非结构化对等点播分发技术研究
|
摘要
近年来网络流媒体应用日趋普及,媒体分发技术的边下载边播放特性对网络带宽和服务器资源提出了较高的要求,随着日益增加的用户和视频数据,如何在因特网上提供大规模流媒体服务已成为流媒体研究领域的核心问题。传统C/S模式服务器很容易成为系统瓶颈。IP组播采用多个Peer节点共享媒体流的方式减轻服务器和网络负载,但由于部署原因很难在因特网上广泛实施。CDN采用代理缓存节点的方式将服务和内容推向网络“边缘”,但部署昂贵且存在瓶颈。P2P模式的引入为用户提供了高度灵活的交互环境,允许协作节点间共享计算、带宽和存储等资源,彻底改变了视频点播的服务模式,显著地减少了服务器负载,提高了网络资源利用率,但参与节点的动态性制约了P2P系统的扩展与大规模应用。
在现有网络条件下,如何提高大规模P2P点播数据分发质量和效率,已成为P2P流媒体研究领域的重要课题之一。针对P2P视频点播系统的数据实时性、节点互动性、资源和请求异构性以及VCR等动态行为,本文研究非结构化P2P点播数据分发技术,主要包括以下三个问题:(1)非结构化的P2P点播服务体系,解决点播系统中数据资源和剩余带宽利用率低,延时难以控制的问题;(2)高码率视频传输调度方案,用以满足高端用户的高质量视频服务需求;(3)大规模P2P点播分发中的用户激励机制,充分考虑点播系统中视频数据实时性、上下游节点请求异构及资源不对等特性。具体的研究内容如下:
非结构化的P2P点播服务体系。基于扩展性考虑,提出非结构化拓扑的P2P点播系统AVoD,以数据驱动构成覆盖网络。采用异步传输策略提高可用节点资源利用率,减少离散资源允布对P2P点播系统性能的影响。鉴于异步传输非实时性特点与视频实时性的矛盾,在满足“多源”节点数据传输以及一定下载速率的条件下,引入优先级策略建立一种基于服务质量与效率平衡的节点选择算法,以期解决由此带来的视频播放连续度问题。基于服务器负载理论分析推导出服务器压力与缓存大小以及高低优先级分配比例的关系,进一步验证基于非结构化P2P点播异步传输系统的扩展性。仿真实验表明系统在随机、突发等动态应用场景中具备较好的应用性能。
高码率P2P点播分发中的补偿调度。针对P2P点播系统的高码率视频数据分发问题,该研究点主要侧重于高码率数据传输延迟研究,并基于节点定位和数据传输时延提出解决思路。通过预估节点缓存区间,在保证一定节点定位精确度的前提下,减少定位时可能产生的更新操作,进而更进一步减少由此产生的定位延迟。引入补偿服务器机制,通过补偿服务器对初始视频和部分空缺视频进行补偿,解决大规模网络条件下可能产生的链路阻塞和资源“饥饿”问题。并在此基础上,提出补偿流和正常流的协作机制与流程,以及补偿服务器的缓存策略。仿真实验表明在合理的服务器压力前提下,引入补偿策略能够很好的改善系统播放性能。
大规模P2P点播分发中的激励机制。基于点播系统的视频数据实时性、上下游节点请求异构及资源不对等特性的考虑,针对非结构化P2P点播系统的节点自私行为,提出一种激励机制,通过差异服务抑制自私节点并促使更多节点共享资源,给出基于贡献度和请求队列长度的节点选择概率算法,并在此基础上提出源节点和请求节点的激励数据调度策略。此外,分析节点可能的“漂白行为”,通过区分对待新加入节点的贡献度统计,抑制引入激励可能衍生的节点自私现象。仿真实验表明激励机制的引入能够较好的改善系统播放性能,并抑制自私节点获取更多的“免费”资源。
本文得到了“下一代互联网(CNGI)示范项目(基于P2P的数字媒体业务研发及应用实验)”项目支持,研究结果可用于点播应用性能和网络性能的统计分析,并为P2P大规模点播应用和示范部署提供参考依据。
Large-scale media distribution technology of VoD(Video-on-Demand) has broad application scenarios.There are some requirements of high bandwidth and long duration for multimedia streams due to diversity requests from users and real-time data transmission from video sequences.So how to provide large-scale media service in a scalable way has been a core issue in the multimedia research area with the growing number of users and videos.In the traditional C/S(Client/Service) system,the centralized server can easily become the bottleneck.IP Multicast reduces the workload of source server and transmission network by having,multiple peers sharing the media streams, however,its deployment on the interact is still limited due to several fundamental concerns.CDN(Content Distribution Network) pushes the service and content to the edge of the internet by utilizing agent cache nodes,but there are also some bottlenecks because of the expensive deployments.P2P mode can provide users with highly flexible interactive environments.Since P2P introduces the sharing of bandwidth,storage and other resources among peers,it has completely changed the VoD service mode,significantly reduced the server load,and greatly improved the utilization of network resources.But the scalability and large-scale application of P2P VoD system remains to be restricted by the dynamic of peers.
How to improve the quality and efficiency of data transfer for large-scale P2P VoD applications has become a "hot spot" in the research community of P2P VoD system. Based on the characteristics of real-time data transfer,peer interaction,diversity requests of resources,and VCR operations,this thesis investigates the distribution technology of unstructured P2P VoD,including three aspects:(1) Unstructured-based P2P VoD service architecture,which is used to address the low utilization of data source and remaining bandwidth,as well as uncontrollable playback delay.(2) High bit-rate video transfer scheduling scheme,which is used to meet the requirements on high quality video service for high-level users.(3) Incentive in large-scale P2P VoD distribution,which takes full account of real-time data,heterogeneous request and unequal content from upstream and downstream.
Unstructured-based P2P VoD service architecture.The dissertation proposes a P2P VoD system with unstructured topology for the consideration of scalability,and the overlay topology is a data-driven network.The scheme of asynchronous data transfer specializes in effective mining of available video data source at the cost of playback continuity.And it could also reduce the impacts on playback performances from discrete distribution of resources.In view of the contradictions between the characteristics of non-real-time in asynchronous transfer and the real-time in video playback,a novel priority strategy is introduced to establish a compromising selecting algorithm for peers, and to solve the continuity issues for VoD system on condition of meeting normal data transfer and acceptable download rate for multiple peers.The theoretical analysis of server workload points out the relationship between server stress and the peer buffer size as well as the ratio of high priority.The simulation results further show the benefits in terms of continuity,hunch delay and server stress in random and sudden scenarios.
Compensation-assisted scheduling in high-quality P2P VoD distribution.To solve the data scheduling issues for high bit-rate streams,we take the analysis and summary from two perspectives of heterogeneous resources and network restrictions in large-scale applications,and propose solutions based on the delay of peer locating and data transfer. An estimate algorithm for peer buffer size is introduced from the research on the update delay in centralized locating strategy.Under accurate locating conditions,the algorithm can lower the update frequency of peers,and then reduce the workload of directory server and update delay of peer locating.Further more,the compensation-assisted strategy,as well as the collaborate process of compensation stream and cache strategy of compensation server,are given to solve resource "hunger" caused by the link jam and asymmetry.The simulation results show that the introduction of compensation strategy can improve the system playback performance on the premise that the server workload is acceptable.
Incentive in large-scale P2P VoD distribution.To solve the free-riding issues among peers and stimulate more peers to contribute their bandwidth and storage,an incentive based on the service differentiation by the contribution of peers is proposed for unstructured P2P VoD systems.In this incentive,the contribution of a peer was measured by peer contribution considering both the requirement of real-time video playback and the resource inequality of peers.Meanwhile,a service differentiation scheme was introduced in data transfer scheduling based on the contribution measure of requesting peer and the request queue length of supplying peers.Also,an identification mechanism was presented to avoid possible whitewashing behaviors of peers.Simulation results show that the proposed incentive is effective to constrain the selfish behaviors of peers,and improve the performances of demanded video playback.
The works in this thesis have been supported by the China Next Generation Internet "P2P-based digital media business research and application experiment".It is expected that the research results can be applied to the statistical analysis on application and network performance for P2P VoD,and can provide a reference for deployments of large-scale P2P VoD application.
在现有网络条件下,如何提高大规模P2P点播数据分发质量和效率,已成为P2P流媒体研究领域的重要课题之一。针对P2P视频点播系统的数据实时性、节点互动性、资源和请求异构性以及VCR等动态行为,本文研究非结构化P2P点播数据分发技术,主要包括以下三个问题:(1)非结构化的P2P点播服务体系,解决点播系统中数据资源和剩余带宽利用率低,延时难以控制的问题;(2)高码率视频传输调度方案,用以满足高端用户的高质量视频服务需求;(3)大规模P2P点播分发中的用户激励机制,充分考虑点播系统中视频数据实时性、上下游节点请求异构及资源不对等特性。具体的研究内容如下:
非结构化的P2P点播服务体系。基于扩展性考虑,提出非结构化拓扑的P2P点播系统AVoD,以数据驱动构成覆盖网络。采用异步传输策略提高可用节点资源利用率,减少离散资源允布对P2P点播系统性能的影响。鉴于异步传输非实时性特点与视频实时性的矛盾,在满足“多源”节点数据传输以及一定下载速率的条件下,引入优先级策略建立一种基于服务质量与效率平衡的节点选择算法,以期解决由此带来的视频播放连续度问题。基于服务器负载理论分析推导出服务器压力与缓存大小以及高低优先级分配比例的关系,进一步验证基于非结构化P2P点播异步传输系统的扩展性。仿真实验表明系统在随机、突发等动态应用场景中具备较好的应用性能。
高码率P2P点播分发中的补偿调度。针对P2P点播系统的高码率视频数据分发问题,该研究点主要侧重于高码率数据传输延迟研究,并基于节点定位和数据传输时延提出解决思路。通过预估节点缓存区间,在保证一定节点定位精确度的前提下,减少定位时可能产生的更新操作,进而更进一步减少由此产生的定位延迟。引入补偿服务器机制,通过补偿服务器对初始视频和部分空缺视频进行补偿,解决大规模网络条件下可能产生的链路阻塞和资源“饥饿”问题。并在此基础上,提出补偿流和正常流的协作机制与流程,以及补偿服务器的缓存策略。仿真实验表明在合理的服务器压力前提下,引入补偿策略能够很好的改善系统播放性能。
大规模P2P点播分发中的激励机制。基于点播系统的视频数据实时性、上下游节点请求异构及资源不对等特性的考虑,针对非结构化P2P点播系统的节点自私行为,提出一种激励机制,通过差异服务抑制自私节点并促使更多节点共享资源,给出基于贡献度和请求队列长度的节点选择概率算法,并在此基础上提出源节点和请求节点的激励数据调度策略。此外,分析节点可能的“漂白行为”,通过区分对待新加入节点的贡献度统计,抑制引入激励可能衍生的节点自私现象。仿真实验表明激励机制的引入能够较好的改善系统播放性能,并抑制自私节点获取更多的“免费”资源。
本文得到了“下一代互联网(CNGI)示范项目(基于P2P的数字媒体业务研发及应用实验)”项目支持,研究结果可用于点播应用性能和网络性能的统计分析,并为P2P大规模点播应用和示范部署提供参考依据。
Large-scale media distribution technology of VoD(Video-on-Demand) has broad application scenarios.There are some requirements of high bandwidth and long duration for multimedia streams due to diversity requests from users and real-time data transmission from video sequences.So how to provide large-scale media service in a scalable way has been a core issue in the multimedia research area with the growing number of users and videos.In the traditional C/S(Client/Service) system,the centralized server can easily become the bottleneck.IP Multicast reduces the workload of source server and transmission network by having,multiple peers sharing the media streams, however,its deployment on the interact is still limited due to several fundamental concerns.CDN(Content Distribution Network) pushes the service and content to the edge of the internet by utilizing agent cache nodes,but there are also some bottlenecks because of the expensive deployments.P2P mode can provide users with highly flexible interactive environments.Since P2P introduces the sharing of bandwidth,storage and other resources among peers,it has completely changed the VoD service mode,significantly reduced the server load,and greatly improved the utilization of network resources.But the scalability and large-scale application of P2P VoD system remains to be restricted by the dynamic of peers.
How to improve the quality and efficiency of data transfer for large-scale P2P VoD applications has become a "hot spot" in the research community of P2P VoD system. Based on the characteristics of real-time data transfer,peer interaction,diversity requests of resources,and VCR operations,this thesis investigates the distribution technology of unstructured P2P VoD,including three aspects:(1) Unstructured-based P2P VoD service architecture,which is used to address the low utilization of data source and remaining bandwidth,as well as uncontrollable playback delay.(2) High bit-rate video transfer scheduling scheme,which is used to meet the requirements on high quality video service for high-level users.(3) Incentive in large-scale P2P VoD distribution,which takes full account of real-time data,heterogeneous request and unequal content from upstream and downstream.
Unstructured-based P2P VoD service architecture.The dissertation proposes a P2P VoD system with unstructured topology for the consideration of scalability,and the overlay topology is a data-driven network.The scheme of asynchronous data transfer specializes in effective mining of available video data source at the cost of playback continuity.And it could also reduce the impacts on playback performances from discrete distribution of resources.In view of the contradictions between the characteristics of non-real-time in asynchronous transfer and the real-time in video playback,a novel priority strategy is introduced to establish a compromising selecting algorithm for peers, and to solve the continuity issues for VoD system on condition of meeting normal data transfer and acceptable download rate for multiple peers.The theoretical analysis of server workload points out the relationship between server stress and the peer buffer size as well as the ratio of high priority.The simulation results further show the benefits in terms of continuity,hunch delay and server stress in random and sudden scenarios.
Compensation-assisted scheduling in high-quality P2P VoD distribution.To solve the data scheduling issues for high bit-rate streams,we take the analysis and summary from two perspectives of heterogeneous resources and network restrictions in large-scale applications,and propose solutions based on the delay of peer locating and data transfer. An estimate algorithm for peer buffer size is introduced from the research on the update delay in centralized locating strategy.Under accurate locating conditions,the algorithm can lower the update frequency of peers,and then reduce the workload of directory server and update delay of peer locating.Further more,the compensation-assisted strategy,as well as the collaborate process of compensation stream and cache strategy of compensation server,are given to solve resource "hunger" caused by the link jam and asymmetry.The simulation results show that the introduction of compensation strategy can improve the system playback performance on the premise that the server workload is acceptable.
Incentive in large-scale P2P VoD distribution.To solve the free-riding issues among peers and stimulate more peers to contribute their bandwidth and storage,an incentive based on the service differentiation by the contribution of peers is proposed for unstructured P2P VoD systems.In this incentive,the contribution of a peer was measured by peer contribution considering both the requirement of real-time video playback and the resource inequality of peers.Meanwhile,a service differentiation scheme was introduced in data transfer scheduling based on the contribution measure of requesting peer and the request queue length of supplying peers.Also,an identification mechanism was presented to avoid possible whitewashing behaviors of peers.Simulation results show that the proposed incentive is effective to constrain the selfish behaviors of peers,and improve the performances of demanded video playback.
The works in this thesis have been supported by the China Next Generation Internet "P2P-based digital media business research and application experiment".It is expected that the research results can be applied to the statistical analysis on application and network performance for P2P VoD,and can provide a reference for deployments of large-scale P2P VoD application.
引文
[1] S. Deering, D. Estrin, D. Farinacci, et al. An architecture for wide-area multicast routing. in: Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 94. New York: ACM, 1994.126-135.
[2] H. Eriksson. MBONE: The multicast backBone. Communications of the ACM,1994, 37(8): 54-60.
[3] A. Dan, D. Sitaram, P. Shahabuddin. Dynamic batching policies for an on-demand video server. Multimedia Systems, 1996,4(3): 112-121.
[4] Y. Cai, K. A. Hua. Sharing multicast videos using patching streams. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2003, 21(2): 125-146.
[5] C. Diot, B. N. Levine, B. Lyles, et al. Deployment issues for the IP multicast se(?)vice and architecture. IEEE Network, 2000,14(1): 78-88.
[6] Chu Y.-H, S. G. Rao. S. Seshan, et al. A case for end system multicast. IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2002, 20(8): 1456-1471.
[7] P. Gang. CDN: content distribution network. Research Proficiency Exam Report,Computer Science Department, SUNY at Stony Brook, NY, USA, 2003.2.
[8] Y. Guo, K. Suh, J. Kurose, et al. P2Cast: peer-to-peer patching scheme for VoD service. in: Proceedings of the 12th World Wide Web Conference (WWW-03). May 2003. 301-309.
[9] Y. Guo, K. Suh, J. Kurose, et al. A peer-to-peer on-demand streaming service and its performance evaluation. in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME). Wahington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2003.649-652.
[10] T. T. Do, K. A. Hua and M. Tantaoui. P2VoD: providing fault tolerant video-on-demand streaming in Peer-to-Peer environment. in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). Paris, France: 2004.1467-1472.
[11] J. XuXian, D. Yu. Gnustream: A MPEG video streaming system over peer-to-peer network.Project report for cs590n p2p networks and services.Techniial report:2002.
[12].Y.Dong,D.Xu,D.Jiang,ct al.Gnustream:a p2p media streaming system prototype.in:Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME).2003.325-328.
[13]M.Zhou,J.Liu.A hybrid overlay network for video-on-demand,in:IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC):IEEE Press,2005.1309-1311.
[14]J.Liu,M.Zhou.Tree-assisted gossiping for overlay video distribution.Multimedia Tools and Applications.Hingham,MA,USA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2005.211-232.
[15]Miguel Castro,Manuel Costa and Antony Rowstron,Peer-to-peer overlays:structured,unstructured,or both? Technical Report,2004.
[16]Y.Chawathe,S.Ratnasamy,L.Breslau,et al,Making Gnutella-like p2p system scalable,in:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM,2003.
[17]Christos Gkantsidis,Milena Mihail,Amin Saberi.Hybrid search schemes for unstructured peer-to-peer networks,in:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2005.
[18]Vidhyashankar Venkataraman,Paul Francis,John Calandrino.Chunkyspread:multi-tree unstructured peer-to-peer multicast.IPTPS 2006.
[19]K.Sripanidkulchai,A.Ganjam,B.Maggs,et al.The feasibility of supporting large-scale live streaming applications with dynamic application end-points,in:Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Application,technologies,architectures,and protocols for computer communications(ACM SIGCOMM).NY,USA:ACM,2004.107-120.
[20]Yiu W.-P.K,J.Xing,Chan S.-H.G Challenges and approaches in large-scale P2P media streaming.IEEE Multimedia,2007,14(2):50-59.
[21]M.Djamal-Eddine,M.Mubasher,A.Toufik.Open issues in P2P multimedia streaming,in:Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2006 Workshop on Multimedia Communications Workshop(MultiCom):2006.43-48.
[22]A.I.T.Rowstron,D.Peter.Pastry:scalable,decentralized object location,and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of the IFTP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms.London,UK:Springer-Verlag,2001.329-350.
[23]I.Stoica,R..Morris,D.Karger,et al.Chord:A scalable peer-to-peer lookup service for Internet applications.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2003,11(1):17-32.
[24]C.G.Plaxton,R.Rajaraman,A.W.Richa.Accessing nearby copies of replicated objects in a distributed environment,in:Proceedings of the ninth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and arichitectures.NY,USA:ACM,1997.311-320.
[25]Zuoning Yin,Hai Jin.DHT Based Collaborative Multimedia Streaming and Caching Service.in:TENCON 2005 IEEE Region 10:2005.1-6.
[26]S.Ratnasamy,P.Fran,cis,M.Handley,et al.A scalable content-addressable network.in:Proceedings of the 2001 SIGCOMM conference.NY,USA:ACM,2001.161-172.
[27]M.Ripeanu.Peer-to-peer architecture case study:Gnutella network[EB/OL].Chicago:University of Chicago,2001.http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/matei/PAP-ERS/gnutella-rc.pdf.
[28]郑常熠,王新,赵进等.P2P VoD内容分发策略综述.软件学报,2007,18(11):2941-2954.
[29]S.Sheu,K.A.Hua,W.Tavanapong.Chaining:A~eneralized batching technique for video-on-demand,in:Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Mulitmedia Computing and Systems' 97:1997.110-117.
[30]L.B.Pinho,C.L.Amorim,E.Ishikawa.GloVE:A distributed environment for low cost scalable VoD systems,in:Proceedings of the Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing.Washington:IEEE Computer Society,2002.117-124.
[31]L.Feng,Z.Changyi,W.Xin,et al.ACVoD:a peer-to-peer based video-on-demand scheme in broadband residential access networks.International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing,2007,2(4):225-231.
[32]C.Miguel,D.Peter,K.Anne-Made,et al.SplitStream:high-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments. in: Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium onOperating systems Principles. NY, USA: ACM, 2003.298-313.
[33] S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, M. Vetterli. Receiver-driven layered multicast. in:Proceedings of on applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications (ACM SIGCOMM). NY, USA: ACM, 1996.117-130.
[34] V. K. Goyal. Multiple description coding: compression meets the network. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001,18(5): 74-93.
[35] R. Ahlswede, N. Cai, S. -Y. R. Li. Network information flow. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 2000,46(4): 1204-1216.
[36] J. Guo, Y. Zhu, B. Li. CodedStream: Live media streaming with overlay coded multicast. in: Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN 2004): 2004.28-39.
[37] M. Hefeeda, A. Habib, B. Botev, et al. PROMISE: Peer-to-peer media streaming using CollectCast. in: Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York: ACM Press, 2003. 45-54.
[38] W. -P. Yiu, X. Jin, S. Chan. Distributed storage to support user interactivity in peer-to-peer video streaming. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication: 2006. 55-60.
[39] W. -P. Ken Yiu, X. Jin, S. -H. Gary Chan. Challenges and approaches in large-scale P2P media streaming. IEEE Multimedia, 2007,14(2): 50-59.
[40] B. Cohen. Incentives build robustness in BitTorrent. in: Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems. SIMS Berkeley: 2003.
[41] K. Hua, Y. Cai, S. Sheu. Patching: a multicast technique for true video-on-demand service. in: Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia'98: 1998. 35-43.
[42] L. Gao, D. Towsley, J. Kurose. Efficient schemes for broadcasting popular videos.Multimedia Systems, 2002, 8(4): 284-294.
[43] A. Hu. Video-on-demand broadcasting protocols: a comprehensive study. in Proceedings of IEEE INFORCOM: 2001. 508-517.
[44] Y. Guo, L. Gao, D.Towsley, et al. Seamless workload adaptive broadcast. In Proceedings of IEEE International Packet video Workshop.Pittsburgh,PA,USA:2002.
[45]V.N.Padmanabhan,H.J.Wang,P.A.Chou.Supporting heterogeneity and congestion control in peer-to-peer multicast streaming,in:Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop Peer-to-Peer Systems 2004(IPTPS):Springer,2005.54-63.
[46]A.Vitali,M.Fumagalli.Standard-compatible multiple-description coding(MDC)and layered coding(LC) of audio/video streams.Internet Draft-Network Working Group:2005.http://ftp6.us,freebsd.org/pub/rfc/internet-drafts/draft-vitali-ietf-avt-mdclc-00.txt
[47]C.Dana,D.Li,D.Harrison,et al.Bass:Bittorrent assisted streaming system for video-on-demand,in:International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMsP):IEEE Press,2005.1-4.
[48]A.Vlavianos,M.Iliofotou,M.Faloutsos.BiToS:enhancing BitTorrent for supporting streaming applications,in:INFOCOM 2006.25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications:2006.1-6.
[49]刘亚杰,窦文:毕.一种P2P环境下的VoD流媒体服务体系.软件学报,2006,17(4):876-884.
[50]Georgia Tech.PDNS-Parallel/Distributed NS[EB/OL].http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/compass/pdns/index.html.
[51]Boston University.BRITE[EB/OL].http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/.
[52]A.Dan,D.Sitaram,P.Shahabuddin.Scheduling policies for an on-demand video server with batching,in:Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia.NY,USA:ACM Press,1994.15-23.
[53]A.Dan,P.Shahabuddin,D.Sitaram,et al.Channel allocation under batching and VCR control in movie-on-demand systems.Journal of parallel and distributed computing,1995,30.168-179.
[54]C.C.Aggarwal,J.L.Wolf,P.S.Yu.On optimal batching policies for video-on-demand storage servers,in:Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Systems:1996.253-258.
[55] S. Sheu, K. A. Hua. Virtual batching: a new scheduling technique for video-on-demand servers. in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications. Melbourne, Australia: 1997.481-490.
[56] S. Sheu, K. A. Hua, W. Tavanapong. Chaining: A generalized batching technique for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Systems'97. Ottawa, ON, Canada: 1997.110-117.
[57] C. C. Aggarwal, J. L.Wolf, P. S. Yu. A permutation-based pyramid broadcasting scheme for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1996.118.
[58] K. A. Hua, S. Sheu. Skyscraper broadcasting: A new broadcasting scheme for meteropolitan video-on-demand system. in: Proceedings of ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM 97). NY, USA: ACM Press, 1997. 89-100.
[59] W. Liao, V. O. K. Li. The split and merge protocol for interactive video-on-demand.IEEE Multimedia, 1997,4(4): 51-62.
[60] K. A. Hua, Y. Cai, S. Sheu. Patching: A multicast technique for true video-on-demand services. in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multimedia. 1998.191-200.
[61] D. L. Eager, M. K. Veraon, J. Zahorjan. Bandwidth skimming: A technique for cost-effective video-on-demand. in: Proceedings of the IS&T/SPIE Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking 2000 (MMCN 2000). San Jose, CA: 2000.206-215.
[62] L. Golubchik, J. C. S. Lui, R. Muntz. Reducing I/O demand in video-on-demand storage servers. in: Proceeding of the 1995 ACM SIGMETRICS Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems. Ottawa, ON,Canada: 1995. 25-36.
[63] S. W. Lau, J. C. S. Lui, L. Golubchik. Merging video streams in a multimedia storage server: Complexity and heuristics. Multimedia Systems, 1998, 6(1): 29-42.
[64] C. C. Aggarwal, J. L. Woflf, P. S. Yu. On optimal piggyback merging policies for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMERTRICS international conference on measurement and modeling of computer systems. NY,USA: ACM Press, 1996. 200-209.
[65] H. C. D. Bey. Program transmission optimization. 1995.
[66] T. C. Chiueh, C. H. Lu. A periodic broadcasting approach to video-on-demand service. SPIE: 1996,26(15): 162-169.
[67] E. L. Abram-Profeta, K. G Shin. Scheduling video programs in near video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the fifth ACM International Conference on Multimedia. NY, USA: ACM Press, 1997. 359-369.
[68] S. Viswanathan, T. Imielinski. Metropolitan area video-on-demand service using pyramid broadcasting. ACM Multimedia Systems, 1996,4(4): 197-208.
[691 Y. Cai, K. Hua, K. Vu. Optimizing patching performance, in: Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking. 1999.204-215.
[70] S. W. Carter, D. D. E. Long, K. Makki, et al. Improving video-on-demand server efficiency through stream tapping. in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks. 1997. 200-207.
[71] L. Gao, J. Kurose, D. Towsley. Efficient schemes for broadcasting popular videos.Multimedia Systems, 2002, 8(4): 284-294.
[72] L. S. Juhn, L. M. Tseng. Harmonic broadcasting for video-on-demand service. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 1997,43(3): 268-271.
[73] L. Golubchik, J. C. S. Lui, R. R. Muntz. Adaptive piggybacking: A novel technique for data sharing in video-on-demand storage servers. ACM Multimedia Systems,1996,4(30): 14-55.
[74] V.N. Padmanabhan, H.I Wang, P.A. Chou. Supporting heterogeneity and congestion control in peer-to-peer multicast streaming. in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop Peer-to-Peer Systems 2004 (IPTPS). Springer, 2005. 54-63.
[75] S. Banerjee, B. Bhattacharjee, C. Kommareddy. Scalable application layer multicast. in:Proceedings of the 2002 conference on applications,technologies,architectures,and protocols for computer communications(ACM Sigcomm).NY,USA:ACM Press,2002.205~217.
[76]Princeton University.PlanetLab[Online].http://www.planet-lab.org/.
[77]B..White,J.Lepreau,L.Stoller,et al.An intergrated experimental environment for distributed systems and networks,in:Proceedings of the fifth symposium on operating system design and implementation.Boston,2002.255-270.
[78]Naicken S,Basu A,Livingston B,et al.A survey of peer-to-peer network simulators.in:Proceedings of 7th Annual Postgraduate Symposium.Liverpool,UK:2006.
[79]W.Yang,N.Abu-Ghazaleh.GPS:a general peer-to-peer simulator and its use for modeling BitTorrent.in:13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis,and Simulation of" Computer and Telecommunication Systems.2005.425-434.
[80]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社.2003.1-208.
[81]The Network Simulator[EB/OL].http://www.isiedu/nsnam/ns/.
[82]K.Eger,T.HoBfeld,A.Binzenh(o|¨)fer,et al.Efficient simulation of large-scale P2P networks packets-level vs.flow-level simulations,in:2nd Workshop of Use of P2P,GRID and agents for the development of content networks.2007.9-16.
[83]Q.He,G Riley,H.Raj,et al.Mapping peer behavior to packet-level details:a framework for packet-level simulation of peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis and Simulation of Computer Telecommunications Systems.Florida,USA:2003.71-78.
[84]Matei Ripeanu.Peer-to-peer architecture case study:Gnutella network,in:Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing(P2P'01).Washington,DC,USA:IEEE Computer Society,2001.99-100.
[85]Matei Ripeanu,Adriana Iamnitchi,Ian Foster.Mapping the Gnutella network properties of large scale peer-to-peer systems and implications for system desgin.IEEE Internet Computing,2002,6(2):50-57.
[86]S.Saroiu,P.K.Gummadi,S.D.Gribble.A measurement study of peer-to-peer file sharing systems,in:Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002(MMCN'02).San Jose,CA:SPIE,2001.156-170.
[87]Z.Liu,Y.Shen,S.Panwar,et al.Using layered video to provide incentives in P2P streaming,in:Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Peer-to-Peer streaming and IP-TV(ACM SIGCOMM).NY,USA:ACM Press,2007.311-316.
[88]A.Habib and J.Chuang.Incentive mechanism for peer-to-peer media streaming,in:Proceedings of International Workshop on Quality of Service(IWQoS '04).2004.171-180.
[89]G.Tan and S.A.Jarvis.A payment-based incentive and service differentiation mechanism for peer-to-peer streaming broadcast,in:Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service(IWQoS) 2006.2006.41-50.
[90]M.Feldman,K.Lai.I.Stoica,et al.Robust incentive techniques for peer-to-peer networks,in:Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic Commerce.NY,USA:ACM Press,2004.102-111.
[91]K.Lai,M.Feldman,I.Stoica,et al.Incentives for cooperation in peer-to-peer networks,in:Proceeding.s of th Workshop on economics of P2P system.Berkeley,CA,2003.
[92]C.H.Papadimitriou.Algorithms,Games,and the Internet.in:Proceedings of the thirty-third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing.NY,USA:ACM Press,2001.749-753.
[93]J.Jiang,H.Bai,and W.Wang.Trust and cooperation in peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Grid and Cooperative Computing (GCC 2003).2003.
[94]K.Ranganathan,M.Ripeanu,A.Satin,et al.To share or not to share:an analysis of incentives to contribute in collaborative file sharing environments,in:Proceedings of the Workshop on economics of P2P Systems.Berkeley,CA:2003.
[95]A.Blanc,Y.K.Liu,and A.Vahdat.Designing Incentives for Peer-to-Peer Routing.in:Proceedings of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(Infocom 2005).2005.374-385.
[96] S. Jun, M. Ahamad. Incentives in BitTorrent induce free riding. in: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Economics of peer-to-peer systems. NY,USA: ACM Press, 2005.116-121.
[97] G. Philippe, L. B. Kevin, M. Ilya, et al. Incentives for sharing in peer-to-peer networks. in: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce.NY, USA: ACM Press, 2001. 264-267.
[98] B. Yang, and H. G. Molina. PPay: micropayments for peer-to-peer systems. in:Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on computer and Communication Security. NY, USA: ACM press, 2003. 300-310.
[99] J. Ioannidis, S. Inannidis, A. D. keromytis, et al. Fileteller: paying and getting paid for file storage. in: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Financial Cryptography. Bermuda: Springer-Verlag, 2002. 282-299.
[100] Y. Fuy, J. Chasey, B. Chunz, et al. SHARP: an architecture for secure resource peering. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 2003, 37(5): 133-148.
[101] T. W. Johnny, N. Animesh, N. A. Singh, et al. Designing incentives-compatible peer-to-peer systems. in: Proceedings of the 2nd Bertinoro Workshop on Future Directions in Distributed Computing. Bertinoro, Italy: 2004.1-4.
[102] Y. Tang, H. Wang, W. Dou. Trust based incentive in P2P network. in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology for Dynamic E-Business. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2004. 302-305.
[103] S. D. Kamvar, M. T. Schlosser, and H. Garcia-Molina. Incentives for Combatting Freeriding on P2P Networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004, 2790:1273-1279.
[104] R. T. B. Ma, S. C. M. Lee, J. C. S. Lui, et al. An Incentive Mechanism for P2P Networks. in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '04). Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society,2004. 516-523.
[105] Q. Sun, and H. Garcia-Molina. SLIC: A Selfish Link-Based Incentive Mechanism for Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks. in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '04). 2004. 506-515.
[106] S. Agarwal, S. Dube. Gossip based streaming with incentives for peer collaboration.in: Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia.Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2006. 629-636.
[107] A. Bharambe, C. Herley, and V. M. Padmanabhan. Analyzing and improving a bittorrent network's performance mechanisms. in: Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOMM '06). 2006.1-12.
[2] H. Eriksson. MBONE: The multicast backBone. Communications of the ACM,1994, 37(8): 54-60.
[3] A. Dan, D. Sitaram, P. Shahabuddin. Dynamic batching policies for an on-demand video server. Multimedia Systems, 1996,4(3): 112-121.
[4] Y. Cai, K. A. Hua. Sharing multicast videos using patching streams. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2003, 21(2): 125-146.
[5] C. Diot, B. N. Levine, B. Lyles, et al. Deployment issues for the IP multicast se(?)vice and architecture. IEEE Network, 2000,14(1): 78-88.
[6] Chu Y.-H, S. G. Rao. S. Seshan, et al. A case for end system multicast. IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2002, 20(8): 1456-1471.
[7] P. Gang. CDN: content distribution network. Research Proficiency Exam Report,Computer Science Department, SUNY at Stony Brook, NY, USA, 2003.2.
[8] Y. Guo, K. Suh, J. Kurose, et al. P2Cast: peer-to-peer patching scheme for VoD service. in: Proceedings of the 12th World Wide Web Conference (WWW-03). May 2003. 301-309.
[9] Y. Guo, K. Suh, J. Kurose, et al. A peer-to-peer on-demand streaming service and its performance evaluation. in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME). Wahington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2003.649-652.
[10] T. T. Do, K. A. Hua and M. Tantaoui. P2VoD: providing fault tolerant video-on-demand streaming in Peer-to-Peer environment. in: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). Paris, France: 2004.1467-1472.
[11] J. XuXian, D. Yu. Gnustream: A MPEG video streaming system over peer-to-peer network.Project report for cs590n p2p networks and services.Techniial report:2002.
[12].Y.Dong,D.Xu,D.Jiang,ct al.Gnustream:a p2p media streaming system prototype.in:Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME).2003.325-328.
[13]M.Zhou,J.Liu.A hybrid overlay network for video-on-demand,in:IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC):IEEE Press,2005.1309-1311.
[14]J.Liu,M.Zhou.Tree-assisted gossiping for overlay video distribution.Multimedia Tools and Applications.Hingham,MA,USA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2005.211-232.
[15]Miguel Castro,Manuel Costa and Antony Rowstron,Peer-to-peer overlays:structured,unstructured,or both? Technical Report,2004.
[16]Y.Chawathe,S.Ratnasamy,L.Breslau,et al,Making Gnutella-like p2p system scalable,in:Proc.ACM SIGCOMM,2003.
[17]Christos Gkantsidis,Milena Mihail,Amin Saberi.Hybrid search schemes for unstructured peer-to-peer networks,in:Proc.IEEE INFOCOM 2005.
[18]Vidhyashankar Venkataraman,Paul Francis,John Calandrino.Chunkyspread:multi-tree unstructured peer-to-peer multicast.IPTPS 2006.
[19]K.Sripanidkulchai,A.Ganjam,B.Maggs,et al.The feasibility of supporting large-scale live streaming applications with dynamic application end-points,in:Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Application,technologies,architectures,and protocols for computer communications(ACM SIGCOMM).NY,USA:ACM,2004.107-120.
[20]Yiu W.-P.K,J.Xing,Chan S.-H.G Challenges and approaches in large-scale P2P media streaming.IEEE Multimedia,2007,14(2):50-59.
[21]M.Djamal-Eddine,M.Mubasher,A.Toufik.Open issues in P2P multimedia streaming,in:Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2006 Workshop on Multimedia Communications Workshop(MultiCom):2006.43-48.
[22]A.I.T.Rowstron,D.Peter.Pastry:scalable,decentralized object location,and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of the IFTP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms.London,UK:Springer-Verlag,2001.329-350.
[23]I.Stoica,R..Morris,D.Karger,et al.Chord:A scalable peer-to-peer lookup service for Internet applications.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2003,11(1):17-32.
[24]C.G.Plaxton,R.Rajaraman,A.W.Richa.Accessing nearby copies of replicated objects in a distributed environment,in:Proceedings of the ninth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and arichitectures.NY,USA:ACM,1997.311-320.
[25]Zuoning Yin,Hai Jin.DHT Based Collaborative Multimedia Streaming and Caching Service.in:TENCON 2005 IEEE Region 10:2005.1-6.
[26]S.Ratnasamy,P.Fran,cis,M.Handley,et al.A scalable content-addressable network.in:Proceedings of the 2001 SIGCOMM conference.NY,USA:ACM,2001.161-172.
[27]M.Ripeanu.Peer-to-peer architecture case study:Gnutella network[EB/OL].Chicago:University of Chicago,2001.http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/matei/PAP-ERS/gnutella-rc.pdf.
[28]郑常熠,王新,赵进等.P2P VoD内容分发策略综述.软件学报,2007,18(11):2941-2954.
[29]S.Sheu,K.A.Hua,W.Tavanapong.Chaining:A~eneralized batching technique for video-on-demand,in:Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Mulitmedia Computing and Systems' 97:1997.110-117.
[30]L.B.Pinho,C.L.Amorim,E.Ishikawa.GloVE:A distributed environment for low cost scalable VoD systems,in:Proceedings of the Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing.Washington:IEEE Computer Society,2002.117-124.
[31]L.Feng,Z.Changyi,W.Xin,et al.ACVoD:a peer-to-peer based video-on-demand scheme in broadband residential access networks.International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing,2007,2(4):225-231.
[32]C.Miguel,D.Peter,K.Anne-Made,et al.SplitStream:high-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments. in: Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium onOperating systems Principles. NY, USA: ACM, 2003.298-313.
[33] S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, M. Vetterli. Receiver-driven layered multicast. in:Proceedings of on applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications (ACM SIGCOMM). NY, USA: ACM, 1996.117-130.
[34] V. K. Goyal. Multiple description coding: compression meets the network. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001,18(5): 74-93.
[35] R. Ahlswede, N. Cai, S. -Y. R. Li. Network information flow. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, 2000,46(4): 1204-1216.
[36] J. Guo, Y. Zhu, B. Li. CodedStream: Live media streaming with overlay coded multicast. in: Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN 2004): 2004.28-39.
[37] M. Hefeeda, A. Habib, B. Botev, et al. PROMISE: Peer-to-peer media streaming using CollectCast. in: Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York: ACM Press, 2003. 45-54.
[38] W. -P. Yiu, X. Jin, S. Chan. Distributed storage to support user interactivity in peer-to-peer video streaming. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communication: 2006. 55-60.
[39] W. -P. Ken Yiu, X. Jin, S. -H. Gary Chan. Challenges and approaches in large-scale P2P media streaming. IEEE Multimedia, 2007,14(2): 50-59.
[40] B. Cohen. Incentives build robustness in BitTorrent. in: Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems. SIMS Berkeley: 2003.
[41] K. Hua, Y. Cai, S. Sheu. Patching: a multicast technique for true video-on-demand service. in: Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia'98: 1998. 35-43.
[42] L. Gao, D. Towsley, J. Kurose. Efficient schemes for broadcasting popular videos.Multimedia Systems, 2002, 8(4): 284-294.
[43] A. Hu. Video-on-demand broadcasting protocols: a comprehensive study. in Proceedings of IEEE INFORCOM: 2001. 508-517.
[44] Y. Guo, L. Gao, D.Towsley, et al. Seamless workload adaptive broadcast. In Proceedings of IEEE International Packet video Workshop.Pittsburgh,PA,USA:2002.
[45]V.N.Padmanabhan,H.J.Wang,P.A.Chou.Supporting heterogeneity and congestion control in peer-to-peer multicast streaming,in:Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop Peer-to-Peer Systems 2004(IPTPS):Springer,2005.54-63.
[46]A.Vitali,M.Fumagalli.Standard-compatible multiple-description coding(MDC)and layered coding(LC) of audio/video streams.Internet Draft-Network Working Group:2005.http://ftp6.us,freebsd.org/pub/rfc/internet-drafts/draft-vitali-ietf-avt-mdclc-00.txt
[47]C.Dana,D.Li,D.Harrison,et al.Bass:Bittorrent assisted streaming system for video-on-demand,in:International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMsP):IEEE Press,2005.1-4.
[48]A.Vlavianos,M.Iliofotou,M.Faloutsos.BiToS:enhancing BitTorrent for supporting streaming applications,in:INFOCOM 2006.25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications:2006.1-6.
[49]刘亚杰,窦文:毕.一种P2P环境下的VoD流媒体服务体系.软件学报,2006,17(4):876-884.
[50]Georgia Tech.PDNS-Parallel/Distributed NS[EB/OL].http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/compass/pdns/index.html.
[51]Boston University.BRITE[EB/OL].http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/.
[52]A.Dan,D.Sitaram,P.Shahabuddin.Scheduling policies for an on-demand video server with batching,in:Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia.NY,USA:ACM Press,1994.15-23.
[53]A.Dan,P.Shahabuddin,D.Sitaram,et al.Channel allocation under batching and VCR control in movie-on-demand systems.Journal of parallel and distributed computing,1995,30.168-179.
[54]C.C.Aggarwal,J.L.Wolf,P.S.Yu.On optimal batching policies for video-on-demand storage servers,in:Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Systems:1996.253-258.
[55] S. Sheu, K. A. Hua. Virtual batching: a new scheduling technique for video-on-demand servers. in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications. Melbourne, Australia: 1997.481-490.
[56] S. Sheu, K. A. Hua, W. Tavanapong. Chaining: A generalized batching technique for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Systems'97. Ottawa, ON, Canada: 1997.110-117.
[57] C. C. Aggarwal, J. L.Wolf, P. S. Yu. A permutation-based pyramid broadcasting scheme for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1996.118.
[58] K. A. Hua, S. Sheu. Skyscraper broadcasting: A new broadcasting scheme for meteropolitan video-on-demand system. in: Proceedings of ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communication (SIGCOMM 97). NY, USA: ACM Press, 1997. 89-100.
[59] W. Liao, V. O. K. Li. The split and merge protocol for interactive video-on-demand.IEEE Multimedia, 1997,4(4): 51-62.
[60] K. A. Hua, Y. Cai, S. Sheu. Patching: A multicast technique for true video-on-demand services. in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multimedia. 1998.191-200.
[61] D. L. Eager, M. K. Veraon, J. Zahorjan. Bandwidth skimming: A technique for cost-effective video-on-demand. in: Proceedings of the IS&T/SPIE Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking 2000 (MMCN 2000). San Jose, CA: 2000.206-215.
[62] L. Golubchik, J. C. S. Lui, R. Muntz. Reducing I/O demand in video-on-demand storage servers. in: Proceeding of the 1995 ACM SIGMETRICS Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems. Ottawa, ON,Canada: 1995. 25-36.
[63] S. W. Lau, J. C. S. Lui, L. Golubchik. Merging video streams in a multimedia storage server: Complexity and heuristics. Multimedia Systems, 1998, 6(1): 29-42.
[64] C. C. Aggarwal, J. L. Woflf, P. S. Yu. On optimal piggyback merging policies for video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMERTRICS international conference on measurement and modeling of computer systems. NY,USA: ACM Press, 1996. 200-209.
[65] H. C. D. Bey. Program transmission optimization. 1995.
[66] T. C. Chiueh, C. H. Lu. A periodic broadcasting approach to video-on-demand service. SPIE: 1996,26(15): 162-169.
[67] E. L. Abram-Profeta, K. G Shin. Scheduling video programs in near video-on-demand systems. in: Proceedings of the fifth ACM International Conference on Multimedia. NY, USA: ACM Press, 1997. 359-369.
[68] S. Viswanathan, T. Imielinski. Metropolitan area video-on-demand service using pyramid broadcasting. ACM Multimedia Systems, 1996,4(4): 197-208.
[691 Y. Cai, K. Hua, K. Vu. Optimizing patching performance, in: Proceedings of the SPIE/ACM Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking. 1999.204-215.
[70] S. W. Carter, D. D. E. Long, K. Makki, et al. Improving video-on-demand server efficiency through stream tapping. in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks. 1997. 200-207.
[71] L. Gao, J. Kurose, D. Towsley. Efficient schemes for broadcasting popular videos.Multimedia Systems, 2002, 8(4): 284-294.
[72] L. S. Juhn, L. M. Tseng. Harmonic broadcasting for video-on-demand service. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 1997,43(3): 268-271.
[73] L. Golubchik, J. C. S. Lui, R. R. Muntz. Adaptive piggybacking: A novel technique for data sharing in video-on-demand storage servers. ACM Multimedia Systems,1996,4(30): 14-55.
[74] V.N. Padmanabhan, H.I Wang, P.A. Chou. Supporting heterogeneity and congestion control in peer-to-peer multicast streaming. in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop Peer-to-Peer Systems 2004 (IPTPS). Springer, 2005. 54-63.
[75] S. Banerjee, B. Bhattacharjee, C. Kommareddy. Scalable application layer multicast. in:Proceedings of the 2002 conference on applications,technologies,architectures,and protocols for computer communications(ACM Sigcomm).NY,USA:ACM Press,2002.205~217.
[76]Princeton University.PlanetLab[Online].http://www.planet-lab.org/.
[77]B..White,J.Lepreau,L.Stoller,et al.An intergrated experimental environment for distributed systems and networks,in:Proceedings of the fifth symposium on operating system design and implementation.Boston,2002.255-270.
[78]Naicken S,Basu A,Livingston B,et al.A survey of peer-to-peer network simulators.in:Proceedings of 7th Annual Postgraduate Symposium.Liverpool,UK:2006.
[79]W.Yang,N.Abu-Ghazaleh.GPS:a general peer-to-peer simulator and its use for modeling BitTorrent.in:13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis,and Simulation of" Computer and Telecommunication Systems.2005.425-434.
[80]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社.2003.1-208.
[81]The Network Simulator[EB/OL].http://www.isiedu/nsnam/ns/.
[82]K.Eger,T.HoBfeld,A.Binzenh(o|¨)fer,et al.Efficient simulation of large-scale P2P networks packets-level vs.flow-level simulations,in:2nd Workshop of Use of P2P,GRID and agents for the development of content networks.2007.9-16.
[83]Q.He,G Riley,H.Raj,et al.Mapping peer behavior to packet-level details:a framework for packet-level simulation of peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis and Simulation of Computer Telecommunications Systems.Florida,USA:2003.71-78.
[84]Matei Ripeanu.Peer-to-peer architecture case study:Gnutella network,in:Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing(P2P'01).Washington,DC,USA:IEEE Computer Society,2001.99-100.
[85]Matei Ripeanu,Adriana Iamnitchi,Ian Foster.Mapping the Gnutella network properties of large scale peer-to-peer systems and implications for system desgin.IEEE Internet Computing,2002,6(2):50-57.
[86]S.Saroiu,P.K.Gummadi,S.D.Gribble.A measurement study of peer-to-peer file sharing systems,in:Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002(MMCN'02).San Jose,CA:SPIE,2001.156-170.
[87]Z.Liu,Y.Shen,S.Panwar,et al.Using layered video to provide incentives in P2P streaming,in:Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Peer-to-Peer streaming and IP-TV(ACM SIGCOMM).NY,USA:ACM Press,2007.311-316.
[88]A.Habib and J.Chuang.Incentive mechanism for peer-to-peer media streaming,in:Proceedings of International Workshop on Quality of Service(IWQoS '04).2004.171-180.
[89]G.Tan and S.A.Jarvis.A payment-based incentive and service differentiation mechanism for peer-to-peer streaming broadcast,in:Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service(IWQoS) 2006.2006.41-50.
[90]M.Feldman,K.Lai.I.Stoica,et al.Robust incentive techniques for peer-to-peer networks,in:Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic Commerce.NY,USA:ACM Press,2004.102-111.
[91]K.Lai,M.Feldman,I.Stoica,et al.Incentives for cooperation in peer-to-peer networks,in:Proceeding.s of th Workshop on economics of P2P system.Berkeley,CA,2003.
[92]C.H.Papadimitriou.Algorithms,Games,and the Internet.in:Proceedings of the thirty-third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing.NY,USA:ACM Press,2001.749-753.
[93]J.Jiang,H.Bai,and W.Wang.Trust and cooperation in peer-to-peer systems,in:Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Grid and Cooperative Computing (GCC 2003).2003.
[94]K.Ranganathan,M.Ripeanu,A.Satin,et al.To share or not to share:an analysis of incentives to contribute in collaborative file sharing environments,in:Proceedings of the Workshop on economics of P2P Systems.Berkeley,CA:2003.
[95]A.Blanc,Y.K.Liu,and A.Vahdat.Designing Incentives for Peer-to-Peer Routing.in:Proceedings of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(Infocom 2005).2005.374-385.
[96] S. Jun, M. Ahamad. Incentives in BitTorrent induce free riding. in: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Economics of peer-to-peer systems. NY,USA: ACM Press, 2005.116-121.
[97] G. Philippe, L. B. Kevin, M. Ilya, et al. Incentives for sharing in peer-to-peer networks. in: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce.NY, USA: ACM Press, 2001. 264-267.
[98] B. Yang, and H. G. Molina. PPay: micropayments for peer-to-peer systems. in:Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on computer and Communication Security. NY, USA: ACM press, 2003. 300-310.
[99] J. Ioannidis, S. Inannidis, A. D. keromytis, et al. Fileteller: paying and getting paid for file storage. in: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Financial Cryptography. Bermuda: Springer-Verlag, 2002. 282-299.
[100] Y. Fuy, J. Chasey, B. Chunz, et al. SHARP: an architecture for secure resource peering. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 2003, 37(5): 133-148.
[101] T. W. Johnny, N. Animesh, N. A. Singh, et al. Designing incentives-compatible peer-to-peer systems. in: Proceedings of the 2nd Bertinoro Workshop on Future Directions in Distributed Computing. Bertinoro, Italy: 2004.1-4.
[102] Y. Tang, H. Wang, W. Dou. Trust based incentive in P2P network. in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology for Dynamic E-Business. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2004. 302-305.
[103] S. D. Kamvar, M. T. Schlosser, and H. Garcia-Molina. Incentives for Combatting Freeriding on P2P Networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004, 2790:1273-1279.
[104] R. T. B. Ma, S. C. M. Lee, J. C. S. Lui, et al. An Incentive Mechanism for P2P Networks. in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '04). Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society,2004. 516-523.
[105] Q. Sun, and H. Garcia-Molina. SLIC: A Selfish Link-Based Incentive Mechanism for Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks. in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS '04). 2004. 506-515.
[106] S. Agarwal, S. Dube. Gossip based streaming with incentives for peer collaboration.in: Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia.Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2006. 629-636.
[107] A. Bharambe, C. Herley, and V. M. Padmanabhan. Analyzing and improving a bittorrent network's performance mechanisms. in: Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOMM '06). 2006.1-12.