时增加土壤中速效氮和速效磷含量。另外苯菌灵可能通过杀死或者抑制植物根际非菌根的有害真菌或线虫来间接提高百合产量。
6.通过比较本实验田与高产田和低产田的理化性质之间的差异,土壤中氮、钾和有机质的贫乏是限制兰州百合鳞茎增产的重要因素。而且兰州百合在生长过程中对氮、磷、钾肥的利用率很低。同时发现,无机肥并不能提高土壤中氮、磷、钾的含量,而有机肥鸡粪则能全面提升土壤肥力,进而提高百合产量。
7.兰州百合植株的各项指标都与兰州百合大鳞茎产量成显著正相关性。植株茎粗,地上茎长,主根长和叶片数高的植株鳞茎质量也相应的高。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which belongs to the Glomeromycota is widely distributed in terrestrial ecosystems. And can establish a symbiotic relationship with 80% of the terrestrial plants. AMF facilitates the growth of plants by promoting the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in soil to improve nutrient uptake of plant. Reach the aim of the maintenance of ecosystem stability and vegetation restoration. Also AMF can assist the plants which form symbiotic associations with AMF to resist environmental stress and disserve of pests. LiLum davidi var unicdor cotton is a worldwide sweet lily and a dominating industry in local. Whereas in the latest years the quality of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton has a sharp desline and the pests in soil seriously increase.And all these problems are results of too long cultivated years and shortener of the cycle by many farmers. To solve these problems,our experiment from the aspect of AMF which form symbiotic associations with Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton investigates the influence of fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton using traditional microscopic inspection. We study the interannual change of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton and AMF under treatments of different fertilizations and fungicide. We expect to provide a theoretical basis to solve the problem of succession cropping obstacle of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton. And the main results were abstracted as follows:
1.The base root(Succulent root) and stem root (Fiber root)of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton both form intimate symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).And Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is mainly Paris-type, and also observed a small amount of Arum-type. The AMF colonization rate in Fiber root was higher than Succulent root in the same period.
2.Soil spores around the root of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton was filtered by wet screening method and sucrose suspending method. Than count and make the slices of soil spores. Based on their exterior modality such as size, shape, color and whether had germination or not, the spores were differentiated into two genus and eight species were preliminary identified. These AMF species including:Glomus mosseae, Glomus geosporum, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus. sinuosum, Pacispora franciscana, Glomus. Verruculosum and so on.There are still eight species need to be identified further.
3.The total colonization of AMF is between 20% and 80%.The bulb weight of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton and the AMF colonization rate both has a significant positive correlation with years.The weight,the colonization rate of arbuscule,vesicle and extraradical hyphae increases with years.
4.Root colonized by AM Fungi enhance the production of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.But the application of inorganic fertilizer such as nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer reduce the AMF colonization rate. At the same time, Chicken manure,a organic fertilizer, also reduce the AMF colonization.
5.The application of benomyl significantly inhibit the AMF in Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton root. Benomyl reduces the available potassium in soil while increases the available nitrogen and the available phosphorus in soil. In addition, benomyl indirectly increase the production of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton by kill or inhibit non- rhizosphere harmful fungi and nematodes.
6.By comparison the difference of the physical and chemical indicators between our experiment yield and high yielding and low-yielding fields,absence of nitrogen, potassium in soil and organic matter is important factors to limit the yield of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.And the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer is very low in the growth process of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.At the same time, inorganic fertilizer would not improve the content of nitrogen, potash and phosphate in soil. But chicken manure can enhance the soil fertility and thereby improve the yield of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.
7.The indicators of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton has a significant positive correlation with its bulb weight.The plant which has a high stem diameter,stem length,root length and the number of leaves has a high bulb weight.
1.兰州百合的基生根(肉质根:Succulent root)和茎生根(纤维根：Fiber root)都有丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与之共生。根中的AMF主要以重楼型(Paris-type)丛枝结构为主,根系中很少观察到疆南星型(Arum-type)的丛枝结构。而且兰州百合肉质根中AMF不同结构的侵染水平都低于同期纤维根中的侵染。
2.采用湿筛倾析-蔗糖离心法分离土壤中的AMF孢子,并计数分析,压片。根据孢子的大小、形状、颜色以及有无连孢菌丝等外部形态初步鉴定出2属8个种,分别为摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、土球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)、聚丛球囊霉(Glomus aggregatum)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)、苦丝球囊霉(Glomus. sinuosum)、和平孢囊霉(Pacispora franciscana)、疣突球囊霉(Glomus. verruculosum),目前尚有8种待进一步鉴定。
3.兰州百合大鳞茎产量和与兰州百合共生的AMF侵染率都与年份成显著正相关性。兰州百合鳞茎产量和AMF的丛枝、泡囊、菌丝以及总的侵染率基本成逐年增加趋势。AMF总的侵染率都在20%到80%之间。
4.AMF对兰州百合根系的侵染提高了兰州百合的产量。但是氮肥、磷肥、钾肥等无机肥的施用降低了AMF的侵染,同时本实验发现有机肥鸡粪也会降低AMF的侵染。
5.苯菌灵处理对兰州百合根中的AMF有明显抑制作用,而且苯菌灵能够降低土壤中的速效钾含量,同时增加土壤中速效氮和速效磷含量。另外苯菌灵可能通过杀死或者抑制植物根际非菌根的有害真菌或线虫来间接提高百合产量。
6.通过比较本实验田与高产田和低产田的理化性质之间的差异,土壤中氮、钾和有机质的贫乏是限制兰州百合鳞茎增产的重要因素。而且兰州百合在生长过程中对氮、磷、钾肥的利用率很低。同时发现,无机肥并不能提高土壤中氮、磷、钾的含量,而有机肥鸡粪则能全面提升土壤肥力,进而提高百合产量。
7.兰州百合植株的各项指标都与兰州百合大鳞茎产量成显著正相关性。植株茎粗,地上茎长,主根长和叶片数高的植株鳞茎质量也相应的高。
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which belongs to the Glomeromycota is widely distributed in terrestrial ecosystems. And can establish a symbiotic relationship with 80% of the terrestrial plants. AMF facilitates the growth of plants by promoting the absorption of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in soil to improve nutrient uptake of plant. Reach the aim of the maintenance of ecosystem stability and vegetation restoration. Also AMF can assist the plants which form symbiotic associations with AMF to resist environmental stress and disserve of pests. LiLum davidi var unicdor cotton is a worldwide sweet lily and a dominating industry in local. Whereas in the latest years the quality of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton has a sharp desline and the pests in soil seriously increase.And all these problems are results of too long cultivated years and shortener of the cycle by many farmers. To solve these problems,our experiment from the aspect of AMF which form symbiotic associations with Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton investigates the influence of fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton using traditional microscopic inspection. We study the interannual change of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton and AMF under treatments of different fertilizations and fungicide. We expect to provide a theoretical basis to solve the problem of succession cropping obstacle of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton. And the main results were abstracted as follows:
1.The base root(Succulent root) and stem root (Fiber root)of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton both form intimate symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).And Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is mainly Paris-type, and also observed a small amount of Arum-type. The AMF colonization rate in Fiber root was higher than Succulent root in the same period.
2.Soil spores around the root of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton was filtered by wet screening method and sucrose suspending method. Than count and make the slices of soil spores. Based on their exterior modality such as size, shape, color and whether had germination or not, the spores were differentiated into two genus and eight species were preliminary identified. These AMF species including:Glomus mosseae, Glomus geosporum, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus. sinuosum, Pacispora franciscana, Glomus. Verruculosum and so on.There are still eight species need to be identified further.
3.The total colonization of AMF is between 20% and 80%.The bulb weight of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton and the AMF colonization rate both has a significant positive correlation with years.The weight,the colonization rate of arbuscule,vesicle and extraradical hyphae increases with years.
4.Root colonized by AM Fungi enhance the production of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.But the application of inorganic fertilizer such as nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer reduce the AMF colonization rate. At the same time, Chicken manure,a organic fertilizer, also reduce the AMF colonization.
5.The application of benomyl significantly inhibit the AMF in Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton root. Benomyl reduces the available potassium in soil while increases the available nitrogen and the available phosphorus in soil. In addition, benomyl indirectly increase the production of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton by kill or inhibit non- rhizosphere harmful fungi and nematodes.
6.By comparison the difference of the physical and chemical indicators between our experiment yield and high yielding and low-yielding fields,absence of nitrogen, potassium in soil and organic matter is important factors to limit the yield of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.And the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer is very low in the growth process of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.At the same time, inorganic fertilizer would not improve the content of nitrogen, potash and phosphate in soil. But chicken manure can enhance the soil fertility and thereby improve the yield of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton.
7.The indicators of Lilium davidi var. unicdor cotton has a significant positive correlation with its bulb weight.The plant which has a high stem diameter,stem length,root length and the number of leaves has a high bulb weight.
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