电针对中风模型大鼠神经内分泌与c-fos表达的影响
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摘要
中风,又名卒中,相当于现代医学的急性脑血管病,包括出血
    性脑血管疾病(蛛网膜下腔出血、脑出血)和缺血性脑血管疾病(短
    暂脑缺血发作、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞),它具有死亡率高、致残率
    高、复发率高的特点,是当今致死率最高的疾病之一,严重危害人
    民的生命健康。针灸治疗中风疗效肯定,为进一步探讨针灸治疗中
    风的作用机制,更好地指导临床,本课题从以下几方面进行了研究:
    一、文献研究
     祖国医学自《黄帝内经》始,即对中风的病名、病因、病机有
    明确的论述。以后历代医家更将其理论逐步完善。中风多由饮食不
    节、忧思恼怒、恣酒纵欲等诱因,导致阴阳失调,脏腑失和,气血
    逆乱所致,临床表现以卒然昏仆、不省人事为主症,伴口眼喎斜、
    半身不遂,语言不利等症。因本病起病急剧、变化迅速,与自然界
    善行而数变之风邪特性相似,故古人以此类比名为中风。其病机概
    括为“本虚标实”。本虚即肝肾不足,标实即“风、火、痰、瘀”,
    临证“急则治其标”,急性期的治疗尤以“痰瘀”为主,临床治则以
    平肝熄风,滋阴潜阳,化痰开窍,活血祛瘀,益气养血、通络等为
    主,代表方剂如镇肝熄风汤、安宫牛黄丸、补阳还五汤等。针灸治
    疗中风,有其独到之处,且方法众多,古代治疗中风特点如下:①
    辨证选穴,用穴广泛;②以手阳明、足少阳经为主,其他阳经和督
    脉穴为辅,基本用穴20个;③中风昏迷以急救穴和固护元气穴为
    主,基本用穴7个;④中风口喎、痉挛以局部取穴为主;⑤多选用
    艾炷灸法,用针刺法较少。现代针灸对中风病的治疗多以针法为主,
    灸法为辅,并在传统针法基础上,进行了一些演变,如从阳引阴十
    二透穴法、独取督脉法、合谷刺法等,并加入电针、磁针、头针、
    眼针等新的针法。对机理的研究方面,也进行了广泛而深入的研究。
    认为针灸治疗中风具有增强血浆纤溶系统活性,改善血液的浓、粘、
    聚、凝状态;改善脑电活动、脑供血;调节组织电生理;调节神经、
    生化、免疫系统功能;对缺血大脑组织形态学的影响等,从不同侧
    
    
     面揭示了针灸治疗中风的机理。
     中风与现代医学的脑卒中大体相当。主要包括出血性脑血管疾
     病(蛛网膜下腔出血、脑出血)和缺血性脑血管疾病(短暂脑缺血
     发作、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞)等;其死亡率、致残率和复发率高,
     目前临床对急性缺血性脑血管病除常规治疗外,尚无特效疗法,许
     多药物和方法仍在研究及试用阶段,如兴奋性氨基酸受体桔抗剂及
     基因疗法等。对其病理机制的研究,主要假说有:钙超载学说、兴
     奋毒性学说、细胞凋亡学说、损伤级联反应学说等等,其中尚存在
     很多问题亟待进一步深入研究。
     二、实验研究
     本研究以不开颅可逆大脑中动脉阻塞法(MCAO)制造急性
     局灶性脑缺血模型,观察了电针“百会”、“ 素谬”穴对急性局脑缺
    血大鼠的脑组织超微结构,兴奋性氨基酸、P·内啡肽以及。-fos基
     因蛋白表达的影响,其结果如下:
    ①电镜观察发现,电针后实验大鼠缺血区的脑组织神经元线
     粒体水肿消退,胞浆线粒体密集,核糖体增多等,表明电针可明
     显促进缺血.早期神经元功能恢复,为临床缺血性中风急性期的针
     灸治疗提供了理论依据;
    ②电针能明显降低脑缺血后异常升高的脑组织谷氨酸(GIUL
     天门冬氨酸(ASP)含量,升高卜氨基丁酸(GABA)含量,甘氨酸(Gly)
     含量无明显变化,提示:电针能降低EAAS的神经毒性,减轻对
     神经元的损害,从而起到脑保护作用,同时也提示:电针对*IU、
     *SP的抑制可能与升高***A有关:
    ③电针可对局脑缺血大鼠C.fOS基因表达,有明显抑制作用。
     C-fos 是即早反应基因,它的表达产物作为第三信使,调控靶基
     因的表达,故电针可能通过对c.fos表达抑制作用而降低脑损害:
    ④电针能明显降低局脑缺血大鼠脑组织异常升高的p.内啡肽
     含量,减低p-内啡肽对缺血脑组织的损害。提示这可能是电针
     治疗脑缺血的治疗机制之一。
    三、结论
     二
    
     通过观察电针对脑缺血后超微结构、兴奋性氨基酸、C-fos 表
     达、p.内啡肽的影响,我们观察到:①电针能明显改善缺血区脑
     组织的超微结构;②电针能明显降低EAAS含量;③电针能抑制C-
     foS蛋白表达;
     ④电针明显降低p七P含量,为我们的假说:神经内分泌.免
     疫网络假说提供一定的实验依据,其可能的机制是:脑缺血后,引
     起 BAAS(以 GIS为主)大量外流,释放到细胞外的谷氢酸(Gill),
     通过NMDA受体而促进 Ca‘“进入神经细胞中,而 Ca‘”内流可激活
     G-fOS基因的调节元件CRE与CRE结合蛋白结合,从而启动。fos
     基因的转录;而0心s蛋白作为第三信使可与叫un等结合成二聚体,
     激活靶基因的表达,进而调控一系列神经递质,如p
Stroke, also called as Apoplectic Stroke, is Acute Cerebral Vascular Disease in modern medical science, including Hemorrhagic Cerebral Vascular Disease (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Cerebral Hemorrhage) and Ischemic Cerebral Vascular Disease (Temporal Cerebral Ischemia Seizure, Cerebral Thrombosis Cerebral Embolism) etc. With high rate of mortality, disablement, and recurrence, it is one of the fatal diseases nowadays, seriously damaging people's life and health. The therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating stroke has been proven satisfactory. For further research of the action mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating Stroke Ischemic Disease, studies on the following aspects have been carried out, the results of which are reported in this paper.
    I. Research of Literature
    Since the book Huang Di Nei Jing was written, there has been clear expounding on the term, etiology, and pathogenesis of Stroke in traditional Chinese medical science, and its theory has been systematized and perfected by doctors over the successive dynasties. Mainly caused by improper diet, melancholy, anxiety, alcohol addiction and excessive sexuality, Stoke results in the imbalance of Yin and Yang, malfunctioning of Zang and Fu and the disorder of Qi and blood. With sudden
    
    
    
    coma as its main clinical feature, it can cause the distortion of the eyes and the mouth, paralysis and speech inability. As it occurs suddenly and its state changes quickly, which is characteristic of the changeable nature of the wind, it was analogized as Stroke (Zhong Feng in Chinese, which literally means attacked by wind) by ancient Chinese It's pathogenesis can be summarized as "The Nature of the disease is Insufficiency but the Symptoms are Sufficiency." The Nature of the disease as Insufficiency refers to the Insufficiency of liver and kidney, while the Symptoms as Sufficiency refer to wind, fire, phlegm-dampness and ecchymosis. The critical features should be treated first. The main pathogenesis of Stroke is phlegm-dampness and ecchymosis during the acute period. The principles of clinical treatment are as follows: calming liver and the endopathic wind, nourishing Yin and suppressing Yang hyperactivity, invigorating the circulation of blood and cleaning ecchymosis, supplementing Qi and activating the blood circulation, and freeing circulation of vital energy in the channels, etc. The representative prescriptions include Zhen Gan Xi Feng Decoction, An Gong Niu Huang Pill and Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction, etc. The therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating Stroke was unique, and many therapeutic methods were employed. Special features of treating Stroke by means of acupuncture and moxibustion as used by ancient Chinese are summarized hereafter.
    1.They selected the points through an overall analysis of the illness and the patient's condition, and the points they
    
    
    
    selected were wide-ranging.
    2.They used twenty basic points, with Yang Ming Hand Channel and Shao Yang Foot Channel and the points belonging to other Yang channels and Du channel complementing them.
    3.They used seven basic points in the acute period. They took the First-Aid Points and the Yuan Qi Protectorate Points as the main points in treating coma caused by Stroke.
    4.They selected points near the parts where the patient suffer in treating distortion of the mouth and spasm.
    5.They applied moxibustion more often than acupuncture. On the contrary, acupuncture is used as the main treatment with moxibustion complementing it now. Besides, some improvements have been made on the basis of the conventional acupuncture methods. They include the Method of Using Twelve Points to Penetrate Yang to Induce Yin, the Method of Applying the Du Channel Points Only, and the Method of Puncturing the He-Gu Point. Besides, new acupuncture methods, for instance, the Electric Needle, the Magnetic Needle, the Scalp Acupuncture, and the Eye Acupuncture, have been introduced. Furthermore, extensive and thorough researches of its action me
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