企业集群风险分析及技术风险规避
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摘要
在经济全球化的背景下,地方企业集群表现出很强的竞争力,这种“现象”正成为国内外学者研究的热点。世界各地有许多成功企业集群的案例,如“第三意大利”、美国的硅谷、我国的浙江海宁皮革集群、大唐袜业集群以及北京的中关村。鉴于成功集群的示范效应,集群在今天成为许多地区制定经济政策的战略工具,企业集群也已成为当今世界重要的经济现象。
但是如果仔细分析一下世界各地的企业集群,我们发现并不是所有的企业集群都是成功的,或是都能保持长期的竞争力,企业集群失败的案例也不少,底特律汽车城的败落就是一例。当前国内外诸多学者的目光大多聚焦于企业集群的形成条件、特征、竞争优势方面的研究,而有关企业集群发展中的风险问题以及如何避免企业集群衰败等问题的研究相对较少。基于此,本文从企业集群这个角度分析了企业集群的风险所在以及成因,揭示了企业集群风险的本质所在,并给出了规避企业集群内生性风险和技术风险的对策建议,为区域经济的发展提供了有利的参考。
首先,论文对企业集群风险和技术风险规避方法---技术跨越的研究现状进行了回顾,通过对不同研究视角下的文献进行总结,发现现有研究存在的不足,为后面的研究做以必要的铺垫,同时也指明了研究方向。
然后,从企业集群内部出发,深入分析了企业集群所存在的内生性风险---结构性风险、自稔性风险、网络性风险、生态性风险---以及这些风险的成因和危害,从而得出了企业集群内生性风险成因模型,并给出了规避企业集群内生性风险的方法:企业集群内部的自我调整和对集群的治理。接着又介绍了企业集群的一种重要的外生性风险---技术风险。
针对无法通过企业集群内部自我调整和对集群的治理规避的企业集群技术风险,本文提出了规避企业集群技术风险的方法---企业集群技术跨越。分别从企业集群实施技术跨越的必然性分析、条件、技术能力、过程和方式选择五个方面进行研究,着重研究了企业集群技术跨越的过程,定性分析了技术跨越的时机选择,并通过建立数学模型来确定实施技术跨越的最优时机选择,并给出了相应的经济分析,对现实中的企业在决策过程中提供了很强的指导和参考作用,接着对企业集群技术跨越过程中新技术在企业集群中的扩散做了定性和定量的研究。
最后,论文概括了研究的主要结论,展望了进一步的研究方向。
Under economic globalization’s background, the Local enterprise clusters display the very strong competitive power, the phenomenon is becoming the hot spot which the domestic and foreign scholars study. The world has many successful enterprise cluster’s case, for example the third Italy, American Silicon Valley, the cluster of leather in Zhejiang Haining, the cluster of Datang socking and Zhongguan Village. In view of the fact that the success cluster’s demonstration effect, the cluster becomes the strategic tool which many regions formulates the economic policy. The enterprise cluster has also become the important economic phenomena in the world now.
However, if we analyse the world's enterprise clusters carefully, We discover that not all enterprise clusters are successful and there are many failing clusters for example Detroit automobile city. The current domestic and foreign scholar’s vision mostly focuses in the enterprise cluster’s formation condition, the characteristic, the competitive advantage aspect. But research of the risk in cluster and how to avoid the cluster’s risk is little. Based on this, this article has analysed the enterprise cluster’s risk and cause of formation from enterprise cluster interior, has promulgated the enterprise cluster risk essence and has given countermeasure and suggestion how to avoid enterprise cluster endogenetic risk and technology risk.
Firstly, the paper has carried on the review to the enterprise cluster’s risk and the technological leapfrogging research present situation. By summing up the existing research from different perspectives, we can discover the deficiencies, make a start for the latter research and point out the research direction.
Then, from enterprise cluster interior the paper has analysed thoroughly the risk in enterprise cluster---constitutive risk, self-fertility risk, network risk, ecology risk---and origin and harm of them. This paper has given model of the regional cluster’s endogenesis cause of risk and has given some metheds which avoid cluster’s endogenesis risk: enterprise cluster interior self-adjustment and cluster father. Then the paper has introduced one important ectogenic risk of enterprise cluster--- technology risk.
In view of the enterprise cluster technology risk which can’t be evaded by enterprise cluster interior self-adjustment and cluster father, the paper has brought forward the method of evading enterprise cluster technology risk---enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging. This article has researched inevitability analysis, condition, technology ability, process and mode choice of enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging. The paper has researched enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging’s process importantly, and qualitatively analysed technological Leapfrogging’s opportunity choice. This article has given most superior opportunity choice of technological leapfrogging through establish mathematical model, and given corresponding economic analysis. It will offer strong instruction and reference function for real-life enterprises when they make decision. Then the paper has given qualitative and quantitative research about new technical diffusion in enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging’s process.
Finally, the research of this paper was summed up ,the further research directions was pointed out.
但是如果仔细分析一下世界各地的企业集群,我们发现并不是所有的企业集群都是成功的,或是都能保持长期的竞争力,企业集群失败的案例也不少,底特律汽车城的败落就是一例。当前国内外诸多学者的目光大多聚焦于企业集群的形成条件、特征、竞争优势方面的研究,而有关企业集群发展中的风险问题以及如何避免企业集群衰败等问题的研究相对较少。基于此,本文从企业集群这个角度分析了企业集群的风险所在以及成因,揭示了企业集群风险的本质所在,并给出了规避企业集群内生性风险和技术风险的对策建议,为区域经济的发展提供了有利的参考。
首先,论文对企业集群风险和技术风险规避方法---技术跨越的研究现状进行了回顾,通过对不同研究视角下的文献进行总结,发现现有研究存在的不足,为后面的研究做以必要的铺垫,同时也指明了研究方向。
然后,从企业集群内部出发,深入分析了企业集群所存在的内生性风险---结构性风险、自稔性风险、网络性风险、生态性风险---以及这些风险的成因和危害,从而得出了企业集群内生性风险成因模型,并给出了规避企业集群内生性风险的方法:企业集群内部的自我调整和对集群的治理。接着又介绍了企业集群的一种重要的外生性风险---技术风险。
针对无法通过企业集群内部自我调整和对集群的治理规避的企业集群技术风险,本文提出了规避企业集群技术风险的方法---企业集群技术跨越。分别从企业集群实施技术跨越的必然性分析、条件、技术能力、过程和方式选择五个方面进行研究,着重研究了企业集群技术跨越的过程,定性分析了技术跨越的时机选择,并通过建立数学模型来确定实施技术跨越的最优时机选择,并给出了相应的经济分析,对现实中的企业在决策过程中提供了很强的指导和参考作用,接着对企业集群技术跨越过程中新技术在企业集群中的扩散做了定性和定量的研究。
最后,论文概括了研究的主要结论,展望了进一步的研究方向。
Under economic globalization’s background, the Local enterprise clusters display the very strong competitive power, the phenomenon is becoming the hot spot which the domestic and foreign scholars study. The world has many successful enterprise cluster’s case, for example the third Italy, American Silicon Valley, the cluster of leather in Zhejiang Haining, the cluster of Datang socking and Zhongguan Village. In view of the fact that the success cluster’s demonstration effect, the cluster becomes the strategic tool which many regions formulates the economic policy. The enterprise cluster has also become the important economic phenomena in the world now.
However, if we analyse the world's enterprise clusters carefully, We discover that not all enterprise clusters are successful and there are many failing clusters for example Detroit automobile city. The current domestic and foreign scholar’s vision mostly focuses in the enterprise cluster’s formation condition, the characteristic, the competitive advantage aspect. But research of the risk in cluster and how to avoid the cluster’s risk is little. Based on this, this article has analysed the enterprise cluster’s risk and cause of formation from enterprise cluster interior, has promulgated the enterprise cluster risk essence and has given countermeasure and suggestion how to avoid enterprise cluster endogenetic risk and technology risk.
Firstly, the paper has carried on the review to the enterprise cluster’s risk and the technological leapfrogging research present situation. By summing up the existing research from different perspectives, we can discover the deficiencies, make a start for the latter research and point out the research direction.
Then, from enterprise cluster interior the paper has analysed thoroughly the risk in enterprise cluster---constitutive risk, self-fertility risk, network risk, ecology risk---and origin and harm of them. This paper has given model of the regional cluster’s endogenesis cause of risk and has given some metheds which avoid cluster’s endogenesis risk: enterprise cluster interior self-adjustment and cluster father. Then the paper has introduced one important ectogenic risk of enterprise cluster--- technology risk.
In view of the enterprise cluster technology risk which can’t be evaded by enterprise cluster interior self-adjustment and cluster father, the paper has brought forward the method of evading enterprise cluster technology risk---enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging. This article has researched inevitability analysis, condition, technology ability, process and mode choice of enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging. The paper has researched enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging’s process importantly, and qualitatively analysed technological Leapfrogging’s opportunity choice. This article has given most superior opportunity choice of technological leapfrogging through establish mathematical model, and given corresponding economic analysis. It will offer strong instruction and reference function for real-life enterprises when they make decision. Then the paper has given qualitative and quantitative research about new technical diffusion in enterprise cluster technological Leapfrogging’s process.
Finally, the research of this paper was summed up ,the further research directions was pointed out.
引文
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[2] Tichy G.“Clusters: less Dispensable and More Risky than Ever”, Clusters and Regional Specialisation,published by Pion Limited,207 Brondesbury Park, London NW2 5JM,1998.
[3] E.M.Bergman.“Industrial cluster sustainability at Austria's accession edge:better or worse than regional sustainability?”, Environment and sustainable development in the new central Europe:Austria and its neighbors ,2002,September 19-21.
[4] Prouder, Richard, St. John, Caron H.“hot spots and blind spots: geographical clusters of firms and innovation”. Academy of Management Review, Oct96, Vol.21, Issue 4.
[5] Marshall A .The Principles of Economics [M]. London: Macmillan. [英]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].朱志泰,译.北京:商务印书馆. 1965.
[6] Porter. M.E.Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J]. Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec., 1998.
[7] Porter. M.E.Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy [J]. Economic Development Quarterly, Feb.2000.
[8] Bent Dalum, Christian.R. Pedersen&Gert Villumsen. Technological Life Cycles: Regional Clusters Facing Disruption.
[9] Tichy G.“Are today’s Clusters the Problem Areas of Tomorrow?”. inCompetence Clusters Ed.M Steiner (Leyam.Graz).1997.
[10] O.M.Fritz, H.Vhhringer,M.T. Valderrama, A Risk -o- riented Analysis of Regional Clusters [A]. in M.Steiner(ed.), Clusters and Regional Specia lization[C].London:Pion, Ltd.,1998.
[11] Markusen,A.R. Sticky places in slippery space: a typology of industrial districts[J]. J. Economic Ceography,1996.
[12] DeVol, Ross. Talents Are attracted by the quality of Place: Connected Clusters Stick [J]. Brain Heart Magazine, Mar,2001.
[13] Harrison,Bennett. the Italian Industrial Districts and the Crisis of the Cooperative Form:Part I, PartⅡ. European Planning Studies,1994 ,Vol.2.
[14]蔡宁,杨门柱,吴结兵.企业集群风险的研究:一个基于网络的视角[J].中国工业经济,2003,(4).
[15]吴晓波,耿伟.区域集群自稔性风险成因分析[J].经济地理. 2003,23, (6).
[16]杨峰,杨文选,李卫锋.产业集群风险:一个演化经济学的视角[J].经济师. 2005,(5).
[17]朱方伟,王莉莹,王国红.基于成长特性的高新技术产业集群风险研究[J].研究与发展管理. 2004,(4).
[18]朱瑞博.模块化抗产业集群内生风险的机理分析[J].中国工业经济. 2004, (5).
[19]陈筠泉等.科技革命与当代社会[M].北京:人民出版社. 2001.
[20]托夫勒.第三次浪潮[M].北京:三联书店. 1984.
[21]奈斯比特.大趋势[M].北京:三联书店. 1984.
[22] Soete L. International Diffusion of Technology: Industrial and Technological Leapfrogging. World Developmet,1985,13:409-522.
[23]赵立新,许为民.关于产业技术跨越的理论思考[J].科技进步与对策. 2001,11
[24]王伯鲁.产业技术跨越的社会基础与基本模式剖析[J].自然辩证法研究. 1999,15,(5).
[25]宋建元,金三林.跨越式发展理论分析与路径选择[J].未来与发展. 2001,(2).
[26]李健.加强技术创新,实施技术跨越[J].中国机械工程. 2000,11,(1-2).
[27]徐冠华.在全国软科学大会上的讲话.科学学研究(增刊). 2001,19.
[28]何祚庥.关注世纪性[J].中国科技月报. 1999,(12).
[29] Tichy G.“Are today’s Clusters the Problem Areas of Tomorrow?”. In Competence Clusters Ed.M Steiner (Leyam.Graz).1997.
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