超宽带穿墙雷达成像技术研究
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摘要
超宽带穿墙雷达是一种基于超宽带（UWB）技术的短距离目标探测雷达，能够对建筑物或障碍物后隐藏目标进行非入侵式探测、定位、成像、跟踪及识别等，在城区巷战、反恐斗争、人质救援等领域具有广泛的应用前景。为了获得良好的探测性能，成像技术是关键。现有文献大多采用后向投影（BP）算法或延时求和（DAS）波束形成方法，它们利用较少的先验信息就能够快速而简单地实现目标的成像。但是，这些方法存在点扩展函数的主瓣宽度过宽和旁瓣电平过高的问题，会导致系统在分辨率和图像对比度上存在局限。此外，很少有文献涉及到从天线阵列设计和编码脉冲调制方面来改善成像性能。本文紧密围绕超宽带穿墙成像技术的实际问题，对成像算法、多发多收（MIMO）阵列理论与设计、伪混沌脉位调制技术等关键问题进行了深入的研究，为实际系统的设计和应用提供理论指导。本文的具体工作安排如下：
1.分析BP算法和DAS算法成像的原理，指出存在的问题，从稳健自适应波束形成角度提出两种解决方法。方法一：提出了混合稳健Capon波束形成（RCB）和相干系数（CF）加权的超宽带穿墙成像方法，即RCB_CF。该方法根据穿墙电磁传播特性，首先补偿墙体的传播损耗和传播时延以实现接收阵列的数据配准，然后利用RCB提高成像的分辨率，利用改进的CF加权通过凸显同相信号而压制非同相信号提高成像的对比度。方法二：提出了双稳健波束互相关系数加权的超宽带穿墙成像方法。该方法将基阵交替划分为两个子阵，利用双约束稳健Capon波束形成（DRCB）独立估计各子阵波束输出信号，将输出信号求和，取其能量作为像值。另外，根据两个波束的输出信号具有非常相似的主瓣响应和不同旁瓣响应的特点，取它们的互相关系数加权像值，达到减小旁瓣以提高成像对比度的目的。时域有限差分（FDTD）数值仿真和实验数据处理结果验证了两种方法的有效性。
2.从最小均方误差（MMSE）波束形成理论入手，通过分析MMSE波束最优权矢量中的标量系数和CF之间的关系，寻求RCB_CF算法与MMSE波束最优权矢量之间的共性，提出了变尺度MMSE波束形成算法，给出了标量系数加权最小方差波束形成算法的一般形式。针对穿墙探测环境的特殊性，对变尺度MMSE波束形成算法中的参数进行了稳健估计。FDTD数值仿真和实验数据分析了变尺度MMSE波束形成算法用于穿墙成像中的性能。
3.特征空间波束形成器（ESB）利用信号子空间和噪声子空间的正交特性，保留了权矢量在信号子空间中的分量，掘弃了权矢量在噪声子空间中的分量，提高了输出信噪比（SNR），特别适合穿墙成像中噪声的抑制。论文首先分析了ESB算法的性能，指出其用于穿墙成像存在的问题，然后提出了一种ESB_RCB方法。该方法将RCB的权矢量向信号子空间上投影得到其权矢量，不仅保持了RCB算法的高分辨能力，还通过降低噪声分量提高了成像的对比度。FDTD数值仿真和实验数据处理验证了该方法的有效性。
4.利用多发多收（MIMO）天线阵列对UWB穿墙成像系统阵列进行稀疏化处理不失为一种很好的选择。与单发多收（SIMO）天线阵相比，MIMO阵列可以利用相同数量的天线获得更大的阵列孔径和更小的阵元间隔，提供更好的主瓣和旁瓣控制。论文从成像模型入手，讨论了UWB MIMO阵列的等效阵列问题，给出了UWB MIMO阵列的设计方法，通过仿真验证了有效性和在穿墙成像系统中应用的可行性。此外，提出了互相关系数加权稳健Capon波束的UWB MIMO成像算法，FDTD数值仿真和实验结果表明该方法能够获得成像的高分辨和高图像信噪比。
5.为了提高目标探测能力，冲激脉冲体制的超宽带穿墙雷达通常采取发射周期脉冲串信号，在接收端进行多脉冲积累的方法。针对发射周期脉冲串信号存在距离模糊和抗窄带干扰能力相对较差等问题，提出了伪混沌脉位调制UWB脉冲雷达体制。论文根据超宽带信号模糊函数的定义，推导了伪混沌脉位调制脉冲串信号模糊函数的数学表达式以分析距离模糊性，此外分析了窄带干扰抑制能力。通过建立的穿墙室内目标多径散射模型，仿真分析了伪混沌脉位调制脉冲串信号用于穿墙雷达的目标探测能力、抗干扰性能和成像效果，并与单脉冲信号、周期脉冲串信号进行了比较。对于室内复杂的多径散射模型，往往会有多径信号产生的虚假目标，通过分析它的特征提出一种多视角成像数据融合的抑制方法。FDTD仿真数据验证了方法的有效性。
Ultrawideband through-the-wall radar (TWR) is a kind of short-range surveillanceradar based on UWB technology. The capabilities of electromagnetic waves to penetratethrough nonmetallic materials provide a unique opportunity to detect, localize, image,track, and identify hidden objects behind the buildings or the barriers, with a wide rangeof applications in urban-warefare, anti-terrorism situations, hostage rescue situations,and other fields. In order to achieve good surveillance performace, imaging targets is animportant aspect. There are lots of algorithms proposed for through the wall radarimaging. Most of these algorithms are based on the back projection (BP) algorithm ordelay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming method, which can fast and simply image hiddentargets with a little prior knowledges. However, these methods with the wide mainlobeand high sidelobe level of the point spread functions (PSF) suffer from low imagingresolution and contrast. On the other hand, there are few articles on design of theantenna array and coded pulse modulation technology for improving through-the-wallimaging quality. This thesis thoroughly investigates the challenging problem of UWBthrough the wall imaging technology in the terms of imaging algorithms, MIMOantenna array theory and design, and pseudo chaotic pulse position modulationtechnology, which povide theoretical guidance for through-the-wall radar system designand application. The main content of this thesis can be summarized as follows:
1. The principle of BP algorithm and DAS beamforming in through-the-wall radarimaging is analyzed, and the causes of problems of these algorithms are pointed. Twodifferent solutions to this problem based on the robust adaptive beamforming areaddressed. Firstly, an ultrawideband through-the-wall imaging algorithm that combinesthe robust Capon beamforming (RCB) with coherence factor (CF) weighting, namelyRCB_CF, is proposed. The received signals from all channels are alligned bycompensating for geometric attenutation, wall propagation attenutation and refractioneffects. Then RCB can improve the image quality in terms of resolution, and modifiedCF weighting can improve contrast and sidelobes by emphasizing the in-phase signalsand reducing the out-of-phase ones. Therefore, RCB_CF method results in simultaneousimprovement of imaging resolution and contrast, outperforming both BP algorithm andDAS beamformer. The other algorithm is an ultrawideband through-the-wall imagingmethod using cross-correlation weight of dual constrained robust beamforming (DRCB).Array is divided two subarrays alternately, and DRCB is applied to estimate the beamformings output signal each of two subarrays. The energy of their sum is regardedas pixel value in order to achieve higher resolution and much better interferencesuppression capabilities. Because these two beamformers give a well-correlatedmainlobe response and a different or uncorrelated sidelobe response, thecross-correlated coefficient of two beamformings output signals is weighted for eachpixel to suppress sidelobe so as to significantly improve constrast. The excellentperformance of the proposed methods is demonstrated by finite difference of time
domain (FDTD) numerical simulations and the experimentally measured data results.2. By observing the relation between the scalar factor of the minimum meansquared error (MMSE) beamforming weights and CF used for sidelobe suppression, andfinding the connection between RCB_CF method and MMSE beamfoming algorithm, ascaled MMSE beamforming is proposed. Due to the inhomogeneous wall medium,errors in antenna positions, quantization effects, etc, the robust estimation methods ofunknown parameters of a scaled MMSE beamforming are presented, and a generalformula of the scalar factor weighting a minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR) beamforming is given. The effectiveness of the proposed beamformer isdemonstrated in though-the-wall imaging by FDTD numerical simulations and the
experimentally measured data.3. The weight vector of thr eigenspace-based beamformer (ESB) is obtained byprojecting the weight vector of minimum-variance beamformer onto the signal subspaceof the measurement covariance matrix. The projection removes a residual noise-subspace componenet that considerably degrades the signal-to-noise (SNR) of thebeamformer output. Therefore, the ESB produces a SNR significantly higher than thatfrom minimum-variance beamformer, thus, it is a suitable method for noise suppressionin through-the-wall imaging. We analyze the performances of ESB, and point out theproblems of ESB adapted to through-the-wall imaging. Herein, ESB_RCB algorithm isproposed. The weight vector of the ESB_RCB is calculated by projecting the RCBweight vector with aiming at robustness against both finite-sample effects and steeringvector mismatches, onto a signal subspace constructed from the eigenstructure of theloaded sample covariance matrix. We show that the ESB_RCB method effectivelyreduces noise and enhances the contrast while the high resolution of RCB is retained.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in FDTD numerical simulations
and the experimentally measured data.4. The configuration of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array is a goodchoice of a sparse aperture array for UWB through-the-wall imaging system. MIMO array can achieve higher cross resolution and lower sidelobe level because it can getlarger array aperture and smaller array element spacing with the same number ofelements as the conventional single-input multiple-output (SIMO) array. According tothe imaging model, an equivalent array for UWB MIMO antenna arrays is analyzed andthe design strategies for UWB MIMO array are given. Simulation results demostrate theeffectiveness of the design strategies and the feasibility of their application inthrough-the-wall imaging system. In addition, UWB MIMO imaging algorithms usingcross-correlation coefficient weighting robust Capon beamforming is proposed. Theimaging results show that the proposed method can achieve high resolution andsignal-to-noise ratio in the image by FDTD numerical simulations and theexperimentally measured data.
5. UWB impulse through-the-wall radar usually transmits pulse trains of verysmall width at regular intervals in time. However, it has range ambiguity and relativelypoor anti-narrowband-interference ability. The pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulatedUWB radar system is proposed to solve these problems. An analytical expression of theambiguity function for the pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulated ultrawidebandpulses is derived, and the range ambiguous characteristics are investigated. Thecapability of rejecting narrowband interference is also analyzed, which can provide atheoretical guidance for waveform design and performance analysis of through-the-wallradar system. A multipath scattering in an enclosed room comprising four walls ismodeled. The target detection capability, performace in narrowband interferenceenvironment, and imaging results of the pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulatedtechnique are analyzed compared with the single pulse system and pulse trains system atregular intervals. In addition, when imaging targets inside a room, the interference ofmultipath will cause ghosts into the image, which can deteriorate the detection of target.We show that the aspect dependence feature of multipath ghosts is found inthrough-the-wall images. An image fusion method from multiple-view imaging isdeveloped for the suppression of ghosts in through-the-wall radar imaging. Validation ofthe proposed method with FDTD simulation data is provided.
1.分析BP算法和DAS算法成像的原理，指出存在的问题，从稳健自适应波束形成角度提出两种解决方法。方法一：提出了混合稳健Capon波束形成（RCB）和相干系数（CF）加权的超宽带穿墙成像方法，即RCB_CF。该方法根据穿墙电磁传播特性，首先补偿墙体的传播损耗和传播时延以实现接收阵列的数据配准，然后利用RCB提高成像的分辨率，利用改进的CF加权通过凸显同相信号而压制非同相信号提高成像的对比度。方法二：提出了双稳健波束互相关系数加权的超宽带穿墙成像方法。该方法将基阵交替划分为两个子阵，利用双约束稳健Capon波束形成（DRCB）独立估计各子阵波束输出信号，将输出信号求和，取其能量作为像值。另外，根据两个波束的输出信号具有非常相似的主瓣响应和不同旁瓣响应的特点，取它们的互相关系数加权像值，达到减小旁瓣以提高成像对比度的目的。时域有限差分（FDTD）数值仿真和实验数据处理结果验证了两种方法的有效性。
2.从最小均方误差（MMSE）波束形成理论入手，通过分析MMSE波束最优权矢量中的标量系数和CF之间的关系，寻求RCB_CF算法与MMSE波束最优权矢量之间的共性，提出了变尺度MMSE波束形成算法，给出了标量系数加权最小方差波束形成算法的一般形式。针对穿墙探测环境的特殊性，对变尺度MMSE波束形成算法中的参数进行了稳健估计。FDTD数值仿真和实验数据分析了变尺度MMSE波束形成算法用于穿墙成像中的性能。
3.特征空间波束形成器（ESB）利用信号子空间和噪声子空间的正交特性，保留了权矢量在信号子空间中的分量，掘弃了权矢量在噪声子空间中的分量，提高了输出信噪比（SNR），特别适合穿墙成像中噪声的抑制。论文首先分析了ESB算法的性能，指出其用于穿墙成像存在的问题，然后提出了一种ESB_RCB方法。该方法将RCB的权矢量向信号子空间上投影得到其权矢量，不仅保持了RCB算法的高分辨能力，还通过降低噪声分量提高了成像的对比度。FDTD数值仿真和实验数据处理验证了该方法的有效性。
4.利用多发多收（MIMO）天线阵列对UWB穿墙成像系统阵列进行稀疏化处理不失为一种很好的选择。与单发多收（SIMO）天线阵相比，MIMO阵列可以利用相同数量的天线获得更大的阵列孔径和更小的阵元间隔，提供更好的主瓣和旁瓣控制。论文从成像模型入手，讨论了UWB MIMO阵列的等效阵列问题，给出了UWB MIMO阵列的设计方法，通过仿真验证了有效性和在穿墙成像系统中应用的可行性。此外，提出了互相关系数加权稳健Capon波束的UWB MIMO成像算法，FDTD数值仿真和实验结果表明该方法能够获得成像的高分辨和高图像信噪比。
5.为了提高目标探测能力，冲激脉冲体制的超宽带穿墙雷达通常采取发射周期脉冲串信号，在接收端进行多脉冲积累的方法。针对发射周期脉冲串信号存在距离模糊和抗窄带干扰能力相对较差等问题，提出了伪混沌脉位调制UWB脉冲雷达体制。论文根据超宽带信号模糊函数的定义，推导了伪混沌脉位调制脉冲串信号模糊函数的数学表达式以分析距离模糊性，此外分析了窄带干扰抑制能力。通过建立的穿墙室内目标多径散射模型，仿真分析了伪混沌脉位调制脉冲串信号用于穿墙雷达的目标探测能力、抗干扰性能和成像效果，并与单脉冲信号、周期脉冲串信号进行了比较。对于室内复杂的多径散射模型，往往会有多径信号产生的虚假目标，通过分析它的特征提出一种多视角成像数据融合的抑制方法。FDTD仿真数据验证了方法的有效性。
Ultrawideband through-the-wall radar (TWR) is a kind of short-range surveillanceradar based on UWB technology. The capabilities of electromagnetic waves to penetratethrough nonmetallic materials provide a unique opportunity to detect, localize, image,track, and identify hidden objects behind the buildings or the barriers, with a wide rangeof applications in urban-warefare, anti-terrorism situations, hostage rescue situations,and other fields. In order to achieve good surveillance performace, imaging targets is animportant aspect. There are lots of algorithms proposed for through the wall radarimaging. Most of these algorithms are based on the back projection (BP) algorithm ordelay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming method, which can fast and simply image hiddentargets with a little prior knowledges. However, these methods with the wide mainlobeand high sidelobe level of the point spread functions (PSF) suffer from low imagingresolution and contrast. On the other hand, there are few articles on design of theantenna array and coded pulse modulation technology for improving through-the-wallimaging quality. This thesis thoroughly investigates the challenging problem of UWBthrough the wall imaging technology in the terms of imaging algorithms, MIMOantenna array theory and design, and pseudo chaotic pulse position modulationtechnology, which povide theoretical guidance for through-the-wall radar system designand application. The main content of this thesis can be summarized as follows:
1. The principle of BP algorithm and DAS beamforming in through-the-wall radarimaging is analyzed, and the causes of problems of these algorithms are pointed. Twodifferent solutions to this problem based on the robust adaptive beamforming areaddressed. Firstly, an ultrawideband through-the-wall imaging algorithm that combinesthe robust Capon beamforming (RCB) with coherence factor (CF) weighting, namelyRCB_CF, is proposed. The received signals from all channels are alligned bycompensating for geometric attenutation, wall propagation attenutation and refractioneffects. Then RCB can improve the image quality in terms of resolution, and modifiedCF weighting can improve contrast and sidelobes by emphasizing the in-phase signalsand reducing the out-of-phase ones. Therefore, RCB_CF method results in simultaneousimprovement of imaging resolution and contrast, outperforming both BP algorithm andDAS beamformer. The other algorithm is an ultrawideband through-the-wall imagingmethod using cross-correlation weight of dual constrained robust beamforming (DRCB).Array is divided two subarrays alternately, and DRCB is applied to estimate the beamformings output signal each of two subarrays. The energy of their sum is regardedas pixel value in order to achieve higher resolution and much better interferencesuppression capabilities. Because these two beamformers give a well-correlatedmainlobe response and a different or uncorrelated sidelobe response, thecross-correlated coefficient of two beamformings output signals is weighted for eachpixel to suppress sidelobe so as to significantly improve constrast. The excellentperformance of the proposed methods is demonstrated by finite difference of time
domain (FDTD) numerical simulations and the experimentally measured data results.2. By observing the relation between the scalar factor of the minimum meansquared error (MMSE) beamforming weights and CF used for sidelobe suppression, andfinding the connection between RCB_CF method and MMSE beamfoming algorithm, ascaled MMSE beamforming is proposed. Due to the inhomogeneous wall medium,errors in antenna positions, quantization effects, etc, the robust estimation methods ofunknown parameters of a scaled MMSE beamforming are presented, and a generalformula of the scalar factor weighting a minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR) beamforming is given. The effectiveness of the proposed beamformer isdemonstrated in though-the-wall imaging by FDTD numerical simulations and the
experimentally measured data.3. The weight vector of thr eigenspace-based beamformer (ESB) is obtained byprojecting the weight vector of minimum-variance beamformer onto the signal subspaceof the measurement covariance matrix. The projection removes a residual noise-subspace componenet that considerably degrades the signal-to-noise (SNR) of thebeamformer output. Therefore, the ESB produces a SNR significantly higher than thatfrom minimum-variance beamformer, thus, it is a suitable method for noise suppressionin through-the-wall imaging. We analyze the performances of ESB, and point out theproblems of ESB adapted to through-the-wall imaging. Herein, ESB_RCB algorithm isproposed. The weight vector of the ESB_RCB is calculated by projecting the RCBweight vector with aiming at robustness against both finite-sample effects and steeringvector mismatches, onto a signal subspace constructed from the eigenstructure of theloaded sample covariance matrix. We show that the ESB_RCB method effectivelyreduces noise and enhances the contrast while the high resolution of RCB is retained.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in FDTD numerical simulations
and the experimentally measured data.4. The configuration of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array is a goodchoice of a sparse aperture array for UWB through-the-wall imaging system. MIMO array can achieve higher cross resolution and lower sidelobe level because it can getlarger array aperture and smaller array element spacing with the same number ofelements as the conventional single-input multiple-output (SIMO) array. According tothe imaging model, an equivalent array for UWB MIMO antenna arrays is analyzed andthe design strategies for UWB MIMO array are given. Simulation results demostrate theeffectiveness of the design strategies and the feasibility of their application inthrough-the-wall imaging system. In addition, UWB MIMO imaging algorithms usingcross-correlation coefficient weighting robust Capon beamforming is proposed. Theimaging results show that the proposed method can achieve high resolution andsignal-to-noise ratio in the image by FDTD numerical simulations and theexperimentally measured data.
5. UWB impulse through-the-wall radar usually transmits pulse trains of verysmall width at regular intervals in time. However, it has range ambiguity and relativelypoor anti-narrowband-interference ability. The pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulatedUWB radar system is proposed to solve these problems. An analytical expression of theambiguity function for the pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulated ultrawidebandpulses is derived, and the range ambiguous characteristics are investigated. Thecapability of rejecting narrowband interference is also analyzed, which can provide atheoretical guidance for waveform design and performance analysis of through-the-wallradar system. A multipath scattering in an enclosed room comprising four walls ismodeled. The target detection capability, performace in narrowband interferenceenvironment, and imaging results of the pseudo chaotic pulse-position-modulatedtechnique are analyzed compared with the single pulse system and pulse trains system atregular intervals. In addition, when imaging targets inside a room, the interference ofmultipath will cause ghosts into the image, which can deteriorate the detection of target.We show that the aspect dependence feature of multipath ghosts is found inthrough-the-wall images. An image fusion method from multiple-view imaging isdeveloped for the suppression of ghosts in through-the-wall radar imaging. Validation ofthe proposed method with FDTD simulation data is provided.
引文
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