波兰、俄罗斯和中国的国有银行改革和比较
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摘要
转轨经济是特指经济体制从中央计划经济向市场经济转轨的国家。目前,处于转轨进程中的主要是前苏联东欧(由原来的9国分解为独联体各国及中、东、南欧共27国)以及中国、越南等亚洲国家。
    对于这些经济转轨国家来说,国内金融市场规模小、融资作用有限。国有银行作为重要的信贷来源在金融体系中占据主体地位。在传统中央计划经济下,国有银行承担着大量政策性信贷任务,不记成本地向国有企业融资,支撑着国有企业的低效率运转,勉强维持转轨国家的经济发展。随着转轨国家经济体制向市场机制逐渐转变,国有银行承担着越来越多的经济改革成本:大量不良资产的不断累计,国有银行资本金严重不足,经营管理效率低下,盈利能力不足等。最终导致低效率的国有银行成为阻挡国民经济发展的重要阻碍,应该对国有银行进行改革。而因为国有银行业务牵涉到各行业,国有银行的改革直接影响着国家经济的金融安全和稳定。因此国有银行改革成为转轨国家金融改革、经济改革中的重中之重。
    转轨国家国有银行问题,集中体现在国有银行的产权制度上。在传统计划经济体制下,国有银行所有者是政府。作为所有者政府有当然的权力对银行信贷、规模和用人进行管理。同时政府承担多种职能:政治职能、社会职能、文化和经济职能等。因此在政府履行职能时自然地将国有银行作为工具,使其在业务上倒向政策。政府对国有银行业务的干预造成最普遍的后果是政银企不分,三者的职能边界模糊不清。在这种产权制度安排下,没有行政管理部门真正为国有银行经营低效负责,造成所有者道德风险;激励约束机制的严重缺乏,导致银行经理层的道德风险。因此转轨国家国有银行改革的关键就是产权制度改革。
    本文的研究逻辑思路:首先从理论上分析转轨国家国有银行产权制度入手,找到转型国家国有银行经营低效的根本问题所在。指出国
    
    
    有银行改革的目的是通过股份制改造(或私有制改革),引入多元投资主体,减小政府对国有银行的控制力,“产权明晰”,完善国有商业银行的企业治理结构,从制度上保证商业银行的健康发展。其次,着重从实践角度,选取三个最具典型的转轨国家,波兰、俄罗斯和中国,研究这三个转型国家国有银行改革的具体实践,分析在不同的条件下国有银行如何进行改革,达到改变产权主体结构、提高银行效率的。最后,从不同角度分析比较三个转型国家国有银行的改革成效,总结在转轨经济背景下国有银行改革的经验教训,期以对中国国有银行改革起借鉴作用。
    本文的结构:共分五章, 主要内容如下:
    首先是导言,这一部分交代了本文选题的原因和写作的研究方法。
    第一章是本文的理论基础。以现代商业银行的产权制度为参照系,对比经济转轨国家国有银行产权制度,清晰地找到转轨国家国有银行产权制度的弊端和问题所在。指出转轨国家国有银行改革的关键就是对其产权制度进行改革。目的是使国有银行“产权明晰”,明晰的产权主体能有效地监督约束和激励国有银行经营管理行为,提高银行经营效率。
    第二章围绕波兰国有银行改革的实践,关注波兰国有银行私有化的具体方案,以及对国有银行私有化改革的两个前提条件的解决方式:不良资产和再注资充足资本金问题。通过实施“国有企业和银行重组”计划,国有银行和国有企业捆绑式解决不良资产问题。政府赋予国有银行在此计划下的“准司法权力”,有力地促进不良资产问题的解决。通过再注资的方式,提高国有银行的资本充足率。在进行银行私有化改革过程中,波兰采用引入战略投资者方案,推出“姐妹银行计划”与国际组织进行合作,同时大力推动国有银行民营化,于1999年基本上完成了9家国有银行的私有化。
    第三章是俄罗斯银行的改革实践。首先对俄罗斯整个银行体系的情况分析,突出俄罗斯银行体系的特点,然后具体探讨国有银行改革问题。俄罗斯银行改革的主要成果是建立两级银行体系,促进多元产
    
    
    权主体银行的发展,期以促进银行间竞争,提高银行的经营效益。在俄罗斯银行体系中,两家国有银行是俄罗斯最大的银行,两家银行存款占俄罗斯零售存款的绝大比例,承担大量的政策信贷任务,享有政府的绝对支持和掌控。其他银行是数目繁多的中小银行,其资金规模小、零售存款吸收能力有限,主要吸收企业存款,造成对所属企业的过度依赖;业务上倾向进行证券投机,很少履行其信用中介的传统职能。这种状况下,中小银行很难与国有银行进行竞争,国有银行也不可能通过市场竞争而提高其竞争能力。改革后的国有银行,其垄断地位和低效益没有得到改善。
    第四章中以中国国有银行改革实践为重点,探讨了在中国国有银行在渐进式改革:“商业化——股份制——上市”过程中,如何对4家国有银行进行改革。着重探讨国有银行不良资产的解决方式和效果,及对国有银行资本金的注资成果分析。分析结果认为中国国有银行改革取得了一定的成绩,但是没有达到预期的效果。根据进入WTO的金融开放时间进度安排,明年(2005年)中国银行业全部开放,中国国有银行改革到了最重要的时刻。
    第五章中对波兰、俄罗斯和中国的国有银行改革进行比较分析。从不同角度比较分析了三个转型国家国有银行改革的具体实践。这
Transition economy refers to the country whose economic mechanism is central planning, and it is transiting towards market-oriented mechanism. At present, the transition economies include the Middle-East European countries, China and Viet Nam and other Asian countries. To these countries, finance is the essence of economy. As the essential financial credit source, banking is the significant part of finance. In the traditional central planning economy, state-owned banks take on the responsibility of financing the state-owned enterprises(SOEs). With the plan of central government, the lending from banking to SOEs holds on without considering any cost and returns. The kind of endless stream of finance to SOEs from banking backs the enterprises to maintain operating with low efficiency. Therefore, following the development of economy, the state-owned banks bear the increasing economic reform costs: such as the accumulation of non-performed loans, the deficiency of capital, the low competitiveness and so forth. With the further reform of economy, the low efficient banking became the key barrier in the way towards the market-oriented economy. While the restructuring of banking influences nearly every industry, and the influential scope of its reform is far-reaching, even to the stability of the whole economy. Thus the restructuring of banking is the heart of economy reform in every transition country.
    The problem of the state-owned banks in transition countries focuses on the arrangement of its property rights mechanism. In the traditional planning economy, the property rights of state-owned banks belong to the government. So the government has the right to interfere the banking daily operations. While the sound government performance aims to gain several targets, including the social target, political target, cultural target
    
    
    and economic one. So government tends to use banking as a tool to realize its targets, and the decision-making in banking operations tend to support government policies. The final result of the government interference is the functions mix of government, banking and enterprises. Under this kind of arrangement of property rights mechanism, no one would like to response to the low efficient operation of state-owned banks. And the lack of encouragement and restraint in this mechanism, the moral risk of banking managers is absolutely inevitable. Therefore the key of banking restructuring is the reform in mechanism of property rights.
    The clue of the thesis: At first, the theoretical analysis of property rights mechanism in transition economy is stated, aiming to point out that the final measure of banking restructuring is privatization, or introduction of several kinds of investors. If the privatization is successful, the owners of the state-owned banks are clear, and that will boost the improvement in banking governance. Second, from the practical aspect, elaboration and analysis of the concrete banking restructuring practice in Poland, Russia and China are made. These three countries are the typical in transition economies. The privatization of state-owned banks is the sound measure to improve the bank efficiency, and there are two prerequisite conditions before banking privatization, they are the resolution of the huge non-performed loans and capitalization to the state-owned banks. And how to resolve these two problems? Each country has its own ways. This thesis focuses on this problem, tries to study the restructuring of state-owned banks in transition economy through the analysis and research in the three typical countries.
    The structure of this thesis: there are five chapters altogether, the main contents are:
    In the Introduction, the reasons why choose this topic are given.
    The first chapter is the theoretical base of the whole thesis. Regarding the property rights mechanism of modern commercial banks as
    
    
    the object of reference, the demerits and problems of that of state-owned banks in transition country are obvious and distinct with the comparison. So the conclusion that
引文
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