洛文塔尔文学传播理论研究
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摘要
利奥·洛文塔尔是在大西洋两岸享有盛誉的批判理论家、文学理论家和传播理论家。作为社会研究所的核心成员之一,他在一生的学术研究中,始终把法兰克福学派的批判理论应用于文学、文化和社会问题的分析研究,在文学理论、通俗文化理论和批判传播理论等方面都有卓越的贡献。他的文学传播研究不仅揭开了西方文学研究的传播学转向的序幕,而且有效地把批判理论、文学理论和传播理论综合起来,“扭转了当时的研究立场,在文化社会学领域发动了一场哥白尼式的革命”,成为批判的文化研究的先驱和跨学科研究的典范。
作为批判的文学传播理论的奠基人,洛文塔尔所提出的文学传播研究的基本主题、理论原则和研究范式都可以被看作是批判的文学传播理论的根基上的开端,他的著作中包含的大量的深刻的文学传播思想,对于建设中国特色的文学传播学具有非常现实的借鉴意义。在学术界把对法兰克福学派的研究集中在批判理论和大众文化理论上,把对洛文塔尔的研究集中在通俗文化理论和社会传播理论上的情况下,本文独辟蹊径,选取了他的文学传播理论作为研究对象,第一次较为全面、细致、深入地分析了他的文学传播理论,勾勒了他所开创的文学传播研究范式的基本面貌和主要特点,阐明了其文学传播理论对我国当代文学研究所具有的理论价值和现实意义。它不仅给我们提供了一种重要的观察当今文学现象的新视角,扩大了对文学的解释范围,拓展了文学研究的理论空间,而且发展了一种针对文学传播问题的批判性、跨学科的研究方法,提供了一种可行的文学传播研究范式,丰富了人们对文学的本质和特征的理解,加深了对文学史与文学批评的研究。在对其文学传播理论进行系统研究的基础上,本文对文学传播理论发展的基本问题进行了深入探讨,总结出了对文学传播问题的一些规律性认识,为深入理解和把握大众传播语境中的文学与文艺学的基本性质和大众传播条件下出现的文学与文艺学转型现象提供了一个更为广阔的参照系、一个更加深厚的理论语境。
本文共分六个部分:导论、结语和正文,正文由四章构成。
导论部分主要介绍本文选题的初衷,即本项研究的理论价值和现实意义;以及本文的主要研究对象和写作的逻辑线索。作为全文的开篇,笔者试图在导论中把洛文塔尔的文学传播理论放到文学研究的传播学转向的语境中,放到他的理论体系中来概括性地揭示出他的文学传播理论的价值和特征。
第一章概括介绍洛文塔尔文学传播理论的生成和发展。第一节是对其学术生涯的回顾,试图揭示其学术成就与学术生涯之间的内在联系。本节将其学术生涯概括为四个时期进行了分析:魏玛共和国时期、社会研究所时期、美国之音时期和柏克莱时期。“洛文塔尔跨越国界的学术活动不但扩展了他的理论视野而且为建立新的学术体制做出了重要贡献。”第二节梳理了其文学传播理论的学术资源。他的学术传统与马克思、黑格尔、歌德、弗洛伊德、狄尔泰、西美尔和韦伯兄弟等德国贤哲有着深厚的血脉渊源,更重要的是,他不仅继承了德国的哲学传统和人文主义范式,而且在一定程度上表现了对美国实证主义的尊重,吸收了美国社会科学的一些研究方法。第三节梳理了其文学传播理论的发展轨迹:从在欧洲采用批判理论对文学传播和大众接受现象进行社会学的研究,到在美国采用批判传播理论对文学进行传播学的研究,以至于综合欧美的理论成果,建构了“理论力场”、“传播力场”和“理解力场”等一系列学科交叉性极强的范畴,从而开创出了在文学与传播的“力场”中把握文学的本质这样一种全新的文学研究范式。
第二章主要分析洛文塔尔文学研究的传播学视角和方法。作为第一个以“文学传播”问题为主要研究对象的文学理论家,把文学问题作为一种传播现象加以研究和把握,是其文学理论的基本特征和方法论基础。在把文学研究的方法论从传统的以作家作品为中心的研究范式里解放出来的努力中,他所使用的一整套方法都可以由传播学的观念得到说明。他之所以能够捕捉到文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的传播转向这种历史趋势;之所以能够超越批判传播学派和经验传播学派,形成独特的文学传播理论,究其根源,切入问题的全新角度和研究范式的创新不能不说是他的一个突破口。他针对大众传播条件下出现的文学转型现象以及当时各种文学研究方法的不足,综合批判理论、传播理论和文学理论建构了“理论力场”这一全新的方法论,这使其文学传播理论明显地表现出跨学科的研究背景以及各种理论资源在“理论力场”中既冲突又融合的理论特征。他打通“批判理论和经验理论,社会科学方法和人文科学方法”的尝试,是“欧洲理论姿态和美国经验主义研究相结合的最成功的范例之一”,在文艺学研究和传播学研究中都产生了深远的影响。通过对其文学理论与传播理论、批判理论与经验方法的冲突与融合的深入分析;通过将其与阿多诺、与经验学派进行比较分析,不但凸现了他的理论特色,使我们看到了批判理论的“另一副面孔”,填补了以往在这方面研究的一些空白,而且为完整、科学的理解法兰克福学派提供了一个新的理论语境,从而深化了法兰克福学派研究。
第三章集中论述洛文塔尔文学研究的新范式,阐释其文学传播理论中的文学观。他认为既有的理论范畴和研究范式无法解释大众传播语境中的文学传播现象,因而才尝试着创建了“传播力场”、“理解力场”等理论范畴和在文学与传播的“力场”中探寻文学的本质这样一种文学研究新范式。在他看来,文学传播活动必须在更具包容性的文化和社会理论中被调查,文学传播研究不仅要包括它的传播者、文本和接受者,而且要包括它的文化语境、社会过程和经济关系。在对文学和通俗文化进行传播研究的过程中,他建构了“传播力场”这一由复杂的传播现象所构成的动态结构,用以阐释某一独特的历史时期的既构成又变动不居的文学传播活动。然而仅以“传播力场”来解释文学传播活动,未免抹煞了它的特殊性,因此他又进一步提出以“理解”范畴来规定文学与传播的关系。他认为,作为人类交往活动中的一种传播行为,文学对于恢复传播的本真内涵和人性内容,对于推进人与人之间的交流、理解、分享内在的体验,对于“人类的自由与解放”都具有不可替代的价值和作用,正是出于对文学传播行为在人类交往活动中所具有的理解和解放功能的信念,他才把极具德国文化哲学色彩的“理解”范畴与法兰克福学派的“力场”理论结合起来,从而确立了“理解力场”这一文学传播研究的思想枢纽。
洛文塔尔认为,“文学本身就是传播媒介”,无论是就其内在本质而言,还是就其社会功能来说,文学所发挥的都是一种中介作用,即传播、交流、理解的中介,文学本质的生成,文学的美学、社会学、文化学等特征都与传播有着密不可分的关系。从“理解力场”的角度看,文学传播活动的核心就是意义的创造、理解和共享。因此只有从传播的角度,把对文学本质的探讨放在传播这一基点上,把文学传播作为文学自身的存在方式来研究,才能深刻认识文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的文学转型现象。文学存在本身就是一种传播,这种阐释丰富了对文学本质的理解,在一定程度上弥补了精神史中模糊的文学概念。本文认为,洛文塔尔把文学放在文学与传播的“力场”中来揭示文学的本质和功能,从传播的角度对文学进行规定的文学观念,是一种传播论的文学观,从而揭示了洛文塔尔是最早一代提出传播论的文学观念的理论家之一。
第四章侧重分析了洛文塔尔对文学传播活动不同环节及其关系的研究,并且通过分析他的两例个案研究验证了其理论分析的有效性。他考察了作家、文学媒介、书商、批评家、传播渠道和读者等各种“力”在文学“传播力场”中的角色及其相互关系的历史变迁对文学的影响,并且分别论述了传播者与文本建构,期待视野与文本结构,文学“传播力场”的历史变迁与文学转型等问题。在他看来,机械印刷传播方式催生的包括“职业作家”在内的新型传播主体对文本的建构产生了根本性影响。阅读大众的出现则是文学传播世界发生决定性改变的另一个根源,它不但引发了持续至今的“艺术和通俗文化之争”,而且改变了作家、文本和读者之间的关系,“这种改变在美学领域和伦理领域产生了最为深远的影响,同时影响到了文学实体和文学形式”,形成了新的文学类型。对某一作家作品和文学类型在文学史上的传播接受状况的研究,是他在二十世纪三四十年代文学研究的焦点问题。他对陀思妥耶夫斯基的接受研究和对通俗传记的内容分析堪称二十世纪运用文学传播理论进行文学批评实践的双璧。他也因此被誉为“接受理论的先驱”和“读者反应批评的真正开拓者”。
结语部分对洛文塔尔文学传播理论的价值和局限性做了简短概括。他的理论主要是对播放式传播阶段的文学传播现象的理论总结,具有那个时代的历史局限性就在所难免。而今人类正在由“第一媒介时代”进入到“第二媒介时代”。在这种新型“传播力场”条件下,就不能再简单地接受他的理论假设和研究结果,就是一些已经被验证了的理论结论,其有效性也还有待于进一步考察。但是他提供的研究视角,拓展的理论空间,确立的基本主题、理论原则和研究范式依然有其可资借鉴的理论价值和现实意义。
As a well-known critical theorist, literary theorist and communication theorist, Leo Lowenthal enjoys great fame on both sides of the Atlantic. As one of the core members of The Institute of Social Research, he always applied critical theory of Frankfurt School to analyze the literary, cultural and social problems in the whole life of the academic research, which had made many outstanding contributions in the field of literary theory, popular culture theory and critical communication theory. Lowenthal's study of literature communication not only opened the prelude of the communication turn in the field of literary research, but also combined availably critical theory, literary theory with communication theory, "Lowenthal transforms this position into a Copernican revolution in the sociology of culture", being the pioneer of critical cultural studies and a model of cross-disciplinary studies.
As founder of critical theory of literature communication, Lowenthal's basic themes, theory principle and research paradigm could be considered the beginning of a theoretical foundation of critical theory of literature communication. Lowenthal's books involve lots of realistic and profound ideas about literature communication, which would enrich the study of literature communication with Chinese characteristics. Current research on Frankfurt School concentrates primarily in the aspect of critical theory and mass culture theory, and research on Lowenthal concentrates primarily in the aspect of popular culture theory and communication theory. The dissertation focused and thoroughly analyzed Lowenthal's theory of literature communication for the first time, drawing basic aspects and main characteristics of his literature communication research paradigm, revealing its main theoretical value and its significance to our contemporary literary research. It not only provided a kind of new importance angle of observing literary phenomenon nowadays, extended scope of literature interpretation, expanded belletristic theoretical space, but also developed a new critical interdisciplinary research method aiming at literature communication problems, provided a kind of viable literature communication research paradigm, enriched comprehension of essence and characteristic of literature, deepened studies on the literary history and the literary criticism. By systematically studying Lowenthal's theory of literature communication, the dissertation deeply discusses the basic problems of developing theory of literature communication, summarizes some regular recognition about literature communication problems, and provides a more wide reference system, a more profound theoretical context for further understanding the essence of literature and literary theory, and transformation of literature and literary theory in mass communication context.
The dissertation is composed of six parts: an introduction and a conclusion and a main text made up of four chapters.
The introduction part of the paper introduces the original intention of selecting the topic, namely, the theoretic value and practical significance, the main subject, and the logical arrangement of the dissertation. The introduction generally reveals theoretical value and main characteristics of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication, by exploring it in the context of communication transformation of literary research and his theoretical system.
Chapter one generally introduces the generation and development of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. The first section gives a sketch of Lowenthal's academic career, trying to reveal the relationships between the experiences of his life and his academic achievements. This section consists of four parts for the analysis and generalization of his whole career life: The Weimar Republic, The Institute of Social Research, The Voice of America, and Berkeley. The second section hackles academic resources of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. The intellectual traditions Lowenthal grew up with were Marx, Hegel, Goethe, Freud, Dilthey, Simmel, and Max Weber, Alfred Weber. More importantly, he had not only inherited and developed the Germanic philosophical tradition and humanistic paradigm, but also he had come to recognize that American positivism was completely respectable theoretical approaches and research methods, and he had adopted some methods of American social science. The third section draws a development track of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication: his sociological study, by applying critical theory, on literature communication and mass acceptance in Europe, his communication study, by adopting critical communication theory in the USA, on literature, and his synthesis, on the base of the aforesaid studies, on those theoretical achievements of Europe and the USA, established a series of cross-disciplinary categories including force fields of theory, force fields of communication and force fields of understanding, thereby created a brand-new belletristic paradigm to master the essence of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication.
Chapter 2 mainly analyzes the communication's angle of view and methods in Lowenthal's literary study. As a literary theorist who first regards literature communication problems as main research object, it is main characteristic of Lowenthal's literary theory that literary problems are researched as a kind of communication phenomenon. In the effort to free the methodologies of literature researches from the author-and-works -centered research paradigm, his complete set of methodology be illustrated by the concept of communication. It is exactly a brand-new angle of view and research paradigm that make Lowenthal swiftly seize historical trend of communication transformation of literary development in age of mass communication, and transcend Empirical School and Critical School of communication, and shape special theory of literature communication. Aiming at transformation of literature and literary theory in mass communication context as well as the insufficient of the existing various research methods, Lowenthal created a brand-new methodology of "force fields of theory", his synthesis on critical theory, communication theory and literary theory, which makes Lowenthal's theory of literature communication to show up cross-disciplinary research background and theoretical characteristics. Robert Merton praised "such a successful synthesis" as "one of the few successful examples of a synthesis of the European theoretical stance and American empirical research", which exerts a profound and lasting influence upon studies of literature and communication. Upon profound analysis on the conflict and fusion between literary theory and communication theory, critical theory and empirical method, and upon study of comparison among Lowenthal, Adorno and empirical school, does this dissertation not only highlight the features of his theory, and reveal "the other face" of critical theory, fill the blank of study in this respect, but also provide a new theoretical context for understanding Frankfurt School much more completely and scientifically, thereby deepen the study on Frankfurt School.
Chapter 3 discusses Lowenthal's new belletristic paradigm, expounds its literature view in his theory of literature communication. He thought that the existing categories and paradigms cannot explain phenomenon of literature communication in mass communication context, so he tried to establish a series of categories including "force fields of communication" and "force fields of understanding", and created a brand-new belletristic paradigm to research the essence of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication. In his view, literature communication activities must be investigated in the culture and the society theories, not only in terms of its communicators, its texts, and its receivers, but also in terms of cultural contexts, social processes, and economic relations. In the process of communication researching on literature and popular literature, he constructed "force fields of communication" which is composed by complex communication phenomenon was employed to interpret the phenomenon of literature communication which is in a certain historical period. But if literature communication activities are interpreted only by way of "force fields of communication", specific characteristics of Literature communication will be diminished.
He held that as a means of communication in the human interactions, literature occupied an indispensable value and influence because literature could regain true connotation and human contents of communication, to reinforce interpersonal communion and understanding and to share inner experience and to liberate and free human beings. So he combined "understanding" with Germanic cultural philosophical tradition with "force fields" of Frankfurt School, thereby established thoughts of "force fields of understanding" literature communication research. Lowenthal thought that "literature itself is media of communication", no matter the essence or functions of literature, it plays a intermediary role, namely, is media of communication, exchange, and understanding, the generation of literary essence, and aesthetics, sociology, culturology characteristics of literature is connected with communication closely. In view of "force fields of understanding", the core of literature communication activities is to create, comprehend and share meanings. Therefore, if the probing of essence of literature can be based on the communication and literature communication can be explored as an existing means of literature itself, the literature transition phenomenon can be better understood how it developed from cognitive literature to mass communication. The existing literature itself is communication, which illustrates and enriches the comprehension of the essence of literature and makes up the vague concept in the spiritual history. This dissertation holds Lowenthal's literary viewpoint that he revealed the essence and functions of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication, and researched literature from the viewpoint of communication is a kind of literary viewpoint of communication, which reveals that Lowenthal is one of the first generation who propose the literary viewpoint of communication.
Chapter 4 mainly analyzes Lowenthal's research on the various links and their relation of literature communication activities, and proves the effectiveness of its theoretical analysis through his two cases of case studies. He investigated how the "forces" of authors, literary media, booksellers, critics, communication channels and readers played their roles in the "force fields of communication" and how the corresponding historical changes of their interactive relationships and respectively analyzed the problems of communicator and text construction, horizon of expectations and text structure, and historical changes of literature "force fields of communication" and literary transitions. In his view, new communication subjects including professional writer had exerted a widespread and fundamental influence on the textual construction. Appearance of masses was an origin of the decisive change which took place in the world of literature communication, it not only induced "The debate over art and popular culture", but also changed the relation among author, text and reader, "the decisive change was to have the most far-reaching effects both in theaesthetic and ethical domains, on the body as well as the form of literature......the types of literature and literary institutions were affected by this change and which, in turn, fostered it; the shifting ideational patterns which illuminate". Research on communication situation of a certain author, work and type of literature in history of literature is Lowenthal's belletristic focus in 1930-1940. Lowenthal's a series of content analyses of biographies in popular magazines and research on The Reception of Dostoevski's Work in Germany can be regarded as the double jade of literature criticism by applying literature communication theory in 20th century. Therefore, he is also honored as the forerunner of reception theory and real pioneer of reader-response criticism.
Epilogue outlines the values and limitations of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. His theory was set up on the basis of playing type communication stage, so its historical limitations are inevitable. Now "The First Media Age" is getting into "The Second Media Age". In this case, we can't more simply receive his theoretical hypothesis and research results, even if for some verified conclusions, they also need further investigation. But Lowenthal's research perspective, theoretical space, basic themes, theory principle and research paradigm still have theoretical value and significance to our contemporary literary research.
作为批判的文学传播理论的奠基人,洛文塔尔所提出的文学传播研究的基本主题、理论原则和研究范式都可以被看作是批判的文学传播理论的根基上的开端,他的著作中包含的大量的深刻的文学传播思想,对于建设中国特色的文学传播学具有非常现实的借鉴意义。在学术界把对法兰克福学派的研究集中在批判理论和大众文化理论上,把对洛文塔尔的研究集中在通俗文化理论和社会传播理论上的情况下,本文独辟蹊径,选取了他的文学传播理论作为研究对象,第一次较为全面、细致、深入地分析了他的文学传播理论,勾勒了他所开创的文学传播研究范式的基本面貌和主要特点,阐明了其文学传播理论对我国当代文学研究所具有的理论价值和现实意义。它不仅给我们提供了一种重要的观察当今文学现象的新视角,扩大了对文学的解释范围,拓展了文学研究的理论空间,而且发展了一种针对文学传播问题的批判性、跨学科的研究方法,提供了一种可行的文学传播研究范式,丰富了人们对文学的本质和特征的理解,加深了对文学史与文学批评的研究。在对其文学传播理论进行系统研究的基础上,本文对文学传播理论发展的基本问题进行了深入探讨,总结出了对文学传播问题的一些规律性认识,为深入理解和把握大众传播语境中的文学与文艺学的基本性质和大众传播条件下出现的文学与文艺学转型现象提供了一个更为广阔的参照系、一个更加深厚的理论语境。
本文共分六个部分:导论、结语和正文,正文由四章构成。
导论部分主要介绍本文选题的初衷,即本项研究的理论价值和现实意义;以及本文的主要研究对象和写作的逻辑线索。作为全文的开篇,笔者试图在导论中把洛文塔尔的文学传播理论放到文学研究的传播学转向的语境中,放到他的理论体系中来概括性地揭示出他的文学传播理论的价值和特征。
第一章概括介绍洛文塔尔文学传播理论的生成和发展。第一节是对其学术生涯的回顾,试图揭示其学术成就与学术生涯之间的内在联系。本节将其学术生涯概括为四个时期进行了分析:魏玛共和国时期、社会研究所时期、美国之音时期和柏克莱时期。“洛文塔尔跨越国界的学术活动不但扩展了他的理论视野而且为建立新的学术体制做出了重要贡献。”第二节梳理了其文学传播理论的学术资源。他的学术传统与马克思、黑格尔、歌德、弗洛伊德、狄尔泰、西美尔和韦伯兄弟等德国贤哲有着深厚的血脉渊源,更重要的是,他不仅继承了德国的哲学传统和人文主义范式,而且在一定程度上表现了对美国实证主义的尊重,吸收了美国社会科学的一些研究方法。第三节梳理了其文学传播理论的发展轨迹:从在欧洲采用批判理论对文学传播和大众接受现象进行社会学的研究,到在美国采用批判传播理论对文学进行传播学的研究,以至于综合欧美的理论成果,建构了“理论力场”、“传播力场”和“理解力场”等一系列学科交叉性极强的范畴,从而开创出了在文学与传播的“力场”中把握文学的本质这样一种全新的文学研究范式。
第二章主要分析洛文塔尔文学研究的传播学视角和方法。作为第一个以“文学传播”问题为主要研究对象的文学理论家,把文学问题作为一种传播现象加以研究和把握,是其文学理论的基本特征和方法论基础。在把文学研究的方法论从传统的以作家作品为中心的研究范式里解放出来的努力中,他所使用的一整套方法都可以由传播学的观念得到说明。他之所以能够捕捉到文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的传播转向这种历史趋势;之所以能够超越批判传播学派和经验传播学派,形成独特的文学传播理论,究其根源,切入问题的全新角度和研究范式的创新不能不说是他的一个突破口。他针对大众传播条件下出现的文学转型现象以及当时各种文学研究方法的不足,综合批判理论、传播理论和文学理论建构了“理论力场”这一全新的方法论,这使其文学传播理论明显地表现出跨学科的研究背景以及各种理论资源在“理论力场”中既冲突又融合的理论特征。他打通“批判理论和经验理论,社会科学方法和人文科学方法”的尝试,是“欧洲理论姿态和美国经验主义研究相结合的最成功的范例之一”,在文艺学研究和传播学研究中都产生了深远的影响。通过对其文学理论与传播理论、批判理论与经验方法的冲突与融合的深入分析;通过将其与阿多诺、与经验学派进行比较分析,不但凸现了他的理论特色,使我们看到了批判理论的“另一副面孔”,填补了以往在这方面研究的一些空白,而且为完整、科学的理解法兰克福学派提供了一个新的理论语境,从而深化了法兰克福学派研究。
第三章集中论述洛文塔尔文学研究的新范式,阐释其文学传播理论中的文学观。他认为既有的理论范畴和研究范式无法解释大众传播语境中的文学传播现象,因而才尝试着创建了“传播力场”、“理解力场”等理论范畴和在文学与传播的“力场”中探寻文学的本质这样一种文学研究新范式。在他看来,文学传播活动必须在更具包容性的文化和社会理论中被调查,文学传播研究不仅要包括它的传播者、文本和接受者,而且要包括它的文化语境、社会过程和经济关系。在对文学和通俗文化进行传播研究的过程中,他建构了“传播力场”这一由复杂的传播现象所构成的动态结构,用以阐释某一独特的历史时期的既构成又变动不居的文学传播活动。然而仅以“传播力场”来解释文学传播活动,未免抹煞了它的特殊性,因此他又进一步提出以“理解”范畴来规定文学与传播的关系。他认为,作为人类交往活动中的一种传播行为,文学对于恢复传播的本真内涵和人性内容,对于推进人与人之间的交流、理解、分享内在的体验,对于“人类的自由与解放”都具有不可替代的价值和作用,正是出于对文学传播行为在人类交往活动中所具有的理解和解放功能的信念,他才把极具德国文化哲学色彩的“理解”范畴与法兰克福学派的“力场”理论结合起来,从而确立了“理解力场”这一文学传播研究的思想枢纽。
洛文塔尔认为,“文学本身就是传播媒介”,无论是就其内在本质而言,还是就其社会功能来说,文学所发挥的都是一种中介作用,即传播、交流、理解的中介,文学本质的生成,文学的美学、社会学、文化学等特征都与传播有着密不可分的关系。从“理解力场”的角度看,文学传播活动的核心就是意义的创造、理解和共享。因此只有从传播的角度,把对文学本质的探讨放在传播这一基点上,把文学传播作为文学自身的存在方式来研究,才能深刻认识文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的文学转型现象。文学存在本身就是一种传播,这种阐释丰富了对文学本质的理解,在一定程度上弥补了精神史中模糊的文学概念。本文认为,洛文塔尔把文学放在文学与传播的“力场”中来揭示文学的本质和功能,从传播的角度对文学进行规定的文学观念,是一种传播论的文学观,从而揭示了洛文塔尔是最早一代提出传播论的文学观念的理论家之一。
第四章侧重分析了洛文塔尔对文学传播活动不同环节及其关系的研究,并且通过分析他的两例个案研究验证了其理论分析的有效性。他考察了作家、文学媒介、书商、批评家、传播渠道和读者等各种“力”在文学“传播力场”中的角色及其相互关系的历史变迁对文学的影响,并且分别论述了传播者与文本建构,期待视野与文本结构,文学“传播力场”的历史变迁与文学转型等问题。在他看来,机械印刷传播方式催生的包括“职业作家”在内的新型传播主体对文本的建构产生了根本性影响。阅读大众的出现则是文学传播世界发生决定性改变的另一个根源,它不但引发了持续至今的“艺术和通俗文化之争”,而且改变了作家、文本和读者之间的关系,“这种改变在美学领域和伦理领域产生了最为深远的影响,同时影响到了文学实体和文学形式”,形成了新的文学类型。对某一作家作品和文学类型在文学史上的传播接受状况的研究,是他在二十世纪三四十年代文学研究的焦点问题。他对陀思妥耶夫斯基的接受研究和对通俗传记的内容分析堪称二十世纪运用文学传播理论进行文学批评实践的双璧。他也因此被誉为“接受理论的先驱”和“读者反应批评的真正开拓者”。
结语部分对洛文塔尔文学传播理论的价值和局限性做了简短概括。他的理论主要是对播放式传播阶段的文学传播现象的理论总结,具有那个时代的历史局限性就在所难免。而今人类正在由“第一媒介时代”进入到“第二媒介时代”。在这种新型“传播力场”条件下,就不能再简单地接受他的理论假设和研究结果,就是一些已经被验证了的理论结论,其有效性也还有待于进一步考察。但是他提供的研究视角,拓展的理论空间,确立的基本主题、理论原则和研究范式依然有其可资借鉴的理论价值和现实意义。
As a well-known critical theorist, literary theorist and communication theorist, Leo Lowenthal enjoys great fame on both sides of the Atlantic. As one of the core members of The Institute of Social Research, he always applied critical theory of Frankfurt School to analyze the literary, cultural and social problems in the whole life of the academic research, which had made many outstanding contributions in the field of literary theory, popular culture theory and critical communication theory. Lowenthal's study of literature communication not only opened the prelude of the communication turn in the field of literary research, but also combined availably critical theory, literary theory with communication theory, "Lowenthal transforms this position into a Copernican revolution in the sociology of culture", being the pioneer of critical cultural studies and a model of cross-disciplinary studies.
As founder of critical theory of literature communication, Lowenthal's basic themes, theory principle and research paradigm could be considered the beginning of a theoretical foundation of critical theory of literature communication. Lowenthal's books involve lots of realistic and profound ideas about literature communication, which would enrich the study of literature communication with Chinese characteristics. Current research on Frankfurt School concentrates primarily in the aspect of critical theory and mass culture theory, and research on Lowenthal concentrates primarily in the aspect of popular culture theory and communication theory. The dissertation focused and thoroughly analyzed Lowenthal's theory of literature communication for the first time, drawing basic aspects and main characteristics of his literature communication research paradigm, revealing its main theoretical value and its significance to our contemporary literary research. It not only provided a kind of new importance angle of observing literary phenomenon nowadays, extended scope of literature interpretation, expanded belletristic theoretical space, but also developed a new critical interdisciplinary research method aiming at literature communication problems, provided a kind of viable literature communication research paradigm, enriched comprehension of essence and characteristic of literature, deepened studies on the literary history and the literary criticism. By systematically studying Lowenthal's theory of literature communication, the dissertation deeply discusses the basic problems of developing theory of literature communication, summarizes some regular recognition about literature communication problems, and provides a more wide reference system, a more profound theoretical context for further understanding the essence of literature and literary theory, and transformation of literature and literary theory in mass communication context.
The dissertation is composed of six parts: an introduction and a conclusion and a main text made up of four chapters.
The introduction part of the paper introduces the original intention of selecting the topic, namely, the theoretic value and practical significance, the main subject, and the logical arrangement of the dissertation. The introduction generally reveals theoretical value and main characteristics of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication, by exploring it in the context of communication transformation of literary research and his theoretical system.
Chapter one generally introduces the generation and development of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. The first section gives a sketch of Lowenthal's academic career, trying to reveal the relationships between the experiences of his life and his academic achievements. This section consists of four parts for the analysis and generalization of his whole career life: The Weimar Republic, The Institute of Social Research, The Voice of America, and Berkeley. The second section hackles academic resources of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. The intellectual traditions Lowenthal grew up with were Marx, Hegel, Goethe, Freud, Dilthey, Simmel, and Max Weber, Alfred Weber. More importantly, he had not only inherited and developed the Germanic philosophical tradition and humanistic paradigm, but also he had come to recognize that American positivism was completely respectable theoretical approaches and research methods, and he had adopted some methods of American social science. The third section draws a development track of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication: his sociological study, by applying critical theory, on literature communication and mass acceptance in Europe, his communication study, by adopting critical communication theory in the USA, on literature, and his synthesis, on the base of the aforesaid studies, on those theoretical achievements of Europe and the USA, established a series of cross-disciplinary categories including force fields of theory, force fields of communication and force fields of understanding, thereby created a brand-new belletristic paradigm to master the essence of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication.
Chapter 2 mainly analyzes the communication's angle of view and methods in Lowenthal's literary study. As a literary theorist who first regards literature communication problems as main research object, it is main characteristic of Lowenthal's literary theory that literary problems are researched as a kind of communication phenomenon. In the effort to free the methodologies of literature researches from the author-and-works -centered research paradigm, his complete set of methodology be illustrated by the concept of communication. It is exactly a brand-new angle of view and research paradigm that make Lowenthal swiftly seize historical trend of communication transformation of literary development in age of mass communication, and transcend Empirical School and Critical School of communication, and shape special theory of literature communication. Aiming at transformation of literature and literary theory in mass communication context as well as the insufficient of the existing various research methods, Lowenthal created a brand-new methodology of "force fields of theory", his synthesis on critical theory, communication theory and literary theory, which makes Lowenthal's theory of literature communication to show up cross-disciplinary research background and theoretical characteristics. Robert Merton praised "such a successful synthesis" as "one of the few successful examples of a synthesis of the European theoretical stance and American empirical research", which exerts a profound and lasting influence upon studies of literature and communication. Upon profound analysis on the conflict and fusion between literary theory and communication theory, critical theory and empirical method, and upon study of comparison among Lowenthal, Adorno and empirical school, does this dissertation not only highlight the features of his theory, and reveal "the other face" of critical theory, fill the blank of study in this respect, but also provide a new theoretical context for understanding Frankfurt School much more completely and scientifically, thereby deepen the study on Frankfurt School.
Chapter 3 discusses Lowenthal's new belletristic paradigm, expounds its literature view in his theory of literature communication. He thought that the existing categories and paradigms cannot explain phenomenon of literature communication in mass communication context, so he tried to establish a series of categories including "force fields of communication" and "force fields of understanding", and created a brand-new belletristic paradigm to research the essence of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication. In his view, literature communication activities must be investigated in the culture and the society theories, not only in terms of its communicators, its texts, and its receivers, but also in terms of cultural contexts, social processes, and economic relations. In the process of communication researching on literature and popular literature, he constructed "force fields of communication" which is composed by complex communication phenomenon was employed to interpret the phenomenon of literature communication which is in a certain historical period. But if literature communication activities are interpreted only by way of "force fields of communication", specific characteristics of Literature communication will be diminished.
He held that as a means of communication in the human interactions, literature occupied an indispensable value and influence because literature could regain true connotation and human contents of communication, to reinforce interpersonal communion and understanding and to share inner experience and to liberate and free human beings. So he combined "understanding" with Germanic cultural philosophical tradition with "force fields" of Frankfurt School, thereby established thoughts of "force fields of understanding" literature communication research. Lowenthal thought that "literature itself is media of communication", no matter the essence or functions of literature, it plays a intermediary role, namely, is media of communication, exchange, and understanding, the generation of literary essence, and aesthetics, sociology, culturology characteristics of literature is connected with communication closely. In view of "force fields of understanding", the core of literature communication activities is to create, comprehend and share meanings. Therefore, if the probing of essence of literature can be based on the communication and literature communication can be explored as an existing means of literature itself, the literature transition phenomenon can be better understood how it developed from cognitive literature to mass communication. The existing literature itself is communication, which illustrates and enriches the comprehension of the essence of literature and makes up the vague concept in the spiritual history. This dissertation holds Lowenthal's literary viewpoint that he revealed the essence and functions of literature in the "force fields" between literature and communication, and researched literature from the viewpoint of communication is a kind of literary viewpoint of communication, which reveals that Lowenthal is one of the first generation who propose the literary viewpoint of communication.
Chapter 4 mainly analyzes Lowenthal's research on the various links and their relation of literature communication activities, and proves the effectiveness of its theoretical analysis through his two cases of case studies. He investigated how the "forces" of authors, literary media, booksellers, critics, communication channels and readers played their roles in the "force fields of communication" and how the corresponding historical changes of their interactive relationships and respectively analyzed the problems of communicator and text construction, horizon of expectations and text structure, and historical changes of literature "force fields of communication" and literary transitions. In his view, new communication subjects including professional writer had exerted a widespread and fundamental influence on the textual construction. Appearance of masses was an origin of the decisive change which took place in the world of literature communication, it not only induced "The debate over art and popular culture", but also changed the relation among author, text and reader, "the decisive change was to have the most far-reaching effects both in theaesthetic and ethical domains, on the body as well as the form of literature......the types of literature and literary institutions were affected by this change and which, in turn, fostered it; the shifting ideational patterns which illuminate". Research on communication situation of a certain author, work and type of literature in history of literature is Lowenthal's belletristic focus in 1930-1940. Lowenthal's a series of content analyses of biographies in popular magazines and research on The Reception of Dostoevski's Work in Germany can be regarded as the double jade of literature criticism by applying literature communication theory in 20th century. Therefore, he is also honored as the forerunner of reception theory and real pioneer of reader-response criticism.
Epilogue outlines the values and limitations of Lowenthal's theory of literature communication. His theory was set up on the basis of playing type communication stage, so its historical limitations are inevitable. Now "The First Media Age" is getting into "The Second Media Age". In this case, we can't more simply receive his theoretical hypothesis and research results, even if for some verified conclusions, they also need further investigation. But Lowenthal's research perspective, theoretical space, basic themes, theory principle and research paradigm still have theoretical value and significance to our contemporary literary research.
引文
1 Russell Bertnan.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
2 目前见到两本著作设有专章,一本是《整合与颠覆》;另一本是《艺术与人的解放》。其中论述洛文塔尔的两章标题分别是《洛文塔尔:逡巡于雅俗之间》、《洛文塔尔:文学、通俗文化与社会》,所涉及的足洛文塔尔的通俗文化理论。
1 主要有《洛文塔尔的通俗文化观》(《国外社会科学》)、《洛文塔尔的通俗文化思想述评》(《哲学动态》)、《大众文化的颠覆模式》(《文学评论》)、《通俗文学视野中的大众文化——论洛文塔尔大众文化观的独特性及其成因》(《文艺理论研究》)、《洛文塔尔的消费偶像观》(《国外社会科学》)等论文。张苾芜、陆小宁、曹卫东、赵江云、张芳等选译了洛文塔尔的部分关于通俗文化的论文发表在《文艺研究》等刊物和编著上。详见本文“参考文献”部分。
2 “拿来”是有选择性的,二十世纪八九十年代我国在引进法兰克福学派的理论时,之所以着力引进以阿多诺为代表的大众文化批判理论,对洛文塔尔的文学传播理论却视而不见,主要是因为当时文学传播问题还没有成为亟需解决的理论问题,而当时大众文化在中国的风行及其影响问题则是学术界所要迫切解决的重大理论问题。如今“文学传播研究”已经成为我们进行文学研究所不容忽视的一个课题,“拿来”洛文塔尔的文学传播理论可谓正逢其时。在跨文化视野中保持清醒的中国问题意识,应该是我们当前践行“拿来主义”的基本原则之一。
3 The Legacy of Leo Lowenthal:A Conference Commemorating His Life and Works on the Tenth Anniversary of His Death.[EB/OL]http://ies.berkeley.edu/calendar/archive/lowenthal.htmi
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1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
3 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
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3(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学社会学》,合肥:安徽文艺出版社1987年版,中文版序言第29页。
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1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..243-246.
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6 Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.Ⅺ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
1 杨小滨著《否定的美学》,上海:上海三联书店。1999年版,第17-18页.
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..167-168.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.125.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.171.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Connnunication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.20.
1 Tucker William R.,Perspectives on Political Science,10457097,Spring00.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
3 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routlcdge,1999,p.153.
4 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.169.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.9.
3 朱光潜著《西方美学史》,北京:人民文学出版社1979年版,第348页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,01989,p.251.
5 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986..[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.orglview/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
6(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版,第6页.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,01984,p.249.
1(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版,第3页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅴ,p.ⅹⅰ.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.98.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.xv.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,
9 p.244.他认为,历史学家在研究中为了强调重大事件,经常不得不去除个性化因素,从而使社会关系失去丰富多彩的个性,而回忆录、传记、日记和信件则走到了另一个极端,它们提供给我们过多的个人数据。这些个人文献,由于合理化和自我辨白,又经常模糊或者歪曲了社会现实的形象。而虚构作品则包含这两方面的优点:它提供了个体行为和感受的重要主题,同时也为我们提供了大量有意义的社会学细节。因此他才说“伟大的文学是唯一可靠的来源”。See Loweathal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.1961,p.ⅹⅲ;Literature and the Image of Man,1986,p.3.and Critical theory and Frankfurt theorists,1989,pp..244-245.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.3.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅵ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.77.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅰ.
1(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页。
2 隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.作者认为:“早期传播学研究是在社会学领域中进行的、基于行为主义‘刺激—反应原则'的宣传效果分析;它足伴随着传媒技术的革命、大众传播时代的到来应运而生的。但是就‘传播'行为而言,它却涉及到人类社会的一切信息传递现象,它是在历史文化语境中生成的‘主体人'所参与的、以传受双方互动关系为特征的信息传递和循环过程;而传统传播学却因对媒介和传播模式的空前重视而抽离了传播活动的‘人性'质素,忽略了传播中丰富的信息内容和瞬息万变的信息运动过程,对纷繁复杂的传播现象做了孤立的、简单化处理。从而割裂了传播行为与文化信息之间的内在联系。”
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..168-169.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.Nev Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..248-249.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.256.
2 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Rontledge,1993,p.2.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅱ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.1.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..50-51.
1 杂志1932年在德国创刊。1934年至1939年期间转移到法国巴黎继续以德文出版.1940-1941年期间改名为《哲学和社会科学研究》(Studies in philosophy and social science)在美国以英文出版。
1 费斯克(Marjorie Fiske,1914-1992),1939-1955年受雇于拉扎斯菲尔德的社会研究局,俩人合作进行了许多文学传播方面的研究。她曾于1987年荣获美国心理学协会卓越研究奖(Distinguished Research Award from the American Psychological Association).
2 Susanne Hoppmann,时任柏克莱德国文化中心主任(director of Berkeley's German Cultural Center).
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅰ-ⅹⅲ.
1 Gertrude J.Robinson.The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter:An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence.ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.608,No.1,76-96(2006).格特鲁德是加拿大传播协会(canadian Communication Association)第一位女性主席和加拿大传播杂志(Canadian Journal of Communication)第一位女主编.
2 Leo Lowenthai.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.19.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.44.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.44.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..245-246.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.44.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.21.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 摩西·门德尔松(Moses Mendelssohn,1729-1786),德国哲学家,以论述有关人类认识真普美的天生能力的著作而著名。他的影响和作品有助于犹太人与德国社会的同化。
2 海尔曼·柯亨(Hermann Cohen,1842-1918),马堡学派的新康德主义哲学家,曾任汉堡大学教授、校长等职务,后创立了所谓的“文化哲学体系”。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.26.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.27.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.35.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,|987,p.47.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..26-27.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.51.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.59.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
1 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Pess,1994,p.116.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.50.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.74.
1 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:exsays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.60.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Bericeley:University of California Press,1987,p.83.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.84.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.84.
2 Leo Bograt.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.(法)阿芒·马特拉著《世界传播与文化霸权:思想与战略的历史》,北京:中央编译出版社2001年版,第92-93页.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Dennis,Everette E.,& Wartella,Ellen.American Communication Research:The Remembered History.Mahwah,N J:Lawrence Edbaum,1996,p.2.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies,London:Routledge,1991,p.151.
4 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fail93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
5 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.104.
1 菲舍尔·科勒克在其《文学社会学》一书中把文学社会学研究划分为两种方式,一种是“经验的、实用的文学社会学,比如H.N.菲根、洛文塔尔”,另一种是“理论批判的文学社会学,比如法兰克福学派的阿多诺”。见菲舍尔·科勒克《文学社会学》,在《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,海峡文艺出版社1987年版,第34页。通过下文的论述,我们将会发现洛文塔尔和阿多诺在文学社会学的研究上确实有不容忽视的区别,特别是在对待经验研究方法的态度上,但是二人都站在批判理论的框架中进行研究则足毫无疑问的,他们的区别只是同一学派内部不同研究路径的区别,而非科勒克所说的那样足两大学派之间的区别。详见本文第二章《批判传播理论:洛文塔尔文学研究的传播学视角和方法》。
2 张英进。于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版,序言第12页。
3 姚文放著《现代文艺社会学》,江苏文艺出版社1993年版,第425页.
4 Dennis,Everette E.,& Wartella,Ellen.American Communication Research:7he Remembered History.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1996,p.187.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.109.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections ofLeo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of Califomia Press,1987,pp..107-108.“Deja Vu”源于法文,是在美国颇为流行的法语词,其意思相当于中文当中的“似曾相识”。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.89.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.106.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.139.
2 Wendy Griswold:JSTOR Social Forces Vol_68,No_3,1990.p_ 938.mht.
3 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowrnan & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 后来(1983年),福柯说:“假如我能早一些了解法兰克福学派,或者能及时了解的话,我就能省却许多工作,不说许多傻话,在我稳步前进时会少走许多弯路,因为道路已经被法兰克福学派打开了。”见福柯著《福柯集》,上海:上海远东出版社1998年版,第493页。福柯与包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克祸学派之间的理论关系是一个值得探讨的话题。马丁·杰伊认为当代思想的进一步展开,有赖于法兰克桶学派的理论与以福柯为代表的解构主义的有效对话。见马丁·杰伊著《马克思主义与总体性:从卢卡奇到哈贝马斯一个概念的历险》(Memin Jay,Marxbm and Totality:The Adventures of a Concept from Lukacs to Habermas.University of California Press,1984.).不过福柯和洛文塔尔对后现代主义问题、人文主义与实证主义的关系等问题存在许多分歧,罗素·伯曼认为洛文塔尔“再三强调研究的人文主义立场……这与福柯新实证主义的‘人的终结'的主题不协调”。See.Russell Berman.JSTOR Theory and Society VoL_15,No_5.1986.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.61.
1 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.101.
2 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.in Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,1986,p.101.
3 麦基编《思想家》,北京:三联书店1987年版,第67页.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.10.
2 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,PubliC.New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
3(德)霍克海默著《霍克海默集》,上海:上海远东出版社2004年版,序言第1页.
4 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles,p.103.
1 阿多诺奖(Theodor W.Adorno Prize),每三年评选一次,每三年9月11日阿多诺生日时颁发:哈贝马斯、德里达等人先后获此荣誉。
2 JSTOR Social Forces Voi 68,No_3,1990p_938.mht
3 Wright Mills.Leo Lowenthal 93,Professor of Sociology,New York Times.(Late Edition(East Coast)).New York,N.Y.:Jan 25,1993.p.B.9.
4 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.61.
6 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第289页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..143-144.
1 W·墨菲《法兰克福学派美学:与传统马克思主义美学的根本决裂》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京大学出版社1987年版,第212页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..64-65.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.77.
1 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994,p.31.
2 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.5.
3 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994,p.118.
4 菲尔·斯莱特《当代影响最大的西方马克思主义流派——法兰克福学派的起源和意义》,兰州:兰州大学出版社1990年版,第185页.
1 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..111-117.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.255.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
4 Leo Lowenthal.INTRODUCTION of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books.(?)1986.
5(德)黑格尔著《美学》第一卷,商务印书馆1979年版,第12页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..15-16.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..170-171.
3(德)黑格尔著《美学》第三卷,商务印书馆1979年版,第26页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.57.
5 Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
6 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..106-111.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in socicty,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.292.
1 这是西方马克思主义的普遍特点。佩里·安德森指出“西方马克思主义作为一个整体,当它从方法问题进而涉及实质问题时,就几乎倾全力于研究上层建筑了……换句话说,西方马克思主义典型的研究对象,并不是国家或法律,它注意的焦点是文化。在文化本身的领域内,耗费西方马克思主义主要智力和才华的,首先是艺术”。佩里·安德森《西方马克思主义探讨》,人民出版社1981年版,第96-97页.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.84.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.246.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
5 David Held.Introduction to Critical Theory:Horkheimer to Habermas.University of California Press,(?)1980,p.164.
6 Loo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.52.
7 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.52.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.31.
2 曹卫东著《交往理性与诗学话语》,天津社会科学院出版社2001年版,第16页.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
4 《权威与家庭研究》是研究所集体研究的经典案例。这项旨在研究作为社会水泥的权威研究增加了马克思理论中所没有的理论,即作为基础与上层建筑之间中介的精神理论。在《权威与家庭研究》项目中,洛文塔尔主要写作了其中的文学部分。Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.74.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.32.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第306-307页.
3(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第317页.
4(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第324页.
1(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第308页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.32.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.244.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.49.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Cuiture(Communicafion in society,V.1).,(?)1984,pp..244-246.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第325页.
3(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第330页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.65.
5 Harvey Pearce.Art in culture\JSTOR American Quarterly Vol_11,No_1,1959 p_[78].mht
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.50.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.238.
2(德)盖奥尔格·西美尔著《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,北京:华夏出版社2002年版,第55页.
3(德)盖奥尔格·齐美尔著《桥与门———齐美尔随笔集》,上海:三联书店1991年版,第239页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会学的基本概念》,台北:远流出版社1995年版,第34页.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第326页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.28.
1 曹卫东著《阿尔弗莱德·韦伯和他的文化社会学》,见《中华读书报》,1999年08月04日.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.259.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo LowenthaL Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.查尔士·桑德斯·皮尔士(Charles Sanders Peirce,1839—1914),美国哲学家、逻辑学家、自然科学家,实用主义的创始人;乔治·赫伯特·米德(George Herbert Mead,1863—1931),美国社会学家、社会心理学家、哲学家,符号互动论的奠基人。
2 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,pp..28-31.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..141-142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.33.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.19.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.51.
4 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.239.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.165.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..248-249.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.256.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
6(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in soeiety,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..243-246.
5 Judith Marcus,Zoltan Tar.Foundations of the Frankfurt School of Social Research.Transaction Publishers,1984,p.56.
6 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowrnan & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.89.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1(美)施拉姆,波特著《传播学概论》,北京:新华出版社1984年版,第198页.
2(美)斯蒂文·小约翰著《传播理论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第413页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 Paul Lazarsfe|d.Remark on Administrative and Critical Communication Research.American:Studies in Philosophy and Social Science,1941.法兰克福学派在美国的官方刊物《哲学和社会科学研究》于1941年出版了一期“大众传播专号”,与之有密切合作关系的拉扎斯菲尔德在这一期上发表了《评管理的和批判的传播研究》一文,在论文中他将自己的研究称为“管理的研究”,将法兰克福学派的研究称为“批判的研究”。
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.150.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Fssays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2 Douglas Kellner.The Frankfurt School Revisited\JSTOR New German Critique No_4,1975p_138.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.165.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,pp..46-48.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.62.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.63.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.167.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research.1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.172.
2(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想——从莫尔斯到麦克卢汉》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第2页.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.81.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.41.
3(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想——从莫尔斯到麦克卢汉》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第153页.
4(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第154页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.1.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅶ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publiction,1961,p.7.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..9-10.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Engiewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.12.
4(美)汉诺·哈特著《论忽视历史:大众传播研究与社会批判》,在(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路——经典文献读本》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第19页.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
6 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.123.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
4 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fail93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature andMass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.291.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.19.
5 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
6 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht.
7 JSTOR Social Forces Vol_68,No_3,1990p_938.mht.
8 Robert Wilson.Review of Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature,in Social Forces Vol_70,No_4,1992.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第290页.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第333页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
1 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht.
2 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routledge,1999,p.153.
3 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
4 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.72.
5 JSTOR Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol_262,Reappraising Our Immigration Policy,1949 p_240.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
2 隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.
3(英)奥利弗·博伊德.巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..168-169.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
2 Leo Lowenthai.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.291.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
5 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.292.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.151.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.10.
1 赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第83页.
2 赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第240页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.xi.
4 Wilson,Robert N..American Sociological Review,Jun1962,Vol.27 Issue 3,pp.437-438,(AN 12766636)
5 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
2 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.13.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..7-8.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..153-154.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.157.
4 Harold Lasswell.Personality,Prejudice,and Politics/JSTOR World Politics Vol_3,No_3,1951p_407.mht
5 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
6 Timothy Richard Glander.Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War:Educational Effects and contemporary implications,Lawrence Erlbaum,2000,p.157.
1 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
3 Kiapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..158-159.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.123.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.179.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.214.
3 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.5.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
5 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.1.
1(美)马丁·杰伊著《阿多诺》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1992年版,第9页.
2 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.2.
3 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.2.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.145.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.47.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.117.
2 洛文塔尔在《文学、通俗文化和社会》和《文学和大众文化》等著作中反复阐述了他的这一进行人文社会科学研究的学术理念,See Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.ix.And Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅱ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?) 1986,p.1.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Wilson,Robert N..American Sociological Review,Jun1962,Vol.27 Issue 3,p437-438,2p;(AN 12766636)
3 Douglas Kellner.The Frankfurt School Revisited\JSTOR New German Critique No_4,1975p_138.mht
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.222.马丁·杰伊在《辩证的想象》一书中详细地引述了阿多诺与拉扎斯菲尔德之间充满火药味的通信,对此感兴趣的读者可以参见Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination,1996,pp..222-224.
1 转引自殷晓蓉《法兰克福学派与美国传播学》,载《学术月刊》1999年第2期.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.87.
2 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.89.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.131.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.136.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.
3 所谓“哥白尼的革命”,指的是哥白尼在天文学领域所做出的具有革命性的转变,主要在于思维方式和研究主体与对象关系的转变。哥白尼假定观察者旋转从而提出“日心说”假说,使主客关系发生根本转变:他证明了日出日落之类的日常感官经验是不真实的,从而使思维方式转向超越经验的方向。而康德在哥白尼革命的启发下,也做出了类似尝试.他按照哥白尼的思路,假定对象必须符合认识,从而将研究对象从客体转向主体的认识能力,使思维方式转向超越经验的方向,最终确立了先验论。先验方法在美学领域的运用,使康德美学得以超越经验主义美学和理性主义美学,从而独立系统地批判主体的审美能力,形成独特的美学思想,为美学成为一门独立的学科奠定了坚实的学理基础。这就是康德在形而上学领域(后来又贯彻到伦理学、美学等领域)所进行的革命之被誉为“哥白尼式的革命”的原因所在。详见拙作《康德“哥白尼式革命”与当代美学转型》,载《云南社会科学》2007年第5期。从康德的“哥白尼式革命”主要体现在研究对象的转换和先验方法的确立和运用的角度看,洛文塔尔转换研究对象、转变思维方式,进而确立和运用“理论力场”方法论的做法,被誉为“洛文塔尔的哥白尼式革命”似乎并不算太过分。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Philip Schlesinger,Roger Silverstone,John Corner.International Media Research:A Critical Survey.Routledge,1997,p.23.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:.New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.143.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.47.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.69.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?) 1989,p.129.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?) 1989,p.141.
1 赵勇以“摇晃的立场与暧昧的历程”为题概括了洛文塔尔的理论研究,见赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第199-203页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.250.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?)1989,p.251.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.33.
5 Barry Katz.The Acculturation of Thought:Transformations of the Refugee Scholar in America\JSTOR Journal of Modern History Vol_63,No_4,p_746.mht
6 Gertrude J.Robinson.The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter:An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence.ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.608,No.1,76-96(2006).格特鲁德认为拉扎斯菲尔德/默顿的“管理”(administrative)研究和洛文塔尔的“批判”(critical)研究不仅被过分简化了,而且二者的欧洲思想渊源及其移民到美国后的互相学习都未能得到充分承认,有待于进一步深入研究。
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.134.
2 朱光潜著《西方美学史》北京:人民文学出版社1979年版,第344页.
3(英)奥利弗·博伊德,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第21页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,pp..28-29.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.9.
3 Leo Loweothal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅱ-ⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅳ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.137.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.其他几项分别是:A.社会的总体观念、概念和价值——简言之就是“文化”在人类学上的意义;B.真正艺术的普及以及学术思想和制度;C.适合于低层知识分子的过去的精英文化;D.生产和消费大众媒介产品的现代中产阶级中的中低层的民间艺术;E.大众媒介本身所固有的内容和价值;F.源于大众传播及其作为整体在社会中运转所产生的观念和价值;对数据的可操作性研究被列为G项.从他所列举的需要关注的问题可以看出,他对观念上的、理论上的研究要更为重视,但是他并不忽视经验性研究。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅴⅷ.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.41.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.167.
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.212.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.168.这两个例子分别是:一部十八世纪改编的《奥赛罗》(Othello)的英文产品,在作品的最后一幕,摩尔人(Moor)没有杀死苔丝德蒙娜(Desdemona),而是意识到了自己的错误并且请求她的宽恕,目的是他们能永远快乐地生活在世上;另外一个例子是,世纪之交在慕尼黑上演的易卜生的《玩偶之家》(Doll's House),在上演的这出剧的结尾,娜拉不是从门外而是从屋里关上门,并且回到她那无聊的丈夫的身旁——因为女人的地方毕竟是在家中。洛文塔尔认为通过大众传播渠道进行传播的高雅文化很可能变异为大众文化。
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.130.
3 对于“mass”以及“mass culture”在中国文化语境中的具体内涵及其所指,可参见马龙潜,高迎刚所著的《人民大众的文化权益》,载《文艺报》2005年7月28日。在该文中,作者指出,“mass culture”这一文化观念的倡导者和推动者所倡导和推动的“大众文化”在国内其实还是“小众文化”。
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.5-6.研究二人的区别其实是一个很有趣也很有学术价值的课题,有助于我们更为清醒辩证地看待欧洲学术传统与美国学术传统的优缺点。除了文中提到的之外,他们的主要区别还有:对乌托邦的不同态度、对语言的不同态度、对归纳法与演绎法的不同态度……二人的不同之处可以说举不胜举,对这一问题感兴趣的读者可以参考格罗斯的《洛文塔尔、阿多诺、巴特:论流行文化的三个视角》(David Gross.Lowenthal,Adorno,Barthes:Three Perspectives on Popular Culture.in Telos.Number 45,Fall 1980,pp.122-140.)和赵勇的《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 陈世敏著《大众传播与社会变迁》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司1994年版,第105页.
1(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版,第3页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.10.
3 本小节的内容主要来自于对《文学和大众文化》第二章、第三章和《文学、通俗文化和社会》第二章、第三章的归纳与总结。See Leo Lowenthal,Literature and Mass Culture,1984,pp..19-166.and Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,pp..14-108.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984.,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.77.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
4 塞缪尔·理查森(Samuel Richardson,1689—1761),英国作家,其书信体小说包括《帕美拉》(Pamela,1740),它通常被视为第一部现代英语小说,以及《克拉丽莎》(Clarisa,1747)。这两部书信体小说被尊为感伤主义的经典之作。
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.53.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.55.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Rise Of The Notel,in:The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959,p.440.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.59.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.124.
3 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
1(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京;南京大学出版社2000年版,第6-8页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franicfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.58.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.129.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.18.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.45.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Tnmsaction Books,1984,p.291.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.255.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Wol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ep020067/02a00120/0
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.125.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.125.
4 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mare Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
1 陶东风,周宪编,《文化研究·主编的话》第6辑,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2006年版,第3页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.
3 詹姆斯·凯里著《大众传播与文化研究》,在(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Max Horkheimer."Foreword".In Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism (Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..1-2.
6 Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism(Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.257.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..279-280.
2 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
1 Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
2 Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..142-143.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..153-154.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.154.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..154-155.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.155.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publiaher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,01989,p.59.
1 Loo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.20.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.10.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.I).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..291-292.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.181,p.183.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.292.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture.(?)1984,p.292.大众传播导致语言和记忆退化的问题,是研究文学传播问题的理论家都很关注的一个课题。比如本雅明就研究了机械复制传播方式所导致的语言、记忆的退化与文学变迁的关系;麦克卢汉则论述了电子传播媒介导致的语言、记忆退化问题;将三位理论家的相关分析置于同一个阐释框架中进行比较研究,看他们是如何分别从印刷传播方式、机械复制传播方式和电子传播方式论述语言和记忆退化问题的,将是一个很有趣也很有价值的理论课题。
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.293.
2 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..8-9.
1 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,p.253.
2 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..111-117.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
4 See Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..244-246.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第330页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.65.
4(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会科学方法论》,北京:中央编译出版社2002年版,序第11页.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.50.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.51.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.189.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.1.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franlcfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.259.
3 Leo Lowenthal.INTRODUCTION of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.38.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,p.128.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,p.98.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,pp.141-142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.219.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.40.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.170.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.40.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.91.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.91.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.96.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.94.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.52.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.200.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.196.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..181-183.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthol and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.23.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..38-39.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.24.
1 本雅明对这个问题也有着颇为精彩的论述。他认为随着视觉文化取代传统文化成为大众文化消费的主流形式,建立在传统文化基础之上的以个人欣赏为前提的“凝神专注”式的审美静观,就随之改变为“消遣”式接受了。详情请参阅本雅明的《经验与贫乏》天津:百花文艺出版社,1999年版,或者参考拙作《论视觉文化对传统审美方式的消解》,载《西北师大学报》2007年第5期.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Address upon Accepting the Theodor W.Adorno Prize on 1 October 1989.New German Critique,No.54,Special Issue on Siegfried Kracauer(Autumn,1991),pp..179-180.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.176-178.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..182-183.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.178.
1 张抗抗著《网络文学杂感》,载《中华读书报》2000年3月1日.
2 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版,第5-6页.
1 伊格尔顿著《二十世纪西方文学理论》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社1987年版,第83页.
2 张隆溪著《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京:三联书店1986年版,第6页.
3 张首映著《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京:北京大学出版社1999年版,第22页.
4 M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版,第2页.
1 什克洛夫斯基等《俄国形式主义文论选》,北京:三联书店1989年版,第11页.
2 韦勒克、沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版,第174页.
3 韦勒克、沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版,第145页.
4 王晓路著《艾布拉姆斯四要素与中国文学理论》,载《文学评论》2005年第3期.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.11.
2 Leo Loweathal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
3 Jurgen Habetmas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press 1987,p.14.
1 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routledge,1999,p.153.,p.377.
2(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学性和社会性》;见张英进,于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版,第90页。埃斯卡皮还曾经在《文学社会学》中做出如下总结:“待到文学专家们对社会学的兴趣被唤醒之时将作家当作个人或将作品当作孤立的现象进行研究的习惯早已养成,很少人对作家、作品与读者大众的关系进行研究……可是,虽然卢卡奇及其追随者将社会作为文学表象后面的现实加以考虑,他们仍然将艺术品本身视作一个目的,而忽视了读者在文学传播过程中的作用。是的,他们几乎忽视了文学传播这一概念……只有当存在主义用新的观点解释事物之时,这个僵局才可能有所突破。萨特的论著《什么是文学?》(1948年)可以认为是一个里程碑。”见《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》第4页.埃斯卡皮的总结大体上符合当时的文学研究状况,但是不知道是什么缘故,洛文塔尔论述文学传播问题的几篇重要论文,如发表于1932年的《论文学社会学》(On Sociology of Literature)和与萨特的《什么是文学?》同一年发表的《文学社会学》(The Sociology of Literature)以及1950年、1957年发表的几篇论文,当时都没有进入埃斯卡皮的视野,这导致他遗漏了洛文塔尔在这方面所作的开创性贡献。学术界有一种观点认为是埃斯卡皮最早从传播的角度研究了文学传播问题,不过事实上他直到1957年才提议出版《文学社会学》一书,1963年才发表《文学行为是否是一种传播行为?》的论文。
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.19.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.20.
4 Leo Lowenthal,Literature and Mass Culture,1984,p.75.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..72-73.
2 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
2 一项较早的研究指Leo Lowenthal and Marjode Fiske合作撰写的于1957年发表在Common frontiers of the social sciences上的“The Debate Over Art and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century England”,后收入在于1961年出版的《文学、通俗文化和社会》的论文集中。他的论述广泛地涉及了“原则上发生在艺术家和通俗文化消费者之间”的争论,并且通过对这种争论历史脉络的梳理,清晰地说明了文学体制的历史变迁。这项研究表明洛文塔尔最迟在1957年就已经敏锐地揭示了文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的传播转向这种历史发展趋势。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jaeobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.78.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.94.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewond Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.157.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.159.铁路文学,指坐火车旅行时看的轻松的文学读物,也就是通俗文学.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅲ.
3 Norman Jacobs.Mass Media in Modern Society.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.70.
4 Leo Lowoenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Historical Perspectives of Popular Culture.in The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.55(January,1950),pages 326,also see Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.245.
4 在采访中,格劳茨提出洛文塔尔对于大众文化的立场不同于他的朋友阿多诺和霍克海默的《启蒙辩证法》,也不同于第二代理论家的立场,比如说哈贝马斯的《公共领域的结构转型》(Structural Change of the Public Sphere)。至少对于阿多诺而言大众文化仅仅是艺术的恶化。洛文塔尔回答说:“我和我的同事在批评大众文化方面没有根本不同。然而,我认为我们必须在大众文化和大众文化所使用的技术之间作出区别。”Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.253.对此可以与本章第一节洛文塔尔论大众媒介部分相互参照理解。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.254.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.244.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.129.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfrt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),PubliC.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.51.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Socioty.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
3 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅰ.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Engiewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..15-16.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.179.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.32.
1 W·墨菲《法兰克福学派美学:与传统马克思主义美学的根本决裂》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京大学出版社1987年版,第214页.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..167-168.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.42.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.178.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.241.
4 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.295.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.249.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
7 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.118.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.169.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.170.
4 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.239.
7 Stephen Eric Brenner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.5.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A Hiatory of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Sccial Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.6.洛文塔尔的论述与本雅明的研究暗合,本雅明也认为在机械复制时代,“艺术已脱离了‘美的表象'的王国”,而“这一直被视为艺术得以生长的唯一场所”。相关论述请参阅本雅明的《经验与贫乏》,天津:百花文艺出版社,1999年版,第276页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.70.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.26.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.35.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in soeiety,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.36.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.35.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.77.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.129.对于文学市场对“艺术的完整性(integrity)”的影响问题,洛文塔尔的观点是较为辩证的,他借歌德的口,赞许地谈到莎士比亚和莫里哀,“称赞他们是依靠文学活动来养活自己的专业人士”,对那种谴责赚钱是破坏艺术完整性的污点的看法表示不耐烦。同时他又引述歌德对于“戏剧的赞助问题”的评论表达了自己的担忧:“因为一座剧院不仅要支付费用,而且要赚余钱,以便把一切都办得顶好……就连莎士比亚和莫里哀也没有其他办法。他们也首先要使剧院赚钱啊。为了达到这个主要目的(注意:对于剧院来讲,赚钱才是主要目的),他们就必须一切都力求尽善尽美,除了上演一些经典剧本以外,还要偶尔演一些崭新的好剧本来吸引观众,娱乐观众。禁止《伪君子》上演对莫里哀是沉重的打击,这与其说是对作为诗人的莫里哀,倒不如说是对作为剧院老板的莫里哀。作为剧院老板,他必须考虑一个剧团的福利,要使他自己和演员都能糊口。”See Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man(?)1986,pp.156-157.在这里,他实际上谈到了部分作家的双重身份问题,即作为文学创作者的作家和作为组织文学生产和销售的文学经纪人,这导致商品生产规律日益支配并取代文学艺术自身的传播规律。对此本雅明也有着精彩的论述,本雅明在研究19世纪巴黎的文学生产时注意到,1845年,大仲马与《立宪党人》及《快报》签订了合同,每年提供十八卷作品,即可有六万三千法郎以上的报酬,而大仲马则在此基础上雇佣了一整支由穷作家组成的生产大军。(德)本雅明著《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年版,第48页。
1 See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,ppⅹⅹⅰ-ⅹⅹⅱ,pp.52-78,and Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..19-80.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.172.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.27.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.42.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.167-168.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.172.将洛文塔尔的描绘与本雅明将作家描绘为波希米亚人、职业密谋家、拾垃圾者和游手好闲者的形象相对照,会是个很有意思的话题。
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.172.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.41.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.41.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.45.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.121.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,pp..182-188.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.207.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.42.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.173.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.“历史总是由胜利者书定”("History has always been written by the victors.”)是本雅明的一句伟大格言。洛文塔尔认为:“本雅明保持站在边缘这一边、否定性这一边,他保持了拒绝参与的边缘形象……本雅明的论文是其边缘存在和反对模仿的证词。”See Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.80.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.183.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.53.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.140.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication.1961,pp.30-31.
2 洛文塔尔对文学媒介的研究与本雅明的论述遥相呼应,本雅明在论述19世纪欧洲的文学状况时,也曾明确地指出:“在一个半世纪中,日常的文学生活是以期刊为中心开展的。”相关论述请参阅本雅明的《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年,第44页。
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.38.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.254.
1 stamp taxes,印花税制度,向报刊课以重税,寓禁于征,是官报时期欧洲各国政府箝制报刊业发展的重要手段,而尤以英国最为突出。英国政府于1712年通过第一次印花税法案,规定所有报纸,广告及纸张开征印花税,历史学家称之为。知识税”。1724年、1757年又先后两次强化印花税,导致全国报刊大批停刊。直到1855年取消报纸税,1861年废除纸张税,历时150年之久的印花税制度才算走到了尽头。经济政策、文化政策等政策在某个特定历史时期可能会成为文学“传播力场”中具有决定性的一种“力”。洛文塔尔对社会“对于艺术生产的正式和非正式的审查的意识形态由来具有浓厚的兴趣”,并且“调查了西方文明中社会对艺术的控制史”,见《文学和大众文化》附录A。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,pp..65-73.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Review.The American Sociological Review Vol.27,No.2,1962,p274.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.241.
3 本部分主要是对《通俗文化之争的一篇历史性序言》、《文学、通俗文化与社会》第三章和洛文塔尔对《普通英语读本:大众化阅读公众的社会史》的评论的内容归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society,c1992,p.70-83.,Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Common English Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,from Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.22,No.2,1958 and Leo Lowenthal,Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,pp..62-67.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141.
2 本部分主要是对《文学、通俗文化与社会》第二章、第三章内容的归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.36-44,pp.62-108.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.56.
1 Leo Lowanthal.Review.The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959,p440.
2 本部分主要是对《通俗文化之争的一篇历史性序言》、《文学、通俗文化与社会》第三章内容的归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.An historicalpreface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modem Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.70-83,and Leo Lowenthal,Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication.1961,pp..55-59.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..19-20.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society,p.73.
1 Marjorie Fiske,Leo Lowenthal.Some Problems in the Administration of International Communications Research,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 16,No_2,1951-1952,p_[149].mht
2 包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克福学派的大众文化理论已经被一再分析,因此,尽管对大众文化的批判是洛文塔尔批判理论的重要组成部分,本文都不再赘述。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,cl992,p.71.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.72.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.128.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.20.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of Califoruia Press,1987,p.168.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.246,p.256.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..118-121.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.153-160.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.167.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.167.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..119.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.167.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..155-156.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.222.
3 马丁·杰伊在《辨证的想象》第四章的第98个注释中说:“1934年7月1日本雅明从巴黎给洛文塔尔写了一封赞赏其价值的信,称赞他开创了一种新的研究模式。”SeeMartin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination.London:University of California Press,1996,p.326.根据洛文塔尔的回忆录,这封信应该来自丹麦,而非巴黎。
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.222.
5 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
6(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第328页.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327-328页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
4 Max Horkheimer."Foreword".In Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism (Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..1-2.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,pp..177-178.
2 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..18-22.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.75-76.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.77-78.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jaeobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.78-79.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..94-96.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..11-13.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327-328页.
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A Hiatory of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..141-155,See also Leo Lowenthal.The Sociology of Literature.in Communications in Modern Society,ed.Wilbur Schramm(Urbana,Ill.:University of Illinois Press,1948).pp..82-100.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.152.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986p_792.mht.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/vicw/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
2 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGill-Quccn's Press,1996,p176.
3 Sigmund Diamond.Review of America's Heroes:The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines.From Business History Review:vol.45,No.4,1971.
4 Leo Loweothal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littiefield Publishers,c2004.p.189.《通俗杂志中的传记》是最初发表在拉扎斯菲尔德主编的《电台研究:1942—1943》中的题目,收入《文学、通俗文化和社会》后改名为《大众偶像的胜利》。两个版本几乎完全一样,唯一的改变之处是删除了对阿多诺的一段引证。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..178-180.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.132.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanharn,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.189.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
5 Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefieid Publisha's,c2004,p.189.调查表明:普通的《星期六晚邮报》的读者比普通的《科利尔》的读者更年长、更富有、更依恋家庭并且对社会和经济问愿更感兴趣.See Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,p.203.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.180.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,pp..191-192.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968,c2004,p.193.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.196.
2 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.198.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.198.
1 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGill-Queen's Press,1996,p176.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.201.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,p.202.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,pp..199-202.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.202.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,pp..202-203.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.213.相关通信可以参考 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.“重复”问题,是现代哲学的一个主题,另一个著名而又风格迥异的研究是加缪的《西西弗的神话》。
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination,London:University of California Press,1996,p.212.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.203.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,pp..199-200.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..189-190.
2 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGilI-Queen's Press,1996,p176.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.192.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.178.
2 Sigmund Diamond.Review of America's Heroes:The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines.From Business History Review:.vol.45,No.4,1971.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.pp..144-145.
1 曾繁仁著《当代社会文化转型与文艺学学科建设》,载《文学评论》2004年第2期.
2 霍有明,李永平著《文学传播学刍议》,载《西北大学学报》2006年第5期.
3 曹萌著《文学传播学的创建与中国古代文学传播研究》,载《沈阳师范大学学报》2004年第5期.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
1 杨东篱著《洛文塔尔:文学、通俗文化与社会》,见谭好哲主编《艺术与人的解放》,山东大学出版社2005年版,第391页.
2 道格拉斯·凯尔纳认为,在1930年代,包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克福学派发展了一种批判性、跨学科的研究方法。这种方法将对传媒的政治经济学批判、文本分析、大众文化及传播的社会效果与意识形态后果的接受研究结合起来,从而创造了文化研究的早期模式。然而,在更新近一点的文化研究中,已经出现了一种转变(这一转变遍及整个英语世界)——转向了我们或许可以称之为的后现代问题。他们把重点越来越置于受众、消费和接受这些方面;而对文本的生产与传播、以及文本如何在传媒工业中被生产等方面的关注却被置换了。因而,人们不应当停留在文本的边界上,甚至也不该停留在文本问性上;而是应当从文本到语境,再到生成文本的文化与社会,人们应当将文本放在文化与社会中去阅读与阐释。跨学科方法因而需要对从文本到语境、从文本到文化与社会的学科边界的跨越。详见道格拉斯·凯尔纳著《错失的联合——法兰克福学派与英国文化研究》,见许纪霖主编《帝国、都市与现代性》(《知识分子论丛》第四辑),江苏人民出版社2005年版.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of,Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 李泽厚著《儒学四期与转换性创造》,(EB,OL)http://finance.sina.com.cn/hy/20051212/11012190846.shtml.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.137.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141,p160.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franlcfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.p.145.
2 福特基金会曾支持洛文塔尔进行了两项关于电视节目和政策的研究,他的研究成果也得到了福特基金会和美国文化公共政策委员会的肯定。不过尽管他的研究旨在“为当代大众传媒,尤其是电视研究提供一个更广阔的基础”,但是他取材的研究资料仍然主要来自于印刷文学。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ,p14.
3(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版,第4页.
4 马克思指出:“一切划时代的体系的真正的内容都是由于产生这些体系的那个时期的需要而形成起来的。所有这些体系都是以本国过去的整个发展为基础的,是以阶级关系的历史形式及其政治的、道德的、哲学的以及其他的后果为基础。”(《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,第544页)中国文艺学的发展当然也不能离开这种具体的历史规定性。特别是“在民族崛起的动力下,在全球化背景下形成的艺术实践和审美经验的人民性”(马龙潜《主客体结构论文艺学的观念与体系构架》,序第4页)和民族性直接构成中国文艺学的现实根基的情况下,文艺学研究范式的革新就更要注意这一问题。
1、Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(Communication in society,V.1),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1984.
2、Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986.
3、Leo Lowenthal.False Prophets:studies on authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987.
4、Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.
5、Leo Lowenthal.Prophets of deceit:A study of the techniques of the American agitator,by Leo Lowenthal;Norbert Guterman,Publisher:New York,Harper,1949.
6、Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture,and Society.Publisher:Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,Prentice-Hall,1961.
7、Leo Lowenthal,Martin Jay.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987.
8、Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines:rise of biography as a popular literary type,in:Paul Lazarsfeld u.a.(Hrsg.),Radio Research,1942-1943,New York 1944,pp..507-548;see also Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968,ed.John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson,Rowman & Littlefield 2004,pp..188-205.
9、Leo Lowenthal.The Sociology of Literature,in Communications in modern society;fifteen studies of the mass media,by Wilbur Lang Schramm;University of Illinois(Urbana-Champaign campus).Institute of Communications Research.Publisher:Urbana,Univ.of Illinois Press,1948,pp..83-100.
10、Joseph T.Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 15,1951.
11、Marjorie Fiske,Leo Lowenthai.Some Problems in the Administration of International Communications Research,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 16,1952.
12、Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic perspectives of the lonely crowd,in:Seymour M.Lipset,Leo Lowenthal(Hrsg.),Culture and social charakter:the work of David Riesman reviewed,New York 1961,pp..27-41.
13、Leo Lowenthal.The Reception of Dostoevski's Work in Germany:1880-1920,in The arts in society.Publisher:Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,Prentice-Hall,1964.
14、Leo Lowenthal.Herink Ibsen:Motifs in The Realistic Plays.in Ibsen:A Collection of Critical Essays.Ed.Rolf Fjelde.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1965.
15、Leo Lowenthal.German Popular Biographies:Culture' Bargain Counter,in Critical Spirit:Essays in Honor of Herbert Marcuse,Boston:Beacon Press,1967,pp..267-283.
16、Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992.
17、Leo Lowenthal.Conrad Ferdinand Meyer:An Apologia of the Upper Middle Class,in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980,pp..97-113.
18、Leo Lowenthal.Address upon Accepting the Theodor W.Adorno Prize on 1October 1989.New German Critique,0094033X,Fall91.
19、Leo Lowenthal.As I Remember Friedel:the keynote address,in:New German Critique 54,1991,pp..5-18.
20、Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Common English Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,in Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.22,No.2,1958.
21、Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Rise Of The Novel,in The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959.
22、Helmut Dubiel,"Interview with Leo Lowenthal",in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980,pp..82-96.
23、Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991.
24、John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004.
25、Dennis,Everette E.,& Wartella,Ellen.American Communication Research:The Remembered History.Mahwah,N J:Lawrence Eflbaum,1996.
26、John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999.
27、Philip Schlesinger,Roger Silverstone,John Comer.International Media Research:A Critical Survey.Routledge,1997.
28、Timothy Richard Glander.Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War:Educational Effects and contemporary implications,Lawrence Erlbaum,2000.
29、Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993.
30、Martin Jay.Permanent exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986.
31、Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986.
32、Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996.
33、Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994.
34、Judith Marcus,Zoltan Tar.Foundations of the Frankfurt School of Social Research.Transaction Publishers,1984.
35、Douglas Kellner.Critical theory,Marxism and Modernity,Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.
36、Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989.
37、David Held.Introduction to Critical Theory:Horkheimer to Habermas.University of California Press,(?)1980.
38、Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory. Routledge,1999.
39、Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGill-Queen's Press,1996.
40、The Legacy of Leo Lowenthal:A Conference Commemorating His Life and Works on the Tenth Anniversary of His Death,2003.(EB/OL)http://ies.berkeley.edu/ealendar/arehive/lowenthal.html
41、Robert Sayre.Lowenthal,Goldman,and the Sociology of Literature,in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980.
42、Douglas Kellner.The Frankfurt School Revisited\JSTOR New German Critique No_4,1975p_138.mht
43、Robert Wilson.Review of Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature,in Social Forces Vol_70,No_4,1992.
44、Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Commtmieation;Summer 1991.
45、David Gross.Lowenthal,Adorno,Barthes:Three Perspectives on Popular Culture.in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980.
46、Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_ 15,No_ 5,1986p_ 792.mht.(EB/OL)http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
47、Tucker,William R.,Perspectives on Political Science,10457097,Spring90.
48、Helmut Dubiel.A Clear Thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
49、JSTOR Social Forces Vol_ 68,No_ 3,1990p_ 938.mht
50、JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_ 16,No_ 5,1987 p_ 721.mht
51、JSTOR Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol 262,Reappraising Our Immigration Policy,1949 p_ 240.mht
52、Wendy Griswold.JSTOR Social Forces Vol_ 68,No_ 3,1990.p_ 938.mht.
53,Gertrude J.Robinson.The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter:An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence.ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.608,No.1,76-96(2006).
54、Barry Katz.The Acculturation of Thought:Transformations of the Refugee Scholar in America\JSTOR Journal of Modem History Vol_ 63,No_ 4,p_746.mht
55、Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
56、Harvey Pearce.Art in culture\JSTOR American Quarterly Vol_ 11,No_1,1959 p_[78].mht
57、Paul Lazarsfeld.Remark on Administrative and Critical Communication Research.American:Studies in Philosophy and Social Science,1941.
58、Sigmund Diamond.Review of America's Heroes:The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines.From Business History Review:vol.45,No.4,1971.
59、Harold Lasswell.Personality,Prejudice,and Politics\JSTOR World Politics Vol_ 3,No_ 3,1951p_ 407.mht
60、Wilson,Robert N..American Sociological Review,Jun1962,Vol.27 Issue 3,p437-438,2p;(AN 12766636)
61、Leo Lowenthal 93,Professor of Sociology,New York Times.(Late Edition (East Coast)).New York,N.Y.:Jan 25,1993.p.B.9.
62、陆小宁译,洛文塔尔论通俗文化【J].文艺研究1997.4,译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 1 Popular Culture in Perspective",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
63、《大众文化的定义、研究与尴尬 》,(EB/OL)http://www.wenyixue.com/new/jdwb/content/20thxf/dzwhddy.htm译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 1 Popular Culture in Perspective",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968
64、曹卫东译,论大众文化与艺术[J].西北师大学报2005.6,译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 2 The Debate over Art and Popular Culture:A Synopsis",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
65、赵江云王佳译,大众偶像的胜利[G】//陶东风,周宪编,文化研究,第6辑,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2006,译自Leo Lowenthal,“CHAPTER 4The Triumph of Mass Idols",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
66、张芳译,文学与社会[J】.西北师大学报2005.6,译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 5 Literature and Societ",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
67、张苾芜译,文学与社会【G】∥张英进,于沛编,现当代西方文艺社会学探索,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987,译自Leo Lowenthal,“The Sociology of Literature" in Communications in Modern Society,ed.Wilbur Schramm (Urbana,Ill.:University of Illinois Press,1948).pp..82-100.
68、(德)马克思,恩格斯著《马克思恩格斯选集》,北京:人民出版社1995年版.
69、(德)黑格尔著《美学》,北京:商务印书馆1979年版.
70、(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社1987年版.
71、(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版.
72、(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《二十世纪西方文学理论》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社1987年版.
73、(美)M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版.
74、(美)韦勒克,沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版.
75、(俄)什克洛夫斯基等《俄国形式主义文论选》,北京:三联书店1989年版.
76、朱光潜著《西方美学史》,北京:人民文学出版社1979年版.
77、马龙潜著《主客体结构论文艺学的观念与体系构架》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2005年版.
78、马龙潜著《方法论意识与问题化意识》,济南:山东大学出版社2006年版.
79、张隆溪著《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京:三联书店1986年版.
80、张首映著《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京:北京大学出版社1999年版.
81、张邦卫著《媒介诗学——传媒视野下的文学与文学理论》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2006年版.
82、(德)霍克海默著《霍克海默集》,上海:上海远东出版社2004年版.
83、(德)本雅明著《经验与贫乏》,天津:百花文艺出版社1999年版.
84、(德)本雅明著《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年版.
85、(美)马丁·杰伊著《法兰克福学派史》,广州:广东人民出版社1996年版.
86、(美)马丁·杰伊著《阿多诺》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1992年版.
87、(美)理查德·沃林著《文化批评的观念》,北京:商务印书馆2000年版.
88、(英)多米尼克·斯特里纳蒂著《通俗文化理论导论》,北京:商务印书馆2001年版.
89、(英)麦基编《思想家》,北京:三联书店1987年版.
90、(英)佩里·安德森著《西方马克思主义探讨》,北京:人民出版社1981年版.
91、菲尔·斯莱特著《当代影响最大的西方马克思主义流派——法兰克福学派的起源和意义》,兰州:兰州大学出版社1990年版.
92、W·墨菲著《法兰克福学派美学》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京:北京大学出版社1987年版.
93、赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版.
94、谭好哲主编《艺术与人的解放》,济南:山东大学出版社2005年版.
95、朱立元著《法兰克福学派美学思想论稿》,上海:复旦大学出版社1997年版.
96、杨小滨著《否定的美学》,上海:三联书店,1999年版.
97、徐崇温著《法兰克福学派述评》,上海:三联书店1980年版.
98、曹卫东著《交往理性与诗学话语》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社2001年版.
99、(美)施拉姆,波特著《传播学概论》,北京:新华出版社1984年版.
100、(美)施拉姆著《大众传播媒介与社会发展》,北京:华夏出版社1990年版.
101、(美)斯蒂文·小约翰著《传播理论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1999年版.
102、(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想——从莫尔斯到麦克卢汉》,北京:中国广播电视出版社1991年版.
103、(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版.
104、(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版.
105、(法)阿芒·马特拉著《世界传播与文化霸权:思想与战略的历史》,北京:中央编译出版社2001年版.
106、张锦华著《传播批判理论》,台北:黎明文化事业公司1994年版.
107、陈世敏著《大众传播与社会变迁》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司1994年版.
108、殷晓蓉著《战后美国传播学的理论发展——经验主义和批判学派的视域及其比较》,上海:复旦大学出版社2000年版.
109、(德)盖奥尔格·西美尔著《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,北京:华夏出版社2002年版.
110、(德)盖奥尔格·齐美尔著《桥与门——齐美尔随笔集》,上海:三联书店1991年版.
111、(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会学的基本概念》,台北:远流出版社1995年版.
112、(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会科学方法论》,北京:中央编译出版社1999年版.
113、(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版.
114、(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学社会学》,合肥:安徽文艺出版社1987年版.
115、张英进,于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版.
116、姚文放著《现代文艺社会学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社1993年版.
117、陆小宁著《洛文塔尔的通俗文化观》,载《国外社会科学》1998年第1期.
118、陆小宁著《洛文塔尔的通俗文化思想述评》,载《哲学动态》1998年第2期.
119、黄芹著《洛文塔尔的消费偶像观》,载《国外社会科学》1998年第1期.
120、王小盾著《中国韵文的传播方式及其体制变迁》,载《中国社会科学》1996年第1期.
121、曾繁仁著《当代社会文化转型与文艺学学科建设》,载《文学评论》2004年第2期.
122、王晓路著《艾布拉姆斯四要素与中国文学理论》,载《文学评论》2005年第3期.
123、霍有明,李永平《文学传播学刍议》,载《西北大学学报(哲社版)》2006年第5期.
124、曹萌著《文学传播学的创建与中国古代文学传播研究》,载《沈阳师范大学学报(社科版)》2004年第5期.
125、殷晓蓉著《法兰克福学派与美国传播学》,载《学术月刊》1999年第2期.
126、隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.
127、马龙潜,高迎刚著《人民大众的文化权益》,载《文艺报》2005年7月28日.
128、张抗抗著《网络文学杂感》,载《中华读书报》2000年3月1日.
129、曹卫东著《阿尔弗莱德·韦伯和他的文化社会学》,载《中华读书报》1999年8月4日.
130、李泽厚著 《儒学四期与转换性创造》,(EB/OL)http://finance.sina.com.cn/hy/20051212/11012190846.shtml
2 目前见到两本著作设有专章,一本是《整合与颠覆》;另一本是《艺术与人的解放》。其中论述洛文塔尔的两章标题分别是《洛文塔尔:逡巡于雅俗之间》、《洛文塔尔:文学、通俗文化与社会》,所涉及的足洛文塔尔的通俗文化理论。
1 主要有《洛文塔尔的通俗文化观》(《国外社会科学》)、《洛文塔尔的通俗文化思想述评》(《哲学动态》)、《大众文化的颠覆模式》(《文学评论》)、《通俗文学视野中的大众文化——论洛文塔尔大众文化观的独特性及其成因》(《文艺理论研究》)、《洛文塔尔的消费偶像观》(《国外社会科学》)等论文。张苾芜、陆小宁、曹卫东、赵江云、张芳等选译了洛文塔尔的部分关于通俗文化的论文发表在《文艺研究》等刊物和编著上。详见本文“参考文献”部分。
2 “拿来”是有选择性的,二十世纪八九十年代我国在引进法兰克福学派的理论时,之所以着力引进以阿多诺为代表的大众文化批判理论,对洛文塔尔的文学传播理论却视而不见,主要是因为当时文学传播问题还没有成为亟需解决的理论问题,而当时大众文化在中国的风行及其影响问题则是学术界所要迫切解决的重大理论问题。如今“文学传播研究”已经成为我们进行文学研究所不容忽视的一个课题,“拿来”洛文塔尔的文学传播理论可谓正逢其时。在跨文化视野中保持清醒的中国问题意识,应该是我们当前践行“拿来主义”的基本原则之一。
3 The Legacy of Leo Lowenthal:A Conference Commemorating His Life and Works on the Tenth Anniversary of His Death.[EB/OL]http://ies.berkeley.edu/calendar/archive/lowenthal.htmi
4 Robert Sayre.Lowenthai,Goldman,and the Sociology of Literature.in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980,p.151.
5 Douglas Kellner.Critical theory,Marxism and Modernity,Cambridge:Polity Press,1989,p.122.
6 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.212.
7 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:.New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
8 Robert Wilson.Review of Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature,in Social Forces Vol_70,No_4,1992.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
3 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
1 霍有明,李永平著《文学传播学刍议》,载《西北大学学报》2006年第5期.
2 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.124.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.19.
3(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学社会学》,合肥:安徽文艺出版社1987年版,中文版序言第29页。
1 Len Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
2 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994,p.31.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.152.
4(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第326页。
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.244.
6 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.5.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
9 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.19.
10 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.14.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..243-246.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.10.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An historicaipreface to thepopular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman
6 Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.Ⅺ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
1 杨小滨著《否定的美学》,上海:上海三联书店。1999年版,第17-18页.
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..167-168.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.125.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.171.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Connnunication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.20.
1 Tucker William R.,Perspectives on Political Science,10457097,Spring00.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
3 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routlcdge,1999,p.153.
4 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.169.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.9.
3 朱光潜著《西方美学史》,北京:人民文学出版社1979年版,第348页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,01989,p.251.
5 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986..[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.orglview/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
6(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版,第6页.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,01984,p.249.
1(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版,第3页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅴ,p.ⅹⅰ.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.98.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.xv.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,
9 p.244.他认为,历史学家在研究中为了强调重大事件,经常不得不去除个性化因素,从而使社会关系失去丰富多彩的个性,而回忆录、传记、日记和信件则走到了另一个极端,它们提供给我们过多的个人数据。这些个人文献,由于合理化和自我辨白,又经常模糊或者歪曲了社会现实的形象。而虚构作品则包含这两方面的优点:它提供了个体行为和感受的重要主题,同时也为我们提供了大量有意义的社会学细节。因此他才说“伟大的文学是唯一可靠的来源”。See Loweathal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.1961,p.ⅹⅲ;Literature and the Image of Man,1986,p.3.and Critical theory and Frankfurt theorists,1989,pp..244-245.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.3.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅵ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.77.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅰ.
1(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页。
2 隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.作者认为:“早期传播学研究是在社会学领域中进行的、基于行为主义‘刺激—反应原则'的宣传效果分析;它足伴随着传媒技术的革命、大众传播时代的到来应运而生的。但是就‘传播'行为而言,它却涉及到人类社会的一切信息传递现象,它是在历史文化语境中生成的‘主体人'所参与的、以传受双方互动关系为特征的信息传递和循环过程;而传统传播学却因对媒介和传播模式的空前重视而抽离了传播活动的‘人性'质素,忽略了传播中丰富的信息内容和瞬息万变的信息运动过程,对纷繁复杂的传播现象做了孤立的、简单化处理。从而割裂了传播行为与文化信息之间的内在联系。”
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..168-169.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.Nev Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..248-249.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.256.
2 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Rontledge,1993,p.2.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅱ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.1.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..50-51.
1 杂志1932年在德国创刊。1934年至1939年期间转移到法国巴黎继续以德文出版.1940-1941年期间改名为《哲学和社会科学研究》(Studies in philosophy and social science)在美国以英文出版。
1 费斯克(Marjorie Fiske,1914-1992),1939-1955年受雇于拉扎斯菲尔德的社会研究局,俩人合作进行了许多文学传播方面的研究。她曾于1987年荣获美国心理学协会卓越研究奖(Distinguished Research Award from the American Psychological Association).
2 Susanne Hoppmann,时任柏克莱德国文化中心主任(director of Berkeley's German Cultural Center).
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅰ-ⅹⅲ.
1 Gertrude J.Robinson.The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter:An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence.ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.608,No.1,76-96(2006).格特鲁德是加拿大传播协会(canadian Communication Association)第一位女性主席和加拿大传播杂志(Canadian Journal of Communication)第一位女主编.
2 Leo Lowenthai.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.19.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.44.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.44.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..245-246.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.44.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.21.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 摩西·门德尔松(Moses Mendelssohn,1729-1786),德国哲学家,以论述有关人类认识真普美的天生能力的著作而著名。他的影响和作品有助于犹太人与德国社会的同化。
2 海尔曼·柯亨(Hermann Cohen,1842-1918),马堡学派的新康德主义哲学家,曾任汉堡大学教授、校长等职务,后创立了所谓的“文化哲学体系”。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.26.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.27.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.35.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,|987,p.47.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..26-27.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.51.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.59.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
1 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Pess,1994,p.116.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.50.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.74.
1 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:exsays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.60.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Bericeley:University of California Press,1987,p.83.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.84.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.84.
2 Leo Bograt.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.(法)阿芒·马特拉著《世界传播与文化霸权:思想与战略的历史》,北京:中央编译出版社2001年版,第92-93页.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Dennis,Everette E.,& Wartella,Ellen.American Communication Research:The Remembered History.Mahwah,N J:Lawrence Edbaum,1996,p.2.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies,London:Routledge,1991,p.151.
4 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fail93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
5 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.104.
1 菲舍尔·科勒克在其《文学社会学》一书中把文学社会学研究划分为两种方式,一种是“经验的、实用的文学社会学,比如H.N.菲根、洛文塔尔”,另一种是“理论批判的文学社会学,比如法兰克福学派的阿多诺”。见菲舍尔·科勒克《文学社会学》,在《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,海峡文艺出版社1987年版,第34页。通过下文的论述,我们将会发现洛文塔尔和阿多诺在文学社会学的研究上确实有不容忽视的区别,特别是在对待经验研究方法的态度上,但是二人都站在批判理论的框架中进行研究则足毫无疑问的,他们的区别只是同一学派内部不同研究路径的区别,而非科勒克所说的那样足两大学派之间的区别。详见本文第二章《批判传播理论:洛文塔尔文学研究的传播学视角和方法》。
2 张英进。于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版,序言第12页。
3 姚文放著《现代文艺社会学》,江苏文艺出版社1993年版,第425页.
4 Dennis,Everette E.,& Wartella,Ellen.American Communication Research:7he Remembered History.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1996,p.187.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.109.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
2 Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections ofLeo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of Califomia Press,1987,pp..107-108.“Deja Vu”源于法文,是在美国颇为流行的法语词,其意思相当于中文当中的“似曾相识”。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.89.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.106.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.139.
2 Wendy Griswold:JSTOR Social Forces Vol_68,No_3,1990.p_ 938.mht.
3 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowrnan & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 后来(1983年),福柯说:“假如我能早一些了解法兰克福学派,或者能及时了解的话,我就能省却许多工作,不说许多傻话,在我稳步前进时会少走许多弯路,因为道路已经被法兰克福学派打开了。”见福柯著《福柯集》,上海:上海远东出版社1998年版,第493页。福柯与包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克祸学派之间的理论关系是一个值得探讨的话题。马丁·杰伊认为当代思想的进一步展开,有赖于法兰克桶学派的理论与以福柯为代表的解构主义的有效对话。见马丁·杰伊著《马克思主义与总体性:从卢卡奇到哈贝马斯一个概念的历险》(Memin Jay,Marxbm and Totality:The Adventures of a Concept from Lukacs to Habermas.University of California Press,1984.).不过福柯和洛文塔尔对后现代主义问题、人文主义与实证主义的关系等问题存在许多分歧,罗素·伯曼认为洛文塔尔“再三强调研究的人文主义立场……这与福柯新实证主义的‘人的终结'的主题不协调”。See.Russell Berman.JSTOR Theory and Society VoL_15,No_5.1986.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.61.
1 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.101.
2 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.in Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,1986,p.101.
3 麦基编《思想家》,北京:三联书店1987年版,第67页.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.10.
2 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,PubliC.New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
3(德)霍克海默著《霍克海默集》,上海:上海远东出版社2004年版,序言第1页.
4 Martin Jay.Introduction to a Festschrift for Leo Lowenthal on His 80th Birthday.In Permanent Exiles,p.103.
1 阿多诺奖(Theodor W.Adorno Prize),每三年评选一次,每三年9月11日阿多诺生日时颁发:哈贝马斯、德里达等人先后获此荣誉。
2 JSTOR Social Forces Voi 68,No_3,1990p_938.mht
3 Wright Mills.Leo Lowenthal 93,Professor of Sociology,New York Times.(Late Edition(East Coast)).New York,N.Y.:Jan 25,1993.p.B.9.
4 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.61.
6 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第289页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..143-144.
1 W·墨菲《法兰克福学派美学:与传统马克思主义美学的根本决裂》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京大学出版社1987年版,第212页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..64-65.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.77.
1 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994,p.31.
2 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.5.
3 Rolf Wiggershaus.The Frankfurt School:Its History,Theories,and Political Significance.MIT Press,1994,p.118.
4 菲尔·斯莱特《当代影响最大的西方马克思主义流派——法兰克福学派的起源和意义》,兰州:兰州大学出版社1990年版,第185页.
1 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..111-117.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.255.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
4 Leo Lowenthal.INTRODUCTION of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books.(?)1986.
5(德)黑格尔著《美学》第一卷,商务印书馆1979年版,第12页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..15-16.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..170-171.
3(德)黑格尔著《美学》第三卷,商务印书馆1979年版,第26页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.57.
5 Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
6 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..106-111.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in socicty,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.292.
1 这是西方马克思主义的普遍特点。佩里·安德森指出“西方马克思主义作为一个整体,当它从方法问题进而涉及实质问题时,就几乎倾全力于研究上层建筑了……换句话说,西方马克思主义典型的研究对象,并不是国家或法律,它注意的焦点是文化。在文化本身的领域内,耗费西方马克思主义主要智力和才华的,首先是艺术”。佩里·安德森《西方马克思主义探讨》,人民出版社1981年版,第96-97页.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.84.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.246.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
5 David Held.Introduction to Critical Theory:Horkheimer to Habermas.University of California Press,(?)1980,p.164.
6 Loo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.52.
7 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.52.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.31.
2 曹卫东著《交往理性与诗学话语》,天津社会科学院出版社2001年版,第16页.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
4 《权威与家庭研究》是研究所集体研究的经典案例。这项旨在研究作为社会水泥的权威研究增加了马克思理论中所没有的理论,即作为基础与上层建筑之间中介的精神理论。在《权威与家庭研究》项目中,洛文塔尔主要写作了其中的文学部分。Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.74.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.32.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第306-307页.
3(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第317页.
4(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第324页.
1(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第308页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.32.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.244.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.49.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Cuiture(Communicafion in society,V.1).,(?)1984,pp..244-246.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第325页.
3(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第330页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.65.
5 Harvey Pearce.Art in culture\JSTOR American Quarterly Vol_11,No_1,1959 p_[78].mht
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.50.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.238.
2(德)盖奥尔格·西美尔著《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,北京:华夏出版社2002年版,第55页.
3(德)盖奥尔格·齐美尔著《桥与门———齐美尔随笔集》,上海:三联书店1991年版,第239页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会学的基本概念》,台北:远流出版社1995年版,第34页.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第326页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.28.
1 曹卫东著《阿尔弗莱德·韦伯和他的文化社会学》,见《中华读书报》,1999年08月04日.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.259.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo LowenthaL Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.查尔士·桑德斯·皮尔士(Charles Sanders Peirce,1839—1914),美国哲学家、逻辑学家、自然科学家,实用主义的创始人;乔治·赫伯特·米德(George Herbert Mead,1863—1931),美国社会学家、社会心理学家、哲学家,符号互动论的奠基人。
2 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,pp..28-31.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..141-142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.33.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.19.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.51.
4 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.239.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.165.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..248-249.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.256.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
6(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in soeiety,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..243-246.
5 Judith Marcus,Zoltan Tar.Foundations of the Frankfurt School of Social Research.Transaction Publishers,1984,p.56.
6 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowrnan & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.89.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1(美)施拉姆,波特著《传播学概论》,北京:新华出版社1984年版,第198页.
2(美)斯蒂文·小约翰著《传播理论》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第413页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
1 Paul Lazarsfe|d.Remark on Administrative and Critical Communication Research.American:Studies in Philosophy and Social Science,1941.法兰克福学派在美国的官方刊物《哲学和社会科学研究》于1941年出版了一期“大众传播专号”,与之有密切合作关系的拉扎斯菲尔德在这一期上发表了《评管理的和批判的传播研究》一文,在论文中他将自己的研究称为“管理的研究”,将法兰克福学派的研究称为“批判的研究”。
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.150.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Fssays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2 Douglas Kellner.The Frankfurt School Revisited\JSTOR New German Critique No_4,1975p_138.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.165.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,pp..46-48.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.62.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.63.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.167.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research.1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.172.
2(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想——从莫尔斯到麦克卢汉》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第2页.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.81.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.41.
3(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想——从莫尔斯到麦克卢汉》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第153页.
4(美)切特罗姆著《传播媒介与美国人的思想》,中国广播电视出版社1991年版,第154页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.1.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅶ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publiction,1961,p.7.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..9-10.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Engiewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.12.
4(美)汉诺·哈特著《论忽视历史:大众传播研究与社会批判》,在(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路——经典文献读本》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第19页.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
6 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.123.
3 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
4 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fail93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature andMass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.291.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.19.
5 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
6 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht.
7 JSTOR Social Forces Vol_68,No_3,1990p_938.mht.
8 Robert Wilson.Review of Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature,in Social Forces Vol_70,No_4,1992.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第290页.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第333页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.239.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
1 JSTOR Contemporary Sociology Vol_16,No_5,1987 p_721.mht.
2 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routledge,1999,p.153.
3 Helmut Dubiel.A clear thinker.Telos,00906514,Fall93.
4 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.72.
5 JSTOR Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol_262,Reappraising Our Immigration Policy,1949 p_240.mht
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
2 隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.
3(英)奥利弗·博伊德.巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..168-169.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.92.
2 Leo Lowenthai.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.291.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
5 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthai and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.292.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.151.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.10.
1 赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第83页.
2 赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第240页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.xi.
4 Wilson,Robert N..American Sociological Review,Jun1962,Vol.27 Issue 3,pp.437-438,(AN 12766636)
5 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.164.
2 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.13.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.144.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..7-8.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..153-154.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.157.
4 Harold Lasswell.Personality,Prejudice,and Politics/JSTOR World Politics Vol_3,No_3,1951p_407.mht
5 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
6 Timothy Richard Glander.Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War:Educational Effects and contemporary implications,Lawrence Erlbaum,2000,p.157.
1 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
3 Kiapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..158-159.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.123.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.179.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.214.
3 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.5.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
5 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.1.
1(美)马丁·杰伊著《阿多诺》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1992年版,第9页.
2 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.2.
3 Martin Jay.Force Fields:Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique,New York:Routledge,1993,p.2.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.145.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.47.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.117.
2 洛文塔尔在《文学、通俗文化和社会》和《文学和大众文化》等著作中反复阐述了他的这一进行人文社会科学研究的学术理念,See Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.ix.And Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅰ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅱ.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?) 1986,p.1.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Wilson,Robert N..American Sociological Review,Jun1962,Vol.27 Issue 3,p437-438,2p;(AN 12766636)
3 Douglas Kellner.The Frankfurt School Revisited\JSTOR New German Critique No_4,1975p_138.mht
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.222.马丁·杰伊在《辩证的想象》一书中详细地引述了阿多诺与拉扎斯菲尔德之间充满火药味的通信,对此感兴趣的读者可以参见Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination,1996,pp..222-224.
1 转引自殷晓蓉《法兰克福学派与美国传播学》,载《学术月刊》1999年第2期.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.87.
2 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.89.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.15.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.131.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.136.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.
3 所谓“哥白尼的革命”,指的是哥白尼在天文学领域所做出的具有革命性的转变,主要在于思维方式和研究主体与对象关系的转变。哥白尼假定观察者旋转从而提出“日心说”假说,使主客关系发生根本转变:他证明了日出日落之类的日常感官经验是不真实的,从而使思维方式转向超越经验的方向。而康德在哥白尼革命的启发下,也做出了类似尝试.他按照哥白尼的思路,假定对象必须符合认识,从而将研究对象从客体转向主体的认识能力,使思维方式转向超越经验的方向,最终确立了先验论。先验方法在美学领域的运用,使康德美学得以超越经验主义美学和理性主义美学,从而独立系统地批判主体的审美能力,形成独特的美学思想,为美学成为一门独立的学科奠定了坚实的学理基础。这就是康德在形而上学领域(后来又贯彻到伦理学、美学等领域)所进行的革命之被誉为“哥白尼式的革命”的原因所在。详见拙作《康德“哥白尼式革命”与当代美学转型》,载《云南社会科学》2007年第5期。从康德的“哥白尼式革命”主要体现在研究对象的转换和先验方法的确立和运用的角度看,洛文塔尔转换研究对象、转变思维方式,进而确立和运用“理论力场”方法论的做法,被誉为“洛文塔尔的哥白尼式革命”似乎并不算太过分。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Philip Schlesinger,Roger Silverstone,John Corner.International Media Research:A Critical Survey.Routledge,1997,p.23.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:.New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.143.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.47.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.69.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?) 1989,p.129.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?) 1989,p.141.
1 赵勇以“摇晃的立场与暧昧的历程”为题概括了洛文塔尔的理论研究,见赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第199-203页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.250.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(?)1989,p.251.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.33.
5 Barry Katz.The Acculturation of Thought:Transformations of the Refugee Scholar in America\JSTOR Journal of Modern History Vol_63,No_4,p_746.mht
6 Gertrude J.Robinson.The Katz/Lowenthal Encounter:An Episode in the Creation of Personal Influence.ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.608,No.1,76-96(2006).格特鲁德认为拉扎斯菲尔德/默顿的“管理”(administrative)研究和洛文塔尔的“批判”(critical)研究不仅被过分简化了,而且二者的欧洲思想渊源及其移民到美国后的互相学习都未能得到充分承认,有待于进一步深入研究。
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.134.
2 朱光潜著《西方美学史》北京:人民文学出版社1979年版,第344页.
3(英)奥利弗·博伊德,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第21页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,pp..28-29.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.9.
3 Leo Loweothal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅱ-ⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅳ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.137.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.其他几项分别是:A.社会的总体观念、概念和价值——简言之就是“文化”在人类学上的意义;B.真正艺术的普及以及学术思想和制度;C.适合于低层知识分子的过去的精英文化;D.生产和消费大众媒介产品的现代中产阶级中的中低层的民间艺术;E.大众媒介本身所固有的内容和价值;F.源于大众传播及其作为整体在社会中运转所产生的观念和价值;对数据的可操作性研究被列为G项.从他所列举的需要关注的问题可以看出,他对观念上的、理论上的研究要更为重视,但是他并不忽视经验性研究。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅴⅷ.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.41.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.167.
2 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.(EB/OL) http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.212.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.168.这两个例子分别是:一部十八世纪改编的《奥赛罗》(Othello)的英文产品,在作品的最后一幕,摩尔人(Moor)没有杀死苔丝德蒙娜(Desdemona),而是意识到了自己的错误并且请求她的宽恕,目的是他们能永远快乐地生活在世上;另外一个例子是,世纪之交在慕尼黑上演的易卜生的《玩偶之家》(Doll's House),在上演的这出剧的结尾,娜拉不是从门外而是从屋里关上门,并且回到她那无聊的丈夫的身旁——因为女人的地方毕竟是在家中。洛文塔尔认为通过大众传播渠道进行传播的高雅文化很可能变异为大众文化。
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.130.
3 对于“mass”以及“mass culture”在中国文化语境中的具体内涵及其所指,可参见马龙潜,高迎刚所著的《人民大众的文化权益》,载《文艺报》2005年7月28日。在该文中,作者指出,“mass culture”这一文化观念的倡导者和推动者所倡导和推动的“大众文化”在国内其实还是“小众文化”。
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.5-6.研究二人的区别其实是一个很有趣也很有学术价值的课题,有助于我们更为清醒辩证地看待欧洲学术传统与美国学术传统的优缺点。除了文中提到的之外,他们的主要区别还有:对乌托邦的不同态度、对语言的不同态度、对归纳法与演绎法的不同态度……二人的不同之处可以说举不胜举,对这一问题感兴趣的读者可以参考格罗斯的《洛文塔尔、阿多诺、巴特:论流行文化的三个视角》(David Gross.Lowenthal,Adorno,Barthes:Three Perspectives on Popular Culture.in Telos.Number 45,Fall 1980,pp.122-140.)和赵勇的《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.141.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 陈世敏著《大众传播与社会变迁》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司1994年版,第105页.
1(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版,第3页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.10.
3 本小节的内容主要来自于对《文学和大众文化》第二章、第三章和《文学、通俗文化和社会》第二章、第三章的归纳与总结。See Leo Lowenthal,Literature and Mass Culture,1984,pp..19-166.and Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,pp..14-108.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984.,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.77.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
4 塞缪尔·理查森(Samuel Richardson,1689—1761),英国作家,其书信体小说包括《帕美拉》(Pamela,1740),它通常被视为第一部现代英语小说,以及《克拉丽莎》(Clarisa,1747)。这两部书信体小说被尊为感伤主义的经典之作。
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.53.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.55.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Rise Of The Notel,in:The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959,p.440.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.59.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.124.
3 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
1(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京;南京大学出版社2000年版,第6-8页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franicfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.58.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.129.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.18.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.45.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Tnmsaction Books,1984,p.291.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.255.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Wol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ep020067/02a00120/0
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.125.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.125.
4 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mare Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/view/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
1 陶东风,周宪编,《文化研究·主编的话》第6辑,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2006年版,第3页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅷ.
3 詹姆斯·凯里著《大众传播与文化研究》,在(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版,第448页.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Max Horkheimer."Foreword".In Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism (Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..1-2.
6 Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism(Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.257.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..279-280.
2 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
1 Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
2 Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare\JSTOR Public Opinion Quarterly Vol_15,No_4,1951-1952,p_[651].mht
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..142-143.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..153-154.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.154.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..154-155.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.155.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publiaher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,01989,p.59.
1 Loo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.20.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.10.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.I).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..291-292.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,p.181,p.183.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.292.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture.(?)1984,p.292.大众传播导致语言和记忆退化的问题,是研究文学传播问题的理论家都很关注的一个课题。比如本雅明就研究了机械复制传播方式所导致的语言、记忆的退化与文学变迁的关系;麦克卢汉则论述了电子传播媒介导致的语言、记忆退化问题;将三位理论家的相关分析置于同一个阐释框架中进行比较研究,看他们是如何分别从印刷传播方式、机械复制传播方式和电子传播方式论述语言和记忆退化问题的,将是一个很有趣也很有价值的理论课题。
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.293.
2 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..8-9.
1 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air:A History of the Idea of Communication.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,p.253.
2 John Durham Peters.Speaking Into the Air.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999,pp..111-117.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.256.
4 See Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.13.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..244-246.
2(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版,第330页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.65.
4(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会科学方法论》,北京:中央编译出版社2002年版,序第11页.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.50.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.51.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.189.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Preface of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.1.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franlcfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.259.
3 Leo Lowenthal.INTRODUCTION of Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.38.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,p.128.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,p.98.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),(?)1986,pp.141-142.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.219.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.40.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.170.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.7.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character.The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.40.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.91.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.91.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.96.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.94.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,(Communication in Society,V.4),(?)1989,p.52.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.200.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.196.
1 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
2 Leo Lowenthal.False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..181-183.
3 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthol and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.ⅸ.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.23.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..38-39.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.24.
1 本雅明对这个问题也有着颇为精彩的论述。他认为随着视觉文化取代传统文化成为大众文化消费的主流形式,建立在传统文化基础之上的以个人欣赏为前提的“凝神专注”式的审美静观,就随之改变为“消遣”式接受了。详情请参阅本雅明的《经验与贫乏》天津:百花文艺出版社,1999年版,或者参考拙作《论视觉文化对传统审美方式的消解》,载《西北师大学报》2007年第5期.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Address upon Accepting the Theodor W.Adorno Prize on 1 October 1989.New German Critique,No.54,Special Issue on Siegfried Kracauer(Autumn,1991),pp..179-180.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.176-178.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..182-183.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.178.
1 张抗抗著《网络文学杂感》,载《中华读书报》2000年3月1日.
2 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版,第5-6页.
1 伊格尔顿著《二十世纪西方文学理论》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社1987年版,第83页.
2 张隆溪著《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京:三联书店1986年版,第6页.
3 张首映著《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京:北京大学出版社1999年版,第22页.
4 M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版,第2页.
1 什克洛夫斯基等《俄国形式主义文论选》,北京:三联书店1989年版,第11页.
2 韦勒克、沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版,第174页.
3 韦勒克、沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版,第145页.
4 王晓路著《艾布拉姆斯四要素与中国文学理论》,载《文学评论》2005年第3期.
1 Jurgen Habermas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.11.
2 Leo Loweathal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
3 Jurgen Habetmas.INTRODUCTION of An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press 1987,p.14.
1 Peter R.Sedgwick,Andrew Edgar.Key Concepts in Cultural Theory.Routledge,1999,p.153.,p.377.
2(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学性和社会性》;见张英进,于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版,第90页。埃斯卡皮还曾经在《文学社会学》中做出如下总结:“待到文学专家们对社会学的兴趣被唤醒之时将作家当作个人或将作品当作孤立的现象进行研究的习惯早已养成,很少人对作家、作品与读者大众的关系进行研究……可是,虽然卢卡奇及其追随者将社会作为文学表象后面的现实加以考虑,他们仍然将艺术品本身视作一个目的,而忽视了读者在文学传播过程中的作用。是的,他们几乎忽视了文学传播这一概念……只有当存在主义用新的观点解释事物之时,这个僵局才可能有所突破。萨特的论著《什么是文学?》(1948年)可以认为是一个里程碑。”见《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》第4页.埃斯卡皮的总结大体上符合当时的文学研究状况,但是不知道是什么缘故,洛文塔尔论述文学传播问题的几篇重要论文,如发表于1932年的《论文学社会学》(On Sociology of Literature)和与萨特的《什么是文学?》同一年发表的《文学社会学》(The Sociology of Literature)以及1950年、1957年发表的几篇论文,当时都没有进入埃斯卡皮的视野,这导致他遗漏了洛文塔尔在这方面所作的开创性贡献。学术界有一种观点认为是埃斯卡皮最早从传播的角度研究了文学传播问题,不过事实上他直到1957年才提议出版《文学社会学》一书,1963年才发表《文学行为是否是一种传播行为?》的论文。
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.19.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅲ.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.20.
4 Leo Lowenthal,Literature and Mass Culture,1984,p.75.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..72-73.
2 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
2 一项较早的研究指Leo Lowenthal and Marjode Fiske合作撰写的于1957年发表在Common frontiers of the social sciences上的“The Debate Over Art and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century England”,后收入在于1961年出版的《文学、通俗文化和社会》的论文集中。他的论述广泛地涉及了“原则上发生在艺术家和通俗文化消费者之间”的争论,并且通过对这种争论历史脉络的梳理,清晰地说明了文学体制的历史变迁。这项研究表明洛文塔尔最迟在1957年就已经敏锐地揭示了文学发展到大众传播时代所出现的传播转向这种历史发展趋势。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jaeobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.78.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.94.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewond Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.157.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.158.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.159.铁路文学,指坐火车旅行时看的轻松的文学读物,也就是通俗文学.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅲ.
3 Norman Jacobs.Mass Media in Modern Society.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.70.
4 Leo Lowoenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅲ.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Historical Perspectives of Popular Culture.in The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.55(January,1950),pages 326,also see Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.245.
4 在采访中,格劳茨提出洛文塔尔对于大众文化的立场不同于他的朋友阿多诺和霍克海默的《启蒙辩证法》,也不同于第二代理论家的立场,比如说哈贝马斯的《公共领域的结构转型》(Structural Change of the Public Sphere)。至少对于阿多诺而言大众文化仅仅是艺术的恶化。洛文塔尔回答说:“我和我的同事在批评大众文化方面没有根本不同。然而,我认为我们必须在大众文化和大众文化所使用的技术之间作出区别。”Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.253.对此可以与本章第一节洛文塔尔论大众媒介部分相互参照理解。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.254.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.244.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.129.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfrt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),PubliC.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.51.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Socioty.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.11.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅸ.
3 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅰ.
4 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅱ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Engiewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..15-16.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthai.Berkley:University of California Press,1987,p.171.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.179.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.32.
1 W·墨菲《法兰克福学派美学:与传统马克思主义美学的根本决裂》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京大学出版社1987年版,第214页.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..167-168.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.42.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.178.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.241.
4 Stephen Eric Bronner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.295.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.249.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.240.
7 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.118.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.169.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:.University of California Press,1987,p.170.
4 Martin Jay.Permanent Exiles:essays on the intellectual migration from Germany to America,Publisher:New York:Columbia University Press,1986,p.102.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.170.
6 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.239.
7 Stephen Eric Brenner.Critical Theory and Society:A Reader.Routledge,(?)1989,p.5.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A Hiatory of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Sccial Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.6.洛文塔尔的论述与本雅明的研究暗合,本雅明也认为在机械复制时代,“艺术已脱离了‘美的表象'的王国”,而“这一直被视为艺术得以生长的唯一场所”。相关论述请参阅本雅明的《经验与贫乏》,天津:百花文艺出版社,1999年版,第276页.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.70.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.19.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowonthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.26.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.5.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.143.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic Perspectives of The Lonely Crowd.in Seymour Martin,Lipset,Leo Lowenthal.Culture and Social Character:The Work of David Riesman Reviewed.Free Press of Glencoe,1961,p.35.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in soeiety,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.36.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.35.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.127.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.77.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.129.对于文学市场对“艺术的完整性(integrity)”的影响问题,洛文塔尔的观点是较为辩证的,他借歌德的口,赞许地谈到莎士比亚和莫里哀,“称赞他们是依靠文学活动来养活自己的专业人士”,对那种谴责赚钱是破坏艺术完整性的污点的看法表示不耐烦。同时他又引述歌德对于“戏剧的赞助问题”的评论表达了自己的担忧:“因为一座剧院不仅要支付费用,而且要赚余钱,以便把一切都办得顶好……就连莎士比亚和莫里哀也没有其他办法。他们也首先要使剧院赚钱啊。为了达到这个主要目的(注意:对于剧院来讲,赚钱才是主要目的),他们就必须一切都力求尽善尽美,除了上演一些经典剧本以外,还要偶尔演一些崭新的好剧本来吸引观众,娱乐观众。禁止《伪君子》上演对莫里哀是沉重的打击,这与其说是对作为诗人的莫里哀,倒不如说是对作为剧院老板的莫里哀。作为剧院老板,他必须考虑一个剧团的福利,要使他自己和演员都能糊口。”See Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man(?)1986,pp.156-157.在这里,他实际上谈到了部分作家的双重身份问题,即作为文学创作者的作家和作为组织文学生产和销售的文学经纪人,这导致商品生产规律日益支配并取代文学艺术自身的传播规律。对此本雅明也有着精彩的论述,本雅明在研究19世纪巴黎的文学生产时注意到,1845年,大仲马与《立宪党人》及《快报》签订了合同,每年提供十八卷作品,即可有六万三千法郎以上的报酬,而大仲马则在此基础上雇佣了一整支由穷作家组成的生产大军。(德)本雅明著《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年版,第48页。
1 See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and,Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,ppⅹⅹⅰ-ⅹⅹⅱ,pp.52-78,and Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..19-80.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.172.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.27.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.42.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp.167-168.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past,1987,p.172.将洛文塔尔的描绘与本雅明将作家描绘为波希米亚人、职业密谋家、拾垃圾者和游手好闲者的形象相对照,会是个很有意思的话题。
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.172.
7 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.41.
8 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.41.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.45.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.121.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,pp..182-188.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.207.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man,(?)1986,p.42.
6 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.173.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.126.“历史总是由胜利者书定”("History has always been written by the victors.”)是本雅明的一句伟大格言。洛文塔尔认为:“本雅明保持站在边缘这一边、否定性这一边,他保持了拒绝参与的边缘形象……本雅明的论文是其边缘存在和反对模仿的证词。”See Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists,Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,p.80.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.183.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.52.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,p.78.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.53.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986,p.140.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication.1961,pp.30-31.
2 洛文塔尔对文学媒介的研究与本雅明的论述遥相呼应,本雅明在论述19世纪欧洲的文学状况时,也曾明确地指出:“在一个半世纪中,日常的文学生活是以期刊为中心开展的。”相关论述请参阅本雅明的《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年,第44页。
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.38.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.254.
1 stamp taxes,印花税制度,向报刊课以重税,寓禁于征,是官报时期欧洲各国政府箝制报刊业发展的重要手段,而尤以英国最为突出。英国政府于1712年通过第一次印花税法案,规定所有报纸,广告及纸张开征印花税,历史学家称之为。知识税”。1724年、1757年又先后两次强化印花税,导致全国报刊大批停刊。直到1855年取消报纸税,1861年废除纸张税,历时150年之久的印花税制度才算走到了尽头。经济政策、文化政策等政策在某个特定历史时期可能会成为文学“传播力场”中具有决定性的一种“力”。洛文塔尔对社会“对于艺术生产的正式和非正式的审查的意识形态由来具有浓厚的兴趣”,并且“调查了西方文明中社会对艺术的控制史”,见《文学和大众文化》附录A。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,1984,pp..65-73.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Review.The American Sociological Review Vol.27,No.2,1962,p274.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.241.
3 本部分主要是对《通俗文化之争的一篇历史性序言》、《文学、通俗文化与社会》第三章和洛文塔尔对《普通英语读本:大众化阅读公众的社会史》的评论的内容归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society,c1992,p.70-83.,Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Common English Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,from Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.22,No.2,1958 and Leo Lowenthal,Literature,Popular Culture and Society,1961,pp..62-67.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141.
2 本部分主要是对《文学、通俗文化与社会》第二章、第三章内容的归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.36-44,pp.62-108.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.56.
1 Leo Lowanthal.Review.The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959,p440.
2 本部分主要是对《通俗文化之争的一篇历史性序言》、《文学、通俗文化与社会》第三章内容的归纳。See Leo Lowenthal.An historicalpreface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modem Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.70-83,and Leo Lowenthal,Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication.1961,pp..55-59.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.73.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..19-20.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society,p.73.
1 Marjorie Fiske,Leo Lowenthal.Some Problems in the Administration of International Communications Research,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 16,No_2,1951-1952,p_[149].mht
2 包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克福学派的大众文化理论已经被一再分析,因此,尽管对大众文化的批判是洛文塔尔批判理论的重要组成部分,本文都不再赘述。
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,cl992,p.71.
4 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,p.72.
5 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.128.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.20.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of Califoruia Press,1987,p.168.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.246,p.256.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..118-121.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp.153-160.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:.New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.167.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.167.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..119.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(?)1984,p.167.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..155-156.
1 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.156.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.222.
3 马丁·杰伊在《辨证的想象》第四章的第98个注释中说:“1934年7月1日本雅明从巴黎给洛文塔尔写了一封赞赏其价值的信,称赞他开创了一种新的研究模式。”SeeMartin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination.London:University of California Press,1996,p.326.根据洛文塔尔的回忆录,这封信应该来自丹麦,而非巴黎。
4 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.222.
5 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.138.
6(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第328页.
1(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327页.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327-328页.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.120.
4 Max Horkheimer."Foreword".In Leo Lowenthal,False prophets:Studies on Authoritarianism (Communication in Society,Vol 3)Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987,pp..1-2.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,pp..177-178.
2 Leo Bogart.In Memoriam:Leo Lowenthal,1900-1993.Public Opinion Quarterly,Fall93,Vol.57 Issue 3.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthai.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..18-22.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.75-76.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.77-78.
3 Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jaeobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992,pp.78-79.
1 Leo Lowenthai.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,p.153.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..94-96.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.97.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.103.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature.Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..11-13.
2(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》辽宁人民出版社1987年版,第327-328页.
3 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A Hiatory of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..141-155,See also Leo Lowenthal.The Sociology of Literature.in Communications in Modern Society,ed.Wilbur Schramm(Urbana,Ill.:University of Illinois Press,1948).pp..82-100.
2 Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991,p.152.
1 Russell Berman.Review of Literature and Mass Culture.JSTOR Theory and Society Vol_15,No_5,1986p_792.mht.[EB/OL]http://www.jstor.org/vicw/03042421/ap020067/02a00120/0
2 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGill-Quccn's Press,1996,p176.
3 Sigmund Diamond.Review of America's Heroes:The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines.From Business History Review:vol.45,No.4,1971.
4 Leo Loweothal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littiefield Publishers,c2004.p.189.《通俗杂志中的传记》是最初发表在拉扎斯菲尔德主编的《电台研究:1942—1943》中的题目,收入《文学、通俗文化和社会》后改名为《大众偶像的胜利》。两个版本几乎完全一样,唯一的改变之处是删除了对阿多诺的一段引证。
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,pp..178-180.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.132.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanharn,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.189.
4 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.136.
5 Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefieid Publisha's,c2004,p.189.调查表明:普通的《星期六晚邮报》的读者比普通的《科利尔》的读者更年长、更富有、更依恋家庭并且对社会和经济问愿更感兴趣.See Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,p.203.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.180.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,pp..191-192.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968,c2004,p.193.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.196.
2 John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.188.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.198.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.198.
1 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGill-Queen's Press,1996,p176.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.201.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,p.202.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,pp..199-202.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.202.
2 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,c2004,pp..202-203.
1 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination:A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research,1923-1950,London:University of California Press,1996,p.213.相关通信可以参考 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.“重复”问题,是现代哲学的一个主题,另一个著名而又风格迥异的研究是加缪的《西西弗的神话》。
2 Martin Jay.The Dialectical Imagination,London:University of California Press,1996,p.212.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.c2004,p.203.
4 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989,pp..199-200.
5 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.4.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture(Communication in society,V.1).Publisher:New Brunswick:Transaction Books,(?)1984,pp..189-190.
2 Robert Lanning.The National Album:Collective Biography and the Formation of the Canadian Middle Class.McGilI-Queen's Press,1996,p176.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines,in John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson.Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968.Lanham,Md.:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,c2004,p.192.
1 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.178.
2 Sigmund Diamond.Review of America's Heroes:The Changing Models of Success in American Magazines.From Business History Review:.vol.45,No.4,1971.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.pp..144-145.
1 曾繁仁著《当代社会文化转型与文艺学学科建设》,载《文学评论》2004年第2期.
2 霍有明,李永平著《文学传播学刍议》,载《西北大学学报》2006年第5期.
3 曹萌著《文学传播学的创建与中国古代文学传播研究》,载《沈阳师范大学学报》2004年第5期.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,pp..ⅹⅹⅱ-ⅹⅹⅲ.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.134.
1 杨东篱著《洛文塔尔:文学、通俗文化与社会》,见谭好哲主编《艺术与人的解放》,山东大学出版社2005年版,第391页.
2 道格拉斯·凯尔纳认为,在1930年代,包括洛文塔尔在内的法兰克福学派发展了一种批判性、跨学科的研究方法。这种方法将对传媒的政治经济学批判、文本分析、大众文化及传播的社会效果与意识形态后果的接受研究结合起来,从而创造了文化研究的早期模式。然而,在更新近一点的文化研究中,已经出现了一种转变(这一转变遍及整个英语世界)——转向了我们或许可以称之为的后现代问题。他们把重点越来越置于受众、消费和接受这些方面;而对文本的生产与传播、以及文本如何在传媒工业中被生产等方面的关注却被置换了。因而,人们不应当停留在文本的边界上,甚至也不该停留在文本问性上;而是应当从文本到语境,再到生成文本的文化与社会,人们应当将文本放在文化与社会中去阅读与阐释。跨学科方法因而需要对从文本到语境、从文本到文化与社会的学科边界的跨越。详见道格拉斯·凯尔纳著《错失的联合——法兰克福学派与英国文化研究》,见许纪霖主编《帝国、都市与现代性》(《知识分子论丛》第四辑),江苏人民出版社2005年版.
1 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of,Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
2 Hanno Hardt.The Conscience of Society:Leo Lowenthal and Communication Research.Journal of Communication;Summer 1991.
1 李泽厚著《儒学四期与转换性创造》,(EB,OL)http://finance.sina.com.cn/hy/20051212/11012190846.shtml.
2 Leo Lowenthal.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987,p.137.
3 Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.141,p160.
1 Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Franlcfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:.New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.p.145.
2 福特基金会曾支持洛文塔尔进行了两项关于电视节目和政策的研究,他的研究成果也得到了福特基金会和美国文化公共政策委员会的肯定。不过尽管他的研究旨在“为当代大众传媒,尤其是电视研究提供一个更广阔的基础”,但是他取材的研究资料仍然主要来自于印刷文学。See Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture and Society.Englewood Cliffs.NJ Publication,1961,p.ⅹⅹⅳ,p14.
3(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版,第4页.
4 马克思指出:“一切划时代的体系的真正的内容都是由于产生这些体系的那个时期的需要而形成起来的。所有这些体系都是以本国过去的整个发展为基础的,是以阶级关系的历史形式及其政治的、道德的、哲学的以及其他的后果为基础。”(《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,第544页)中国文艺学的发展当然也不能离开这种具体的历史规定性。特别是“在民族崛起的动力下,在全球化背景下形成的艺术实践和审美经验的人民性”(马龙潜《主客体结构论文艺学的观念与体系构架》,序第4页)和民族性直接构成中国文艺学的现实根基的情况下,文艺学研究范式的革新就更要注意这一问题。
1、Leo Lowenthal.Literature and Mass Culture,(Communication in society,V.1),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1984.
2、Leo Lowenthal.Literature and the Image of Man:sociological studies of the European drama and novel,1600-1900,(Communication in society,V.2),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1986.
3、Leo Lowenthal.False Prophets:studies on authoritarianism,(Communication in Society,V.3),Publisher:New Brunswick(U.S.A.):Transaction Books,(?)1987.
4、Leo Lowenthal.Critical Theory and Frankfurt Theorists:Lectures,Correspondence,Conversations,(Communication in Society,V.4),Publisher:New Brunswick,N.J.:Transaction Books,(?)1989.
5、Leo Lowenthal.Prophets of deceit:A study of the techniques of the American agitator,by Leo Lowenthal;Norbert Guterman,Publisher:New York,Harper,1949.
6、Leo Lowenthal.Literature,Popular Culture,and Society.Publisher:Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,Prentice-Hall,1961.
7、Leo Lowenthal,Martin Jay.An Unmastered Past:The Autobiographical Reflections of Leo Lowenthal.Berkeley:University of California Press,1987.
8、Leo Lowenthal.Biographies in Popular Magazines:rise of biography as a popular literary type,in:Paul Lazarsfeld u.a.(Hrsg.),Radio Research,1942-1943,New York 1944,pp..507-548;see also Mass Communication and American Social Thought:Key Texts,1919-1968,ed.John Durham Peters,Peter Simonson,Rowman & Littlefield 2004,pp..188-205.
9、Leo Lowenthal.The Sociology of Literature,in Communications in modern society;fifteen studies of the mass media,by Wilbur Lang Schramm;University of Illinois(Urbana-Champaign campus).Institute of Communications Research.Publisher:Urbana,Univ.of Illinois Press,1948,pp..83-100.
10、Joseph T.Klapper,Leo Lowenthal.The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 15,1951.
11、Marjorie Fiske,Leo Lowenthai.Some Problems in the Administration of International Communications Research,Public Opinion Quarterly,volume 16,1952.
12、Leo Lowenthal.Humanistic perspectives of the lonely crowd,in:Seymour M.Lipset,Leo Lowenthal(Hrsg.),Culture and social charakter:the work of David Riesman reviewed,New York 1961,pp..27-41.
13、Leo Lowenthal.The Reception of Dostoevski's Work in Germany:1880-1920,in The arts in society.Publisher:Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,Prentice-Hall,1964.
14、Leo Lowenthal.Herink Ibsen:Motifs in The Realistic Plays.in Ibsen:A Collection of Critical Essays.Ed.Rolf Fjelde.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1965.
15、Leo Lowenthal.German Popular Biographies:Culture' Bargain Counter,in Critical Spirit:Essays in Honor of Herbert Marcuse,Boston:Beacon Press,1967,pp..267-283.
16、Leo Lowenthal.An historical preface to the popular culture debate,in Mass Media in Modern Society.Norman Jacobs.New Brunswick,U.S.A.:Transaction Publishers,c1992.
17、Leo Lowenthal.Conrad Ferdinand Meyer:An Apologia of the Upper Middle Class,in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980,pp..97-113.
18、Leo Lowenthal.Address upon Accepting the Theodor W.Adorno Prize on 1October 1989.New German Critique,0094033X,Fall91.
19、Leo Lowenthal.As I Remember Friedel:the keynote address,in:New German Critique 54,1991,pp..5-18.
20、Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Common English Reader:A Social History of the Mass Reading Public,in Public Opinion Quarterly,Vol.22,No.2,1958.
21、Leo Lowenthal.Review of The Rise Of The Novel,in The American Journal of Sociology Vol.64,No.4,1959.
22、Helmut Dubiel,"Interview with Leo Lowenthal",in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980,pp..82-96.
23、Hanno Hardt.Critical Communication Studies:Essays on Communication History and Theory in America,London:Routledge,1991.
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45、David Gross.Lowenthal,Adorno,Barthes:Three Perspectives on Popular Culture.in Telos,Number 45,Fall 1980.
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63、《大众文化的定义、研究与尴尬 》,(EB/OL)http://www.wenyixue.com/new/jdwb/content/20thxf/dzwhddy.htm译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 1 Popular Culture in Perspective",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968
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65、赵江云王佳译,大众偶像的胜利[G】//陶东风,周宪编,文化研究,第6辑,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2006,译自Leo Lowenthal,“CHAPTER 4The Triumph of Mass Idols",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
66、张芳译,文学与社会[J】.西北师大学报2005.6,译自Leo Lowenthal,"Chapter 5 Literature and Societ",Literature,Popular Culture,and Society,California:Pacific Books,Publishers,1968.
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68、(德)马克思,恩格斯著《马克思恩格斯选集》,北京:人民出版社1995年版.
69、(德)黑格尔著《美学》,北京:商务印书馆1979年版.
70、(德)H.R.姚斯,(美)R.C.霍拉勃著《接受美学与接受理论》,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社1987年版.
71、(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《马克思主义与文学批评》,北京:人民文学出版社1980年版.
72、(英)特里·伊格尔顿著《二十世纪西方文学理论》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社1987年版.
73、(美)M·H·艾布拉姆斯著《镜与灯》,北京:北京大学出版社1989年版.
74、(美)韦勒克,沃伦著《文学理论》,北京:三联书店1984年版.
75、(俄)什克洛夫斯基等《俄国形式主义文论选》,北京:三联书店1989年版.
76、朱光潜著《西方美学史》,北京:人民文学出版社1979年版.
77、马龙潜著《主客体结构论文艺学的观念与体系构架》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2005年版.
78、马龙潜著《方法论意识与问题化意识》,济南:山东大学出版社2006年版.
79、张隆溪著《二十世纪西方文论述评》,北京:三联书店1986年版.
80、张首映著《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京:北京大学出版社1999年版.
81、张邦卫著《媒介诗学——传媒视野下的文学与文学理论》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2006年版.
82、(德)霍克海默著《霍克海默集》,上海:上海远东出版社2004年版.
83、(德)本雅明著《经验与贫乏》,天津:百花文艺出版社1999年版.
84、(德)本雅明著《发达资本主义时代的抒情诗人》,北京:三联书店1989年版.
85、(美)马丁·杰伊著《法兰克福学派史》,广州:广东人民出版社1996年版.
86、(美)马丁·杰伊著《阿多诺》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1992年版.
87、(美)理查德·沃林著《文化批评的观念》,北京:商务印书馆2000年版.
88、(英)多米尼克·斯特里纳蒂著《通俗文化理论导论》,北京:商务印书馆2001年版.
89、(英)麦基编《思想家》,北京:三联书店1987年版.
90、(英)佩里·安德森著《西方马克思主义探讨》,北京:人民出版社1981年版.
91、菲尔·斯莱特著《当代影响最大的西方马克思主义流派——法兰克福学派的起源和意义》,兰州:兰州大学出版社1990年版.
92、W·墨菲著《法兰克福学派美学》,见王鲁湘等编译《西方学者眼中的西方现代美学》,北京:北京大学出版社1987年版.
93、赵勇著《整合与颠覆:大众文化的辩证法》,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版.
94、谭好哲主编《艺术与人的解放》,济南:山东大学出版社2005年版.
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96、杨小滨著《否定的美学》,上海:三联书店,1999年版.
97、徐崇温著《法兰克福学派述评》,上海:三联书店1980年版.
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100、(美)施拉姆著《大众传播媒介与社会发展》,北京:华夏出版社1990年版.
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103、(美)马克·波斯特著《第二媒介时代》,南京:南京大学出版社2000年版.
104、(英)奥利弗·博伊德-巴雷特,克里斯·纽博尔德编《媒介研究的进路》,北京:新华出版社2004年版.
105、(法)阿芒·马特拉著《世界传播与文化霸权:思想与战略的历史》,北京:中央编译出版社2001年版.
106、张锦华著《传播批判理论》,台北:黎明文化事业公司1994年版.
107、陈世敏著《大众传播与社会变迁》,台北:三民书局股份有限公司1994年版.
108、殷晓蓉著《战后美国传播学的理论发展——经验主义和批判学派的视域及其比较》,上海:复旦大学出版社2000年版.
109、(德)盖奥尔格·西美尔著《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,北京:华夏出版社2002年版.
110、(德)盖奥尔格·齐美尔著《桥与门——齐美尔随笔集》,上海:三联书店1991年版.
111、(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会学的基本概念》,台北:远流出版社1995年版.
112、(德)马克斯·韦伯著《社会科学方法论》,北京:中央编译出版社1999年版.
113、(英)H.P.里克曼著《狄尔泰》,北京:中国社会科学出版社1989年版.
114、(法)埃斯卡皮著《文学社会学》,合肥:安徽文艺出版社1987年版.
115、张英进,于沛编《现当代西方文艺社会学探索》,福州:海峡文艺出版社1987年版.
116、姚文放著《现代文艺社会学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社1993年版.
117、陆小宁著《洛文塔尔的通俗文化观》,载《国外社会科学》1998年第1期.
118、陆小宁著《洛文塔尔的通俗文化思想述评》,载《哲学动态》1998年第2期.
119、黄芹著《洛文塔尔的消费偶像观》,载《国外社会科学》1998年第1期.
120、王小盾著《中国韵文的传播方式及其体制变迁》,载《中国社会科学》1996年第1期.
121、曾繁仁著《当代社会文化转型与文艺学学科建设》,载《文学评论》2004年第2期.
122、王晓路著《艾布拉姆斯四要素与中国文学理论》,载《文学评论》2005年第3期.
123、霍有明,李永平《文学传播学刍议》,载《西北大学学报(哲社版)》2006年第5期.
124、曹萌著《文学传播学的创建与中国古代文学传播研究》,载《沈阳师范大学学报(社科版)》2004年第5期.
125、殷晓蓉著《法兰克福学派与美国传播学》,载《学术月刊》1999年第2期.
126、隋少杰著《艺术:在文化传播中生成》,载《山东大学学报》2006年第4期.
127、马龙潜,高迎刚著《人民大众的文化权益》,载《文艺报》2005年7月28日.
128、张抗抗著《网络文学杂感》,载《中华读书报》2000年3月1日.
129、曹卫东著《阿尔弗莱德·韦伯和他的文化社会学》,载《中华读书报》1999年8月4日.
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