论民事诉讼证据中的证据可采性规则——以美国法为中心
摘要
证据历来是民事诉讼的核心内容，在各种证据中证人证言是一种重要的证据形式。英美法通过证据可采性规则对证人证言的真实性进行控制，以实现公正解决纠纷的目的。在我国的证据规则中证据可采性的相关规定并不完善，使法官对证据的自由裁量权极大。为解决这一问题，本文通过对英美法证据可采性规则的研究，为我国证据可采性规则的完善提出了建议，以期促进我国民事审判方式改革。
本文共分四个部分：英美法中证据可采性规则的基本问题、美国成文法中的民事证据可采性规则、我国建立证据可采性规则的必要性、证据可采性规则和中国的民事诉讼证据改革。
本文第一部分——美国民事诉讼法中证据可采性的基本问题。通过分析，厘清了相关概念的范围及含义，同时明确了英美法中证据的类别及对证据分类的价值；划分了证据可采性概念范围，并得出证据可采性规则的内容仅包括传闻证据和意见证据的结论；明确了传闻证据和意见证据在定义、规则及例外方面的理论问题；对证据可采性的制度环境进行分析。
本文的第二部分对美国证据规则的法典化运动进行了回顾和介绍，并对《美国联邦证据规则》的特殊地位进行了讨论。同时对《美国联邦证据规则》中涉及证据可采性规则的法律条文进行分析。
第三部分主要讨论了我国建立证据可采性规则的必要性和可行性。在这部分中，首先讨论了我国目前民事诉讼法律及证据法律的现状。其次论证了在我国建立完善的证据可采性规则的必要性。最后，通过对证据可采性规则的原生制度环境、我国目前相应的制度环境进行分析，论证了移植证据可采性规则的可行性。
本文第四部分是证据可采性规则和中国的民事诉讼证据改革。通过本文前三部分的论述，作者对在我国的民事证据立法中完善证据可采性规则提出了建议，并对相关的制度的建设提出了设想。
本人相信，源于英美法系的证据可采性规则，经过充分地研究、讨论和谨慎地制度移植过程，一定能有效促进中国民事审判方式改革的深化，实现诉讼公正和效益的价值目标。
Evidence is the core content of the civil procedure. In the various kinds of evidence, the testimony is an important form of evidence. In common law, the authenticity of testimony is controlled by the rule of admissibility, for the object of justice in dispute settlement. In China, the rule of admissibility is imperfect, as a result, judges own excessive discretion in evidence choosing. For resolving the problem, by researching the rule of admissibility in common law, this article gives some advice for consummate the admissibility in China.
This article includes 4 chapters: the basic problem of admissibility in common law, the problems of admissibility of civil evidence in American statute, the necessity of establishing the rule of admissibility in China, the rule of admissibility and the reform of civil procedure in China.
Chapter one: the basic problem of admissibility in common law. By researching, the extension and meaning of the related concepts are ascertained, and the value of evidence category is defined; the extension of the concept of admissibility is clarified, and the conclusion which the content of admissibility concludes hearsay and opinion only is draw; definitions, rules and exceptions of admissibility are clarified; and the institutional environment of admissibility is researched.
The statutization movement of evidence in American and the special position of the Federal Rule of Evidence is reviewed and introduced in Chapter two. In this chapter, the related statutes of admissibility are researched.
In chapter three: the necessity and feasibility of the establishment of the rule of admissibility in China. In this chapter, discussing the actuality of the civil procedure law and the evidence law in China first; second, demonstrating the necessity of the establishment of a consummate rule of admissibility; in the end, by researching the origin environment of system of the rule of admissibility and the relateed environment of system of civil procedure in China, this part of the thesis demonstrates the necessity of transplanting the rule of admissibility.
The chapter four: the rule of admissibility and the reform of civil procedure in China. Through the discussion in other parts of the thesis therein before, the writer make suggestions of the establishment of the rule of admissibility and of the relate system in China.
The writer believes that the admissibility, origin in common law, by sufficiently researching, discussion and carefully transplantation, will promote the reform of the civil judgment mode in China for the value of justice and benefit in procedure.
本文共分四个部分：英美法中证据可采性规则的基本问题、美国成文法中的民事证据可采性规则、我国建立证据可采性规则的必要性、证据可采性规则和中国的民事诉讼证据改革。
本文第一部分——美国民事诉讼法中证据可采性的基本问题。通过分析，厘清了相关概念的范围及含义，同时明确了英美法中证据的类别及对证据分类的价值；划分了证据可采性概念范围，并得出证据可采性规则的内容仅包括传闻证据和意见证据的结论；明确了传闻证据和意见证据在定义、规则及例外方面的理论问题；对证据可采性的制度环境进行分析。
本文的第二部分对美国证据规则的法典化运动进行了回顾和介绍，并对《美国联邦证据规则》的特殊地位进行了讨论。同时对《美国联邦证据规则》中涉及证据可采性规则的法律条文进行分析。
第三部分主要讨论了我国建立证据可采性规则的必要性和可行性。在这部分中，首先讨论了我国目前民事诉讼法律及证据法律的现状。其次论证了在我国建立完善的证据可采性规则的必要性。最后，通过对证据可采性规则的原生制度环境、我国目前相应的制度环境进行分析，论证了移植证据可采性规则的可行性。
本文第四部分是证据可采性规则和中国的民事诉讼证据改革。通过本文前三部分的论述，作者对在我国的民事证据立法中完善证据可采性规则提出了建议，并对相关的制度的建设提出了设想。
本人相信，源于英美法系的证据可采性规则，经过充分地研究、讨论和谨慎地制度移植过程，一定能有效促进中国民事审判方式改革的深化，实现诉讼公正和效益的价值目标。
Evidence is the core content of the civil procedure. In the various kinds of evidence, the testimony is an important form of evidence. In common law, the authenticity of testimony is controlled by the rule of admissibility, for the object of justice in dispute settlement. In China, the rule of admissibility is imperfect, as a result, judges own excessive discretion in evidence choosing. For resolving the problem, by researching the rule of admissibility in common law, this article gives some advice for consummate the admissibility in China.
This article includes 4 chapters: the basic problem of admissibility in common law, the problems of admissibility of civil evidence in American statute, the necessity of establishing the rule of admissibility in China, the rule of admissibility and the reform of civil procedure in China.
Chapter one: the basic problem of admissibility in common law. By researching, the extension and meaning of the related concepts are ascertained, and the value of evidence category is defined; the extension of the concept of admissibility is clarified, and the conclusion which the content of admissibility concludes hearsay and opinion only is draw; definitions, rules and exceptions of admissibility are clarified; and the institutional environment of admissibility is researched.
The statutization movement of evidence in American and the special position of the Federal Rule of Evidence is reviewed and introduced in Chapter two. In this chapter, the related statutes of admissibility are researched.
In chapter three: the necessity and feasibility of the establishment of the rule of admissibility in China. In this chapter, discussing the actuality of the civil procedure law and the evidence law in China first; second, demonstrating the necessity of the establishment of a consummate rule of admissibility; in the end, by researching the origin environment of system of the rule of admissibility and the relateed environment of system of civil procedure in China, this part of the thesis demonstrates the necessity of transplanting the rule of admissibility.
The chapter four: the rule of admissibility and the reform of civil procedure in China. Through the discussion in other parts of the thesis therein before, the writer make suggestions of the establishment of the rule of admissibility and of the relate system in China.
The writer believes that the admissibility, origin in common law, by sufficiently researching, discussion and carefully transplantation, will promote the reform of the civil judgment mode in China for the value of justice and benefit in procedure.
引文
1、沈达明编著：《比较民事诉讼法初论》(上册)，中信出版社，1991年版。
2、沈达明编著：《比较民事诉讼法初论》(下册)，中信出版社，1991年版。
3、沈达明编著：《英美证据法》，中信出版社，1996年版。
4、刘善春、毕玉谦、郑旭著：《诉讼证据规则研究》，中国法制出版社，2000年版。
5、齐树洁主编，《民事程序法》，厦门大学出版社，1998年版。
6、齐树洁主编，《英国证据法》，厦门大学出版社，2002年版。
7、王亚新著，《对抗与判定：日本民事诉讼的基本结构》，清华大学出版社，2002年版
8、何家弘总主编，《美国证据规则》，中国检察出版社，2003年版。
9、何家弘主编，《证据学论坛》第二卷，中国检察出版社，2000年版
10、何家弘、张卫平主编，《外国证据法选译》（上卷），人民法院出版社，2000年版。
11、何家弘、张卫平主编，《外国证据法选译》（下卷），人民法院出版社，2000年版
12、张卫平主编，《外国民事证据制度研究》，清华大学出版社，2003年版。
13、张卫平主编，《民事诉讼法教程》，法律出版社1998年版
14、周叔厚著，《证据法论》，（台湾）三民书局，1995年版。
15、[美]伯纳德?施瓦茨著，王军等译，《美国法律史》，中国政法大学出版社1990年版。
16、[美]乔恩.R.华尔兹著，何家弘等译，《刑事证据大全》，中国人民公安大学出版社，1993年版。
17、[美]阿瑟(库恩著，陈朝璧译注，《英美法原理》，法律出版社，2002年版。
18、[日]兼子 一、竹下守夫著，白绿铉译，《民事诉讼法》（新版），法律出版社，1995年版。
19、Jack B. Weinstein, John H. Mansfield, Norman Abrams, and Margaret A. Berger, Evidence, Cases and Materials 8th Edition, The Foundation Press Inc. 1988.
20、Jon R. Waltz, Roger C. Park: Cases and Materials on Evidence 8th Edition, The Foundation Press, 1995.
21、David W. Louisell, John Kaplan and Jon R. Waltz, Case and Materials on Evidence, 2nd Editon 1972.
22、Michael H. Graham, Federal Rules of Evidence in a Nutshell（影印版）, 法律出版社，1999年版。
2、沈达明编著：《比较民事诉讼法初论》(下册)，中信出版社，1991年版。
3、沈达明编著：《英美证据法》，中信出版社，1996年版。
4、刘善春、毕玉谦、郑旭著：《诉讼证据规则研究》，中国法制出版社，2000年版。
5、齐树洁主编，《民事程序法》，厦门大学出版社，1998年版。
6、齐树洁主编，《英国证据法》，厦门大学出版社，2002年版。
7、王亚新著，《对抗与判定：日本民事诉讼的基本结构》，清华大学出版社，2002年版
8、何家弘总主编，《美国证据规则》，中国检察出版社，2003年版。
9、何家弘主编，《证据学论坛》第二卷，中国检察出版社，2000年版
10、何家弘、张卫平主编，《外国证据法选译》（上卷），人民法院出版社，2000年版。
11、何家弘、张卫平主编，《外国证据法选译》（下卷），人民法院出版社，2000年版
12、张卫平主编，《外国民事证据制度研究》，清华大学出版社，2003年版。
13、张卫平主编，《民事诉讼法教程》，法律出版社1998年版
14、周叔厚著，《证据法论》，（台湾）三民书局，1995年版。
15、[美]伯纳德?施瓦茨著，王军等译，《美国法律史》，中国政法大学出版社1990年版。
16、[美]乔恩.R.华尔兹著，何家弘等译，《刑事证据大全》，中国人民公安大学出版社，1993年版。
17、[美]阿瑟(库恩著，陈朝璧译注，《英美法原理》，法律出版社，2002年版。
18、[日]兼子 一、竹下守夫著，白绿铉译，《民事诉讼法》（新版），法律出版社，1995年版。
19、Jack B. Weinstein, John H. Mansfield, Norman Abrams, and Margaret A. Berger, Evidence, Cases and Materials 8th Edition, The Foundation Press Inc. 1988.
20、Jon R. Waltz, Roger C. Park: Cases and Materials on Evidence 8th Edition, The Foundation Press, 1995.
21、David W. Louisell, John Kaplan and Jon R. Waltz, Case and Materials on Evidence, 2nd Editon 1972.
22、Michael H. Graham, Federal Rules of Evidence in a Nutshell（影印版）, 法律出版社，1999年版。