电子货币监管法律制度研究
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摘要
电子货币作为信息文明条件下产生的最新的货币形式,是货币发展一般规律作用的必然结果。电子货币体现了货币本质属性的不变性与货币形式的可变性,是科技发展和货币本质属性相结合的产物,是支付方式的重要创新。它从根本上改变人们的生活,极大地提高了货币流通的效率,节约了货币流通的成本,从而对法律的发展产生不可估量的影响。电子货币使金融服务、电子商务等领域产生效益的同时,也改变了传统金融法律监管体系的监管对象、监管手段和监管对策。为此,本文试图对电子货币监管法律制度进行初步的探讨。
首先,对电子货币进行一般考察,主要包括电子货币的基本含义、电子货币的基本特征、电子货币的基本类型和电子货币的法律属性四个方面。对于电子货币的基本含义,笔者先介绍学界关于电子货币基本含义的不同学说,主要是货币价值说、储值产品说、数据信息说和电子支付说。随后,通过比较分析它们的不足,得出自己对电子货币的定义。对于电子货币的基本特征,通过与传统信用货币进行比较,笔者认为电子货币是一种电子化、网络化、非法偿和多主体的货币。对于电子货币的基本类型,笔者根据不同的标准,把电子货币划分为现金型电子货币与账户型电子货币、金融型电子货币与商业型电子货币和卡片型电子货币与网络型电子货币。对于电子货币的法律属性,笔者先分析金属货币和信用货币的法律属性,然后从电子货币与法定货币和电子货币与存款货币两个方面对电子货币的法律属性进行分析。
其次,阐述电子货币法律监管的理论基础,主要包括货币理论、网络理论和国家干预理论三个方面。对于货币理论,笔者指出,电子货币的出现是马克思货币发展规律作用的必然结果。在金属货币本位制度下,马克思认为货币具有价值尺度、流通手段、储藏手段和支付手段四种基本职能。同样,电子货币也执行这四种基本职能,只是表现形式有所不同。既然传统货币要受到法律的监管,那么电子货币也不例外。对于网络理论,笔者指出,电子货币是一种网络化货币,主要以电子数据的形式在计算机网络中进行存储和传输。如果电子货币系统遭到网络侵害,那么将会产生非常重大的影响。这种影响包括设备故障、流通记录丧失和货币欺诈。犯罪分子也会利用电子货币的网络特性进行洗钱活动,破坏电子货币的有序发展。因此,加强对电子货币的监管势在必行。对于国家干预理论,笔者指出,对电子货币的流通进行国家干预,主要是运用金融监管的方式。金融监管理论随着社会政治、经济和文化的发展而不断演变,主要包括20世纪30年代以前、20世纪30年代、20世纪70年代和20世纪90年代四个时期。电子货币流通下的金融监管与传统金融监管有很大的不同,给金融监管带来了新的挑战。因此,必须改进和完善现行金融法律监管制度,适应电子货币的发展。
再次,介绍西方国家电子货币法律监管的实践,主要包括欧盟、美国和西方其他国家。在电子货币监管的问题上,欧盟主张在电子货币发展初期就建立复杂的监管制度。2000年9月18日,欧洲议会与欧盟理事会颁布《关于电子货币机构业务开办、经营与审慎监管的2000/46/EC指令》就是为规范欧盟电子货币活动而制定的法律。内容涉及适用范围与活动限制、银行业指令的适用条件、电子货币的可回赎性、初始资本金和持续自有资金要求、投资限制、主管当局对特定要求遵守情况的核查、稳健与审慎经营要求等方面。对于电子货币监管的问题,美国与欧盟的观点是不同的,它主张在确实有必要监管时才制定具体监管措施。1998年6月美国联邦储备存款保险公司发布《电子银行—安全和健全检查程序》的报告,这份报告对开展电子货币业务的银行规定了详细的检查标准和程序。实际上是美国版的电子货币风险管理和监管模式。西方其他国家对于电子货币信息披露和回赎两个问题进行了法律规定。笔者认为,西方国家电子货币发展较早,相关的法律监管制度比较完善,值得我国在制定相关法律制度时加以借鉴和参考。
最后,提出完善我国电子货币监管立法的思考。通过介绍我国关于电子货币发行机构的主体资格和条件、风险管理和经营监管的现行法律规定,总结出我国电子货币监管立法存在的主要问题。针对这些问题,笔者提出完善我国电子货币监管立法的思考,主要包括加强金融监管的独立性、加强功能性监管、加强电子货币发行的监管、加强电子货币发行机构内部控制的监管和加强电子货币洗钱行为的监管五个方面。
As an inevitable result of the development of currency’s general rules, electronic currency is the latest monetary form under an information civilization. Electronic currency, which reflects the monetary nature of the invariance property and the variability of monetary forms, is the product of the combination of technology and monetary nature. It is an important innovation of payment system. Electronic currency has fundamentally changed our life, greatly improved the efficiency of the currency circulation, saved the cost of currency circulation and had an inestimable impact on the development of the law. Electronic currency makes financial services and e-commerce benefits, at the same time, changes the legal supervision of traditional financial supervision of the target, tools and countermeasure. So, this article attempts to study the legal system of supervision on electronic currency.
Firstly, this article generally studies the electronic currency. It includes four parts of the electronic currency: the definition, the features, the type and the legal property. As the definition of the electronic currency, the author first introduces the different theory of the basic meaning of it, including the monetary value, stored-value products, data information and electronic payment. Then the author draws the definition of the electronic currency by analyzing the lack of the theory. As the features of the electronic currency, compared with traditional credit currency,I believe that electronic currency is a kind of electronic, network, illegal compensation and the various main body currencies. As the type of electronic currency, based on various criteria, the author divides the electronic currency in cash-based electronic currency, account-based electronic currency, finance-based electronic currency, business-based electronic currency, card-based electronic currency and internet-based electronic currency. As the legal property of electronic currency, the author firstly analyzes the legal property of metal currency and credit currency, and then analyzes the legal property of electronic currency in two areas of the electronic currency and legal currency, the electronic currency and deposit currency.
Secondly, this article studies the basis theory of the legal system of supervision on electronic currency which includes monetary theory, network theory and the theory of state intervention. The author points out that the emergence of electronic currency is the inevitable result of the role of Marx's monetary development. In metal-based currency system, Marx believed that the currency have four basic functions of value scale, circulation means, storage means and payment means. Similarly, electronic currency also has four basic functions, but its form is different. Since the traditional currency is regulated by law, then the electronic currency is no exception. The author points out that electronic currency is a network currency, which storages and transmits through network in the form of electronic data. But, it will have a very significant impact if the electronic currency system has been eroded which including equipment failures, loss of circulation records and currency fraud, what’s more, criminals will destruct the development of the electronic currency by using it to money laundering. Therefore, the strengthening of the supervision of electronic currency must be. The author points out that the state intervenes the flow of electronic currency, mainly using financial supervision. Financial supervision is innovated with the development of the social politic, economic and cultural, which mainly happened during the 20th century 30’s and before, 20th century 70’s and 20th century 90’s. Financial supervision under the flow of electronic currency is very different to the traditional financial supervision, it has brought new challenges. Therefore, we must improve and perfect the existing financial legal supervision systems to cope with the development of electronic currency.
Thirdly, this article introduces the legal system of supervision on electronic currency in western countries, including the European Union, the United States and other countries in the west. In the issue of supervision of electronic currency, the EU maintained that establish complex supervision system in the initial stage of development of electronic currency. September 18, 2000, the European Parliament and EU Council promulgated《start-up、operation and prudential supervision of the electronic currency institutions of the directive 2000/46/EC》to supervise the activities of electronic currency in EU. It related to the scope of application and activity restrictions、the conditions of application of the Banking Directive、the redemption of electronic currency、the initial capital and continuing capital requirements、investment restrictions、specific requirements of the verification of observance, sound and prudent operating. In the issue of supervision of electronic currency, the United States and the EU's point of view was different, the United States advocated that establish specific supervision measures when the need for supervision. June 1998, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation released《e-banking - the safety and soundness examination procedures》, the report on the conduct of electronic currency banks provided detailed standards and procedures. In fact, it was the U.S. mode of the electronic currency risk management and regulatory approach. Other countries of Western established the law that the information disclosure and redemption of electronic currency. The author believes that the western countries’development of electronic currency is earlier and the legal system of supervision on electronic currency is more complete than other countries’, which are worthy of reference for our country.
Finally, this article comes to the conclusion that China should improve the legislation of supervision on electronic currency and summarizes the primary issue of legislation of supervision on electronic currency in our country through introducing Chinese existing law on electronic currency institutions and conditions, risk management and operational supervision. To solve these problems, I propose to improve legislation of supervision on electronic currency in our country. It mainly includes strengthen the independence of financial supervision、the functional supervision、the supervision of electronic currency issue、the supervision of internal control and the supervision of electronic currency laundering.
首先,对电子货币进行一般考察,主要包括电子货币的基本含义、电子货币的基本特征、电子货币的基本类型和电子货币的法律属性四个方面。对于电子货币的基本含义,笔者先介绍学界关于电子货币基本含义的不同学说,主要是货币价值说、储值产品说、数据信息说和电子支付说。随后,通过比较分析它们的不足,得出自己对电子货币的定义。对于电子货币的基本特征,通过与传统信用货币进行比较,笔者认为电子货币是一种电子化、网络化、非法偿和多主体的货币。对于电子货币的基本类型,笔者根据不同的标准,把电子货币划分为现金型电子货币与账户型电子货币、金融型电子货币与商业型电子货币和卡片型电子货币与网络型电子货币。对于电子货币的法律属性,笔者先分析金属货币和信用货币的法律属性,然后从电子货币与法定货币和电子货币与存款货币两个方面对电子货币的法律属性进行分析。
其次,阐述电子货币法律监管的理论基础,主要包括货币理论、网络理论和国家干预理论三个方面。对于货币理论,笔者指出,电子货币的出现是马克思货币发展规律作用的必然结果。在金属货币本位制度下,马克思认为货币具有价值尺度、流通手段、储藏手段和支付手段四种基本职能。同样,电子货币也执行这四种基本职能,只是表现形式有所不同。既然传统货币要受到法律的监管,那么电子货币也不例外。对于网络理论,笔者指出,电子货币是一种网络化货币,主要以电子数据的形式在计算机网络中进行存储和传输。如果电子货币系统遭到网络侵害,那么将会产生非常重大的影响。这种影响包括设备故障、流通记录丧失和货币欺诈。犯罪分子也会利用电子货币的网络特性进行洗钱活动,破坏电子货币的有序发展。因此,加强对电子货币的监管势在必行。对于国家干预理论,笔者指出,对电子货币的流通进行国家干预,主要是运用金融监管的方式。金融监管理论随着社会政治、经济和文化的发展而不断演变,主要包括20世纪30年代以前、20世纪30年代、20世纪70年代和20世纪90年代四个时期。电子货币流通下的金融监管与传统金融监管有很大的不同,给金融监管带来了新的挑战。因此,必须改进和完善现行金融法律监管制度,适应电子货币的发展。
再次,介绍西方国家电子货币法律监管的实践,主要包括欧盟、美国和西方其他国家。在电子货币监管的问题上,欧盟主张在电子货币发展初期就建立复杂的监管制度。2000年9月18日,欧洲议会与欧盟理事会颁布《关于电子货币机构业务开办、经营与审慎监管的2000/46/EC指令》就是为规范欧盟电子货币活动而制定的法律。内容涉及适用范围与活动限制、银行业指令的适用条件、电子货币的可回赎性、初始资本金和持续自有资金要求、投资限制、主管当局对特定要求遵守情况的核查、稳健与审慎经营要求等方面。对于电子货币监管的问题,美国与欧盟的观点是不同的,它主张在确实有必要监管时才制定具体监管措施。1998年6月美国联邦储备存款保险公司发布《电子银行—安全和健全检查程序》的报告,这份报告对开展电子货币业务的银行规定了详细的检查标准和程序。实际上是美国版的电子货币风险管理和监管模式。西方其他国家对于电子货币信息披露和回赎两个问题进行了法律规定。笔者认为,西方国家电子货币发展较早,相关的法律监管制度比较完善,值得我国在制定相关法律制度时加以借鉴和参考。
最后,提出完善我国电子货币监管立法的思考。通过介绍我国关于电子货币发行机构的主体资格和条件、风险管理和经营监管的现行法律规定,总结出我国电子货币监管立法存在的主要问题。针对这些问题,笔者提出完善我国电子货币监管立法的思考,主要包括加强金融监管的独立性、加强功能性监管、加强电子货币发行的监管、加强电子货币发行机构内部控制的监管和加强电子货币洗钱行为的监管五个方面。
As an inevitable result of the development of currency’s general rules, electronic currency is the latest monetary form under an information civilization. Electronic currency, which reflects the monetary nature of the invariance property and the variability of monetary forms, is the product of the combination of technology and monetary nature. It is an important innovation of payment system. Electronic currency has fundamentally changed our life, greatly improved the efficiency of the currency circulation, saved the cost of currency circulation and had an inestimable impact on the development of the law. Electronic currency makes financial services and e-commerce benefits, at the same time, changes the legal supervision of traditional financial supervision of the target, tools and countermeasure. So, this article attempts to study the legal system of supervision on electronic currency.
Firstly, this article generally studies the electronic currency. It includes four parts of the electronic currency: the definition, the features, the type and the legal property. As the definition of the electronic currency, the author first introduces the different theory of the basic meaning of it, including the monetary value, stored-value products, data information and electronic payment. Then the author draws the definition of the electronic currency by analyzing the lack of the theory. As the features of the electronic currency, compared with traditional credit currency,I believe that electronic currency is a kind of electronic, network, illegal compensation and the various main body currencies. As the type of electronic currency, based on various criteria, the author divides the electronic currency in cash-based electronic currency, account-based electronic currency, finance-based electronic currency, business-based electronic currency, card-based electronic currency and internet-based electronic currency. As the legal property of electronic currency, the author firstly analyzes the legal property of metal currency and credit currency, and then analyzes the legal property of electronic currency in two areas of the electronic currency and legal currency, the electronic currency and deposit currency.
Secondly, this article studies the basis theory of the legal system of supervision on electronic currency which includes monetary theory, network theory and the theory of state intervention. The author points out that the emergence of electronic currency is the inevitable result of the role of Marx's monetary development. In metal-based currency system, Marx believed that the currency have four basic functions of value scale, circulation means, storage means and payment means. Similarly, electronic currency also has four basic functions, but its form is different. Since the traditional currency is regulated by law, then the electronic currency is no exception. The author points out that electronic currency is a network currency, which storages and transmits through network in the form of electronic data. But, it will have a very significant impact if the electronic currency system has been eroded which including equipment failures, loss of circulation records and currency fraud, what’s more, criminals will destruct the development of the electronic currency by using it to money laundering. Therefore, the strengthening of the supervision of electronic currency must be. The author points out that the state intervenes the flow of electronic currency, mainly using financial supervision. Financial supervision is innovated with the development of the social politic, economic and cultural, which mainly happened during the 20th century 30’s and before, 20th century 70’s and 20th century 90’s. Financial supervision under the flow of electronic currency is very different to the traditional financial supervision, it has brought new challenges. Therefore, we must improve and perfect the existing financial legal supervision systems to cope with the development of electronic currency.
Thirdly, this article introduces the legal system of supervision on electronic currency in western countries, including the European Union, the United States and other countries in the west. In the issue of supervision of electronic currency, the EU maintained that establish complex supervision system in the initial stage of development of electronic currency. September 18, 2000, the European Parliament and EU Council promulgated《start-up、operation and prudential supervision of the electronic currency institutions of the directive 2000/46/EC》to supervise the activities of electronic currency in EU. It related to the scope of application and activity restrictions、the conditions of application of the Banking Directive、the redemption of electronic currency、the initial capital and continuing capital requirements、investment restrictions、specific requirements of the verification of observance, sound and prudent operating. In the issue of supervision of electronic currency, the United States and the EU's point of view was different, the United States advocated that establish specific supervision measures when the need for supervision. June 1998, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation released《e-banking - the safety and soundness examination procedures》, the report on the conduct of electronic currency banks provided detailed standards and procedures. In fact, it was the U.S. mode of the electronic currency risk management and regulatory approach. Other countries of Western established the law that the information disclosure and redemption of electronic currency. The author believes that the western countries’development of electronic currency is earlier and the legal system of supervision on electronic currency is more complete than other countries’, which are worthy of reference for our country.
Finally, this article comes to the conclusion that China should improve the legislation of supervision on electronic currency and summarizes the primary issue of legislation of supervision on electronic currency in our country through introducing Chinese existing law on electronic currency institutions and conditions, risk management and operational supervision. To solve these problems, I propose to improve legislation of supervision on electronic currency in our country. It mainly includes strengthen the independence of financial supervision、the functional supervision、the supervision of electronic currency issue、the supervision of internal control and the supervision of electronic currency laundering.
引文
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