90种植物精油对水果防腐保鲜活性的筛选
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摘要
为寻找低毒、安全、高效和使用方便的水果防腐剂和保鲜剂,本文以90种植物精油为供试材料,以熏蒸处理果实的方法对杏和猕猴桃的保鲜作用做了研究;以意大利青霉Penicillium italicum为供试菌种,用培养基加药法对90种植物精油进行了抑菌活性筛选,分别用培养基加药法和熏蒸法测定了高抑菌活性植物精油对意大利青霉Penicillium italicum抑制菌丝生长的毒力,并以浸泡和熏蒸的方法研究了其活体防治效果;用浸泡涂膜和熏蒸的方法进行了肉桂醛及其复配剂对柑橘和草莓的贮藏防腐试验。主要结论如下:
(1)在室温(20～25℃)下以20μl·L~(-1)熏蒸72小时处理杏和猕猴桃,室温贮藏,供试精油对水果的保鲜作用不明显。
(2)离体条件下,以意大利青霉Penicillium italicum为供试菌种,筛选到抑菌作用较强11种植物精油:八角茴香油、百里香油、丁香罗勒油、丁香叶油、柠檬草油、柠檬醛、肉桂精油、肉桂醛、山苍子精油、香叶醇和月桂叶油,培养基加药法测定毒力以丁香叶油最好,EC50为149.24μl·L~(-1);熏蒸法测定毒力以百里香油最好,EC50为25.69μl·L~(-1)。11种植物精油对指状青霉Penicillium digitatum、灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea、粉红聚端孢Trichothecium roseum、胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和蒂腐色二孢菌Diaporthe medusaea (Nitsehke)也有不同程度的抑菌作用。11种植物精油均对灰葡萄孢最为敏感。
(3)离体条件下,熏蒸法测定的毒力显著强于培养基加药法测定的毒力。百里香油对意大利青霉Penicillium italicum熏蒸EC50为25.69μl·L~(-1),培养基加药法测定时其EC50为234.81μl·L~(-1)。
(4)活体浸泡试验表明,八角茴香等11种植物精油对柑橘青霉病Penicillium italicum的治疗效果均显著好于保护效果。其中以肉桂醛效果最好,1000μl·L~(-1)浓度浸泡10分钟,治疗效果为59.14%,保护效果为20.01%。
(5)肉桂醛对柑橘青霉病Penicillium italicum的活体试验表明,浸泡使用和熏蒸使用均能够取得较好的防治效果。浸泡时间越长,保护效果和治疗效果均越好。在2000μl·L~(-1)浓度下,浸果10、20和30分钟的保护效果分别为34.26%、43.83%和56.17%,浸泡3、5和7分钟的治疗效果分别为61.70%、83.59%和95.04%,但浸泡时间长于11分钟时会对柑橘果实产生药害。熏蒸使用能够取得更好的防治效果, 35μl·L~(-1)和50μl·L~(-1)熏蒸防治效果分别可达79.45%和91.91%,但熏蒸浓度大于40μl·L~(-1)时会对柑橘果实产生药害。
(6)贮藏防腐试验表明,肉桂醛单独浸泡柑橘和草莓均不能取得较好的防腐效果,但肉桂醛单独熏蒸草莓能够取得较好的防腐效果。10%肉桂醛50倍液浸泡柑橘贮藏40天好果率为43.06%,对照为38.74%;10%肉桂醛66.67倍液、100倍液和200倍液浸泡草莓贮藏10天,好果率分别为26.34%、32.46%和31.90%,对照为22.38%。
(7)贮藏防腐试验表明,肉桂醛结合壳聚糖涂膜使用对水果能够取得较好的防腐保鲜作用。对柑橘保鲜试验中,10%肉桂醛100倍液、2%丙烷脒100倍和1%壳聚糖的混用浸泡涂膜柑橘时,好果率为73.08%,对照为38.74%;10%肉桂醛200倍结合1.0%壳聚糖混用处理草莓的好果率为55.74%,对照为22.38%。
肉桂醛具有低毒、安全、成本低和芳香气味等优点,作为一种安全的天然源物质,有望开发为一种植物源防腐剂。
In this paper, the fresh-keeping and antifungal effectiveness of 90 essential oils on postharvest fruits were conducted at room temperature. Firstly, the fresh-keeping activity of tested essential oils on postharvest apricot and kiwifruits was researched by the fumigation method. And we studied the inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium italicum of 90 essential oils. Then the control effects in vivo and the antiseptic effects of cinnamaldehyde on postharvest fruits were researched. The primary conclusions were as follows:
(1) Tested essential oils have no obvious fresh-keeping effect on postharvest apricot and kiwifruits at room temperature.
(2) 11 essential oils had better inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium italicum than other oils. They were star anise oil, thyme oil, clove basil oil, clove leaf oil, lemon grass oil, citral, cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde , litsea essential oil, geraniol and laurel leaf oil. Clove leaf oil has the highest contact phase effect and its EC50 is 149.24μl·L~(-1). Thyme oil has the highest volatile phase effect and its EC50 is 25.69μl·L~(-1).These 11 essential oils also have inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium digitatum, Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Diaporthe medusaea (Nitsehke), especially to the Botrytis cinerea.
(3) Volatile phase effects of tested essential oils is significantly higher than their contact phase effects. The EC50 of volatile phase effect of thyme oil is 25.69μl·L~(-1), and its EC50 of contact phase effect is 234.81μl·L~(-1).
(4) The result in vivo showed that their therapeutic effects against Penicillium italicum is significantly higher than protective effects. Cinnamaldehyde has the highest control effect against the Penicillium italicum on orange. At the concentration of 1000μl·L~(-1), its therapeutic effect against Penicillium italicum on orange by means of soaking method is 59.14% and its protective effect is 20.01%.
(5) The control effects in vivo showed that the preservative effects of cinnamaldehyde against against Penicillium italicum on roange is good by means of soaking or fumigation. The longer soaking time, the better therapeutic effect and protective effect. When soaking time is 10, 20 and 30 minutes at the concentration of 2000μl·L~(-1), their protective effects are 34.26%, 43.83% and 56.17% respectively. When soaking time is 3, 5 and 7 minutes at the same concentration, their therapeutic effects are 61.70%, 83.59% and 95.04% respectively. Fruit can be injured if the soaking time is longer than 11 minutes. The control effect of fumigation is better than that of soaking. At the concentration of 35μl·L~(-1) and 50μl·L~(-1), control effects are 79.45% and 91.91% respectively. Fruit can be injured if the fumigation concentration is higher than 40μl·L~(-1).
(6) The result in postharvest storage showed that the effects of inhibiting fungal decay on citrus fruits and strawberries are not significant when fruits are soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde alone. But the preservative effects is significant good by fumigation. When citrus fruits were soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde at the concentration of 2000μl·L~(-1), the rate of sound fruit is 43.06% after 40 days while the CK is 38.74%. soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde at the concentration of 1000μl·L~(-1) and 500μl·L~(-1) separately, the rates of sound fruit of strawberry are 32.46% and 31.90% separately while the CK is 22.38%.
(7) The result in postharvest storage showed that the effects of the cinnamaldehyde treatments in combination with chitosan were better than that of cinnamaldehyde treatments alone. When citrus fruits were treated in combination with cinnamaldehyde, chitosan and propamidine, the rate of sound fruit is 73.08% while the CK is 38.74%. When strawberry wre treated in combination with cinnamaldehyde and chitosan, the rate of sound fruit is 55.74% while the CK is 22.38%.
Cinnamaldehyde is low toxic, safe, cheap and ordorus. Being a safe material, it can be used for natural preservative in fruit and vegetable storage.
(1)在室温(20～25℃)下以20μl·L~(-1)熏蒸72小时处理杏和猕猴桃,室温贮藏,供试精油对水果的保鲜作用不明显。
(2)离体条件下,以意大利青霉Penicillium italicum为供试菌种,筛选到抑菌作用较强11种植物精油:八角茴香油、百里香油、丁香罗勒油、丁香叶油、柠檬草油、柠檬醛、肉桂精油、肉桂醛、山苍子精油、香叶醇和月桂叶油,培养基加药法测定毒力以丁香叶油最好,EC50为149.24μl·L~(-1);熏蒸法测定毒力以百里香油最好,EC50为25.69μl·L~(-1)。11种植物精油对指状青霉Penicillium digitatum、灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea、粉红聚端孢Trichothecium roseum、胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和蒂腐色二孢菌Diaporthe medusaea (Nitsehke)也有不同程度的抑菌作用。11种植物精油均对灰葡萄孢最为敏感。
(3)离体条件下,熏蒸法测定的毒力显著强于培养基加药法测定的毒力。百里香油对意大利青霉Penicillium italicum熏蒸EC50为25.69μl·L~(-1),培养基加药法测定时其EC50为234.81μl·L~(-1)。
(4)活体浸泡试验表明,八角茴香等11种植物精油对柑橘青霉病Penicillium italicum的治疗效果均显著好于保护效果。其中以肉桂醛效果最好,1000μl·L~(-1)浓度浸泡10分钟,治疗效果为59.14%,保护效果为20.01%。
(5)肉桂醛对柑橘青霉病Penicillium italicum的活体试验表明,浸泡使用和熏蒸使用均能够取得较好的防治效果。浸泡时间越长,保护效果和治疗效果均越好。在2000μl·L~(-1)浓度下,浸果10、20和30分钟的保护效果分别为34.26%、43.83%和56.17%,浸泡3、5和7分钟的治疗效果分别为61.70%、83.59%和95.04%,但浸泡时间长于11分钟时会对柑橘果实产生药害。熏蒸使用能够取得更好的防治效果, 35μl·L~(-1)和50μl·L~(-1)熏蒸防治效果分别可达79.45%和91.91%,但熏蒸浓度大于40μl·L~(-1)时会对柑橘果实产生药害。
(6)贮藏防腐试验表明,肉桂醛单独浸泡柑橘和草莓均不能取得较好的防腐效果,但肉桂醛单独熏蒸草莓能够取得较好的防腐效果。10%肉桂醛50倍液浸泡柑橘贮藏40天好果率为43.06%,对照为38.74%;10%肉桂醛66.67倍液、100倍液和200倍液浸泡草莓贮藏10天,好果率分别为26.34%、32.46%和31.90%,对照为22.38%。
(7)贮藏防腐试验表明,肉桂醛结合壳聚糖涂膜使用对水果能够取得较好的防腐保鲜作用。对柑橘保鲜试验中,10%肉桂醛100倍液、2%丙烷脒100倍和1%壳聚糖的混用浸泡涂膜柑橘时,好果率为73.08%,对照为38.74%;10%肉桂醛200倍结合1.0%壳聚糖混用处理草莓的好果率为55.74%,对照为22.38%。
肉桂醛具有低毒、安全、成本低和芳香气味等优点,作为一种安全的天然源物质,有望开发为一种植物源防腐剂。
In this paper, the fresh-keeping and antifungal effectiveness of 90 essential oils on postharvest fruits were conducted at room temperature. Firstly, the fresh-keeping activity of tested essential oils on postharvest apricot and kiwifruits was researched by the fumigation method. And we studied the inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium italicum of 90 essential oils. Then the control effects in vivo and the antiseptic effects of cinnamaldehyde on postharvest fruits were researched. The primary conclusions were as follows:
(1) Tested essential oils have no obvious fresh-keeping effect on postharvest apricot and kiwifruits at room temperature.
(2) 11 essential oils had better inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium italicum than other oils. They were star anise oil, thyme oil, clove basil oil, clove leaf oil, lemon grass oil, citral, cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde , litsea essential oil, geraniol and laurel leaf oil. Clove leaf oil has the highest contact phase effect and its EC50 is 149.24μl·L~(-1). Thyme oil has the highest volatile phase effect and its EC50 is 25.69μl·L~(-1).These 11 essential oils also have inhibitory effects against mycelia growth of Penicillium digitatum, Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Diaporthe medusaea (Nitsehke), especially to the Botrytis cinerea.
(3) Volatile phase effects of tested essential oils is significantly higher than their contact phase effects. The EC50 of volatile phase effect of thyme oil is 25.69μl·L~(-1), and its EC50 of contact phase effect is 234.81μl·L~(-1).
(4) The result in vivo showed that their therapeutic effects against Penicillium italicum is significantly higher than protective effects. Cinnamaldehyde has the highest control effect against the Penicillium italicum on orange. At the concentration of 1000μl·L~(-1), its therapeutic effect against Penicillium italicum on orange by means of soaking method is 59.14% and its protective effect is 20.01%.
(5) The control effects in vivo showed that the preservative effects of cinnamaldehyde against against Penicillium italicum on roange is good by means of soaking or fumigation. The longer soaking time, the better therapeutic effect and protective effect. When soaking time is 10, 20 and 30 minutes at the concentration of 2000μl·L~(-1), their protective effects are 34.26%, 43.83% and 56.17% respectively. When soaking time is 3, 5 and 7 minutes at the same concentration, their therapeutic effects are 61.70%, 83.59% and 95.04% respectively. Fruit can be injured if the soaking time is longer than 11 minutes. The control effect of fumigation is better than that of soaking. At the concentration of 35μl·L~(-1) and 50μl·L~(-1), control effects are 79.45% and 91.91% respectively. Fruit can be injured if the fumigation concentration is higher than 40μl·L~(-1).
(6) The result in postharvest storage showed that the effects of inhibiting fungal decay on citrus fruits and strawberries are not significant when fruits are soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde alone. But the preservative effects is significant good by fumigation. When citrus fruits were soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde at the concentration of 2000μl·L~(-1), the rate of sound fruit is 43.06% after 40 days while the CK is 38.74%. soaked by the liquid of cinnamaldehyde at the concentration of 1000μl·L~(-1) and 500μl·L~(-1) separately, the rates of sound fruit of strawberry are 32.46% and 31.90% separately while the CK is 22.38%.
(7) The result in postharvest storage showed that the effects of the cinnamaldehyde treatments in combination with chitosan were better than that of cinnamaldehyde treatments alone. When citrus fruits were treated in combination with cinnamaldehyde, chitosan and propamidine, the rate of sound fruit is 73.08% while the CK is 38.74%. When strawberry wre treated in combination with cinnamaldehyde and chitosan, the rate of sound fruit is 55.74% while the CK is 22.38%.
Cinnamaldehyde is low toxic, safe, cheap and ordorus. Being a safe material, it can be used for natural preservative in fruit and vegetable storage.
引文
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周炼,韩爱华,王日葵. 2007.几种保鲜药在柑橘贮藏中的防病效果.西南师范大学学报,32(5):43-45
Akgül A , Kivanc M, 1988. Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some food-borne fungi. Int J Food Microbiol, 6: 263-268
Arras G, Grella G E. 1992. Wild thyme, Thymus capitatus, essential oil seasonal changes and antmycotic activity. J Horticultural Sci, 67(2): 197-202
Azzouz M A, Bullerman L B, 1982. Comparative antimycotic effects of selected herbs, spices, plant components and commercial antungal agents. J Food Protect, 45(14): 1298-1301
Barel S, 1991. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from A chillea fragrantissima. J Ethno Pharmacol, 33(1/2): 187-191
Benhamou N, Lafontaine P J, Nicole M. 1994. Induction of systemic resistance to fusarium crown and root rot in tomato to plants by seed treatment with chitosan. Phytopathology, 84(12): 1432-1444
Bishop C D, 1995. Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel (tea tree) against tobacco mosaic virus. J Essent Oil Res, 7: 641-644
Chu C L, Liu W T, Zhou T, 2001. Fumigation of sweet cherries with thymol and acetic acid to reduce postharvest brown rot and blue mold rot. Fruits. Can J Plant Sci, 56: 123-130
Chu C L, Liu W T, Zhou T, Tsao R, 1999. Control of postharvest gray mold rot of modified atmosphere packaged sweet cherries by fumigation with thymol and acetic acid. Can J Plant Sci, 79: 685-689
Cosentino S, Tuberoso C I G, Pisano B, Satta M, Mascia B, Arzedi E, Palmas F, 1999. In Vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29: 130-135
Couey H M. 1989. Heat treatment for control of postharvest diseases and insect pests of fruits. Hor-Science,24(2): 198-202
Creelman R A, Mullet J E, 1997. Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol Biol, 48: 355-381
Deans S G, Ritchie G, 1987. Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol, 5: 165-180
Dixit S N, Chandra H, Tiwari R, Dixit V, 1995. Development of botanical fungicide against blue mold of mandarins. J Stored Prod Res, 31: 165-172
Droby S, Cohen L, Daus A, Weiss B, Horev B, Chalutz E, Katz H, Keren-Tzur M, Shac-hnai A, 1998.
Commercial testing of Aspire: a yeast preparation for the biological control of postharvest decay of citrus. Biological control, 12: 97-101
Dubey N K, Kishore N, 1988. Exploitation of higher plant products as natural fumigants. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Plant Pathology. Kyoto: Japan: 423
E Mine Soylu. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agaent Phytophthora infestans. Mycopathologia, (6): 119-128
El Ghaouth A, Arul J, Asselin A. 1992. Antifungal activity of chitosan on two postharvest pathogens of strawberry fruits. Phytopathology, 82: 398-402
El Ghaouth A, Arul J, Ponnampalam R, Boulet M. 1991. Chitosan coating effect on storability and quality of fresh strawberries. J Food Science, 56(6): 1618-1620
Faleiro M L, Miguel M G, Ladeiro F, Vennancio F, Tavares R, Brito J C, Figueiredo A C, Barroso J G, Pedro L G, 2002. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from Portuguese endemic species of Thymus. Lett Appl Microbiol, 36: 35-40
Hammer K A, Carson C F, Riley T V, 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol, 86: 985-990
Hartmans K J, Diepenhorst P, Bakker W, Gorris L G M, 1995. The use of carvone in agriculture, sprout suppression of potatoes and antifungal activity against potato tuber and other plant diseases. Ind Crops Prod. 4: 3-13
Jayashree T, Subramanyam C, 1999. Aantiaflaroxigenic activity of eugenol is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 28: 179-183
Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai m, 2000. Compostition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. J Essential oil Res, 12: 516-522
Liu W T, Chu C L, Zhou T, 2002. Thymol and acetic acid vapors reduce postharvest brown rot of apricot and plums. Hort Sci, 37: 151-156
Mari M, Bertolini P, Pratella G C, 2003. Non-conventional methods for the control of postharvest pear diseases. J Appl. Microbiol, 94: 761-766
Marotti M, Piccaglia R, Giovanelli E, 1994. Effects of planting time and its mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Flavour Frag J, 9: 125-129
Maruzzella J C, Balter J. 1959. Plant Research Peport. Plant Research, 43(15): 1143-1147
McGimpsey J A, Douglas M H, Van Klink J L, Beauregard D A, Perry N B, 1994. Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thyums Vulgaris L. In New Zealand. Flavour frag J, 9: 347-352Mishra A K, Dubey N K, 1994. Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterionration of stored food commodities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60: 1101-1105
Moline H E, Buta J G, Saftner R A, Aass J L. 1997. Comparison of three volatile natural products for the reduction of postharvest diseases in strawberries. Adv Strawberry Res, 16: 43-48
Mourey A, Canillac N,2002. Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of essential oil components of conifers. Food Control, 13: 289-292
Nussionolitch A, Lurie S et al. 1995. Edible coatings for fruits and vegetables. Postharvest News and Information, 6(4): 53-57
Oosterhaven J, 1995a. Different aspects of S-carvone—a natural potato sprout growth inhibitor. Thesis, Landbouw university, Wageningen, Cipdata Konin KLIJE Bibliotheek Den Haag,152
Oosterhaven K, Poolman B, Smid E J, 1995b. S-carvone as a natural potato sprout inhibiting, fungistatic and bacteristatic compound. Ind Crops Prod. 4: 23-31
Oshita S. 1996. Storage of broccoli by making the water structured. Korea, Proc International Conference on Agriculture Machinery Engineering, 918-925
Pusey P L, Hotchkiss M W, Dulmage H T, Baumgardner R A, Zehr E I, Reilly C, Wilson C L. 1988. Pilot tests for commercial production and application of Bacillus subtilis (B-3) for postharvest control of peach brown rot. Plant Disease, 72: 622-626
Smid E J, White Y, de Vrees O, Gorris L M G, 1994. Use of secondary plant metabolites for the control of postharvest fungal diseases on flower bulbs. Acta Hort, 368: 523-530
Tanaka H. 1995. Hydrophobic hydration of inert gases ,thermodynamic properties, inherent structures and normal-mode analysis. J Chem Phys, (5): 3719-3727
Tiwari R, MISHRA D N, Upadhyay P S, 1988. Efficacy of some plant volatiles for the control of back mould of onion caused by Aspergillus niger Van-Tiegh during storage. Natl Acad Sci Lett, 11: 345-347
Tosi B, Donini A, Romagnoli C, et al. 1996. Antimicrobial activity of some commercial extract sod ropolis prepared with different solvents. Phytother Res, (10): 335-336
Tripathi P, 2001. Evaluation of some plant products against fungi causing postharvest diseases of some fruits. Ph D thesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University
Van de Braak S A A J, Leijten G C J J, 1999. Essential Oils and Oleoresins: A Survey in the Netherlands and other Major Markets in the European Union. CBI, Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries, Rotterdam, 116
Wilson C L, Solar J M, Ghaouth AEI, et al. 1978. Fruit volatiles inhibitory to Montinia fructcicola and Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease, 71(3): 316-319
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周洁. 1997.天然防腐剂在果蔬保鲜涂料中的应用.林业化学与工业, 17(4):60-66
周炼,韩爱华,王日葵. 2007.几种保鲜药在柑橘贮藏中的防病效果.西南师范大学学报,32(5):43-45
Akgül A , Kivanc M, 1988. Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some food-borne fungi. Int J Food Microbiol, 6: 263-268
Arras G, Grella G E. 1992. Wild thyme, Thymus capitatus, essential oil seasonal changes and antmycotic activity. J Horticultural Sci, 67(2): 197-202
Azzouz M A, Bullerman L B, 1982. Comparative antimycotic effects of selected herbs, spices, plant components and commercial antungal agents. J Food Protect, 45(14): 1298-1301
Barel S, 1991. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from A chillea fragrantissima. J Ethno Pharmacol, 33(1/2): 187-191
Benhamou N, Lafontaine P J, Nicole M. 1994. Induction of systemic resistance to fusarium crown and root rot in tomato to plants by seed treatment with chitosan. Phytopathology, 84(12): 1432-1444
Bishop C D, 1995. Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel (tea tree) against tobacco mosaic virus. J Essent Oil Res, 7: 641-644
Chu C L, Liu W T, Zhou T, 2001. Fumigation of sweet cherries with thymol and acetic acid to reduce postharvest brown rot and blue mold rot. Fruits. Can J Plant Sci, 56: 123-130
Chu C L, Liu W T, Zhou T, Tsao R, 1999. Control of postharvest gray mold rot of modified atmosphere packaged sweet cherries by fumigation with thymol and acetic acid. Can J Plant Sci, 79: 685-689
Cosentino S, Tuberoso C I G, Pisano B, Satta M, Mascia B, Arzedi E, Palmas F, 1999. In Vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett Appl Microbiol, 29: 130-135
Couey H M. 1989. Heat treatment for control of postharvest diseases and insect pests of fruits. Hor-Science,24(2): 198-202
Creelman R A, Mullet J E, 1997. Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol Biol, 48: 355-381
Deans S G, Ritchie G, 1987. Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol, 5: 165-180
Dixit S N, Chandra H, Tiwari R, Dixit V, 1995. Development of botanical fungicide against blue mold of mandarins. J Stored Prod Res, 31: 165-172
Droby S, Cohen L, Daus A, Weiss B, Horev B, Chalutz E, Katz H, Keren-Tzur M, Shac-hnai A, 1998.
Commercial testing of Aspire: a yeast preparation for the biological control of postharvest decay of citrus. Biological control, 12: 97-101
Dubey N K, Kishore N, 1988. Exploitation of higher plant products as natural fumigants. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Plant Pathology. Kyoto: Japan: 423
E Mine Soylu. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agaent Phytophthora infestans. Mycopathologia, (6): 119-128
El Ghaouth A, Arul J, Asselin A. 1992. Antifungal activity of chitosan on two postharvest pathogens of strawberry fruits. Phytopathology, 82: 398-402
El Ghaouth A, Arul J, Ponnampalam R, Boulet M. 1991. Chitosan coating effect on storability and quality of fresh strawberries. J Food Science, 56(6): 1618-1620
Faleiro M L, Miguel M G, Ladeiro F, Vennancio F, Tavares R, Brito J C, Figueiredo A C, Barroso J G, Pedro L G, 2002. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from Portuguese endemic species of Thymus. Lett Appl Microbiol, 36: 35-40
Hammer K A, Carson C F, Riley T V, 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol, 86: 985-990
Hartmans K J, Diepenhorst P, Bakker W, Gorris L G M, 1995. The use of carvone in agriculture, sprout suppression of potatoes and antifungal activity against potato tuber and other plant diseases. Ind Crops Prod. 4: 3-13
Jayashree T, Subramanyam C, 1999. Aantiaflaroxigenic activity of eugenol is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 28: 179-183
Juliano C, Mattana A, Usai m, 2000. Compostition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herbabarona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. J Essential oil Res, 12: 516-522
Liu W T, Chu C L, Zhou T, 2002. Thymol and acetic acid vapors reduce postharvest brown rot of apricot and plums. Hort Sci, 37: 151-156
Mari M, Bertolini P, Pratella G C, 2003. Non-conventional methods for the control of postharvest pear diseases. J Appl. Microbiol, 94: 761-766
Marotti M, Piccaglia R, Giovanelli E, 1994. Effects of planting time and its mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Flavour Frag J, 9: 125-129
Maruzzella J C, Balter J. 1959. Plant Research Peport. Plant Research, 43(15): 1143-1147
McGimpsey J A, Douglas M H, Van Klink J L, Beauregard D A, Perry N B, 1994. Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thyums Vulgaris L. In New Zealand. Flavour frag J, 9: 347-352Mishra A K, Dubey N K, 1994. Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterionration of stored food commodities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60: 1101-1105
Moline H E, Buta J G, Saftner R A, Aass J L. 1997. Comparison of three volatile natural products for the reduction of postharvest diseases in strawberries. Adv Strawberry Res, 16: 43-48
Mourey A, Canillac N,2002. Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of essential oil components of conifers. Food Control, 13: 289-292
Nussionolitch A, Lurie S et al. 1995. Edible coatings for fruits and vegetables. Postharvest News and Information, 6(4): 53-57
Oosterhaven J, 1995a. Different aspects of S-carvone—a natural potato sprout growth inhibitor. Thesis, Landbouw university, Wageningen, Cipdata Konin KLIJE Bibliotheek Den Haag,152
Oosterhaven K, Poolman B, Smid E J, 1995b. S-carvone as a natural potato sprout inhibiting, fungistatic and bacteristatic compound. Ind Crops Prod. 4: 23-31
Oshita S. 1996. Storage of broccoli by making the water structured. Korea, Proc International Conference on Agriculture Machinery Engineering, 918-925
Pusey P L, Hotchkiss M W, Dulmage H T, Baumgardner R A, Zehr E I, Reilly C, Wilson C L. 1988. Pilot tests for commercial production and application of Bacillus subtilis (B-3) for postharvest control of peach brown rot. Plant Disease, 72: 622-626
Smid E J, White Y, de Vrees O, Gorris L M G, 1994. Use of secondary plant metabolites for the control of postharvest fungal diseases on flower bulbs. Acta Hort, 368: 523-530
Tanaka H. 1995. Hydrophobic hydration of inert gases ,thermodynamic properties, inherent structures and normal-mode analysis. J Chem Phys, (5): 3719-3727
Tiwari R, MISHRA D N, Upadhyay P S, 1988. Efficacy of some plant volatiles for the control of back mould of onion caused by Aspergillus niger Van-Tiegh during storage. Natl Acad Sci Lett, 11: 345-347
Tosi B, Donini A, Romagnoli C, et al. 1996. Antimicrobial activity of some commercial extract sod ropolis prepared with different solvents. Phytother Res, (10): 335-336
Tripathi P, 2001. Evaluation of some plant products against fungi causing postharvest diseases of some fruits. Ph D thesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University
Van de Braak S A A J, Leijten G C J J, 1999. Essential Oils and Oleoresins: A Survey in the Netherlands and other Major Markets in the European Union. CBI, Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries, Rotterdam, 116
Wilson C L, Solar J M, Ghaouth AEI, et al. 1978. Fruit volatiles inhibitory to Montinia fructcicola and Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease, 71(3): 316-319