公路大跨径连续体系桥梁车桥耦合振动研究
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摘要
本文研究的连续体系桥梁包括连续梁、连续刚构、连续梁—刚构组合体系三类桥梁结构，由于其结构较为相似，在此统称为连续体系桥梁。公路大跨径连续体系桥梁因其具有较大的跨越能力、成熟的施工技术和良好的经济性等优点，得到了广泛应用。但由于跨径的增大，结构的纤细化，车桥耦合振动问题引起学术界和工程界的广泛关注，对公路大跨径连续体系桥梁车桥耦合振动及其影响分析研究具有十分重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。
到目前为止，对于公路复杂体系桥梁车桥耦合振动及其影响因素分析方面的研究还尚未成熟。随着有限元技术的发展和大型结构分析软件的日臻成熟，结合高性能计算机，研究一种基于既有有限元分析软件的通用车桥耦合振动数值分析方法，以实现对任何复杂结构桥梁在任意复杂车队行驶工况下的车桥耦合振动分析，已成为可能。本文结合西部交通建设科技项目《高墩大跨桥梁车桥耦合振动及其影响分析研究（200831881232）》，主要研究内容、研究方法和研究成果有：
（1）提出了一种适于公路桥梁车桥耦合振动数值分析算法：利用强大的有限元通用软件ANSYS，对车辆、桥梁分别独立进行建模，根据车辆模型特性以及车桥接触位移协调条件来求解任意时刻车桥之间相互作用力，并利用APDL编程语言在任意时刻施加于桥梁及车辆相关节点，基于ANSYS单一环境实现了车桥耦合振动问题的数值求解。通过与既有文献结果的对比及实桥试验验证了该方法在匀速、匀变速、桥面不平整等工况下的可行性。
（2）基于本文提出的数值算法，开发了公路桥梁车桥耦合振动响应分析系统。该系统只需输入车辆参数及工况整体参数，即可后台调用ANSYS软件计算出任意复杂结构体系桥梁的车桥耦合振动响应，计算完成后自动进行数据处理并生成结果EXCEL图表。系统可同时考虑车辆模型参数（车轴数、弹簧参数、质量参数等）、车辆行驶参数（匀速行驶、匀变速行驶、多车辆以不同速度行驶等）、桥面平整度参数（各种等级桥面）的变化。此分析系统已获得国家计算机软件著作权登记。
（3）针对不平整桥面的模拟及评价问题、MIDAS与ANSYS的模型转化问题、时程响应曲线的冲击系数分析问题、车内人员在振动环境下的舒适性评价问题等车桥耦合振动研究相关问题，分别开发了相关分析软件并申请计算机软件著作权登记，以满足研究需要，提高工作效率。
（4）以高墩大跨连续刚构桥为背景，应用已开发的车桥耦合振动响应分析系统，研究了车桥耦合振动中的车体质量、车辆竖向振动基频、车辆数量、桥面平整度等级、车辆行驶速度、车辆行驶加速度等参数独立变化时，桥梁主梁及桥墩控制截面的挠度冲击系数、弯矩冲击系数、竖向加速度峰值以及车辆竖向加速度峰值的变化规律。
（5）以4座大跨连续体系桥梁的结构尺寸为原型，虚拟了32座跨径80～200m，墩高0～100m的连续体系桥梁。通过正交试验，对单车辆行驶过桥工况和多车辆行驶过桥工况分别进行了桥梁控制截面的挠度冲击系数、弯矩冲击系数、竖向加速度峰值以及车辆的竖向加速度峰值的敏感性参数分析。给出了总跨数、墩高、中跨跨径、桥面平整度等级、桥墩构造、车辆行驶速度、车辆竖向振动基频、车辆行驶间隔时间（单车辆行驶工况不考虑）、车道间错位（单车辆行驶工况不考虑）等影响因素对桥梁各项动态响应参数的影响及其变化规律。
（6）对14座桥梁在不同车速、不同桥面平整度等级下的车桥耦合振动响应进行了分析计算，根据计算结果进行了主梁冲击系数、桥墩冲击系数、主梁跨中竖向加速度峰值、车辆驾驶员处竖向加速度峰值等计算公式的数值回归。各回归公式中除桥梁结构的基频外，考虑了对耦合振动影响明显的桥面平整度参数，弥补了现行规范中对桥面平整度参数考虑不足的情况。提出了单车辆对墩顶顺桥向位移及墩底弯矩的激扰频率计算方法和多车辆作用下的车流激扰频率计算方法，可对桥墩是否与车辆（车流）发生共振进行定性的判断。
Long-span continuous series bridge which includes the continuous girder bridge,continuous rigid frame bridge and continuous girder-frame bridge has been studied in thispaper. Due to the ability of long span, well established construction technique andcost-effective, long-span continuous series bridge has being widely adopted in civilengineering practice. However, as the span distance increases, the full structure tends to beslim and unstable thus the coupled vibration between vehicles and highway long span bridgebecomes more pronounced. The coupled vibrations were of great interests for both academicsand engineers recently and the study of these coupled vibrations has much significantmeaning not only to the engineering practice but also in the research levels.
Currently, the study of the coupled vibrations in the complex structure bridge and theanalytical work of the influencing factors are premature in engineering practice. However,under the help of the advancing computer technique, some numerical methods could beeffectively used in modeling those complex structures. Among those numerical methods, onefinite element method (FEM)-ANSYS could be easily used to model any coupled vibrationsin complex structure bridge under hybrid traffic loadings. This research is part of the project(200831881232). The results of this are presented below:
(1) A numerical solution was established which was found very practical to analyze thecoupled vibrations between Vehicles and Highway Long-Span Continuous Series Bridge. TheFEM software ANSYS was utilized to model the vehicles and bridges. Based on the boundarycondition from the special properties of modeled vehicles and the relative distance betweenvehicles and bridge, the force between vehicles and bridge could be easily calculated at anytime during complex traffic loadings. APDL program could effectively assists modeling andadding analytical nods to the vehicle bridge element thus the coupled vibrations could benumerically solved by ANSYS software only. By comparing with the literature andexperimental data, this method could be applied to constant speed vehicles, constantaccelerating speed vehicle loadings and uneven surface roughness bridge conditions.
(2) An analytical coupled vibration system was developed based on the numericalsolution from ANSYS. In this system, only the vehicle and bulk construction coefficients areneeded in order to carry out the coupled vibration analysis. Once these two coefficients aredetermined, the system will call and run ANSYS and produce results in EXCEL file when theanalysis is complete. This system also incorporates the influence from vehicle properties (the number of axles, spring properties, and weight), the speed of vehicles, and the surfaceroughness of the bridge. The developed analytical system has been patented by Chinasoftware bureau.
(3) Besides the analytical system mentioned above, other analytical softwares have beendeveloped so that to solve some evaluation problems from the uneven surface roughnessbridge, the transformation between MIDAS model and ANSYS model, the impact analysis inthe time distance domain and the degree of comfortable of drivers during driving. Thosesoftwares also patented and commercialized to help engineers in practice.
(4) By using the developed analytical system, the coupled vibration influencing factorssuch as the weight of the vehicle, the frequency, the number of traffics, the surface roughnessof the bridge, the speed of the vehicle, and the acceleration speed were extensively studied.The moment impact coefficients of the major span, peek vertical acc and their variation werealso studied which have great significance in studying the coupled vibrations.
(5)4Long-Span Continuous Series Bridge were adopted as prototype and32bridgeswhose span between80-200m and pier height between0-100m were modeled. The sensitivityof the moment impact coefficients of the major span, peek vertical acc and their variationwere analyzed and how the spans, pier height, surface roughness, vehicle speed, the verticalvibration frequency and traffic time difference influence the coupled vibrations were studiedand summarized.
(6) Coupled vibration analysis was carried out for14different existing bridges underdifferent surface roughness and different traffic conditions. The moment impact coefficientsof the major span, pier and peek vertical acc empirical calculation equations were achievedfrom regression analysis. In the regression, the major surface roughness coefficients wereincluded which enriched the current standard because the standard cannot account for themajor surface roughness effects. Finally, a solution to calculate the displacement of the pierand moment under both mono traffic loading and complex traffic loading conditions weredeveloped which could be effectively used to evaluate the occurrence of resonance betweenvehicles and bridges.
到目前为止，对于公路复杂体系桥梁车桥耦合振动及其影响因素分析方面的研究还尚未成熟。随着有限元技术的发展和大型结构分析软件的日臻成熟，结合高性能计算机，研究一种基于既有有限元分析软件的通用车桥耦合振动数值分析方法，以实现对任何复杂结构桥梁在任意复杂车队行驶工况下的车桥耦合振动分析，已成为可能。本文结合西部交通建设科技项目《高墩大跨桥梁车桥耦合振动及其影响分析研究（200831881232）》，主要研究内容、研究方法和研究成果有：
（1）提出了一种适于公路桥梁车桥耦合振动数值分析算法：利用强大的有限元通用软件ANSYS，对车辆、桥梁分别独立进行建模，根据车辆模型特性以及车桥接触位移协调条件来求解任意时刻车桥之间相互作用力，并利用APDL编程语言在任意时刻施加于桥梁及车辆相关节点，基于ANSYS单一环境实现了车桥耦合振动问题的数值求解。通过与既有文献结果的对比及实桥试验验证了该方法在匀速、匀变速、桥面不平整等工况下的可行性。
（2）基于本文提出的数值算法，开发了公路桥梁车桥耦合振动响应分析系统。该系统只需输入车辆参数及工况整体参数，即可后台调用ANSYS软件计算出任意复杂结构体系桥梁的车桥耦合振动响应，计算完成后自动进行数据处理并生成结果EXCEL图表。系统可同时考虑车辆模型参数（车轴数、弹簧参数、质量参数等）、车辆行驶参数（匀速行驶、匀变速行驶、多车辆以不同速度行驶等）、桥面平整度参数（各种等级桥面）的变化。此分析系统已获得国家计算机软件著作权登记。
（3）针对不平整桥面的模拟及评价问题、MIDAS与ANSYS的模型转化问题、时程响应曲线的冲击系数分析问题、车内人员在振动环境下的舒适性评价问题等车桥耦合振动研究相关问题，分别开发了相关分析软件并申请计算机软件著作权登记，以满足研究需要，提高工作效率。
（4）以高墩大跨连续刚构桥为背景，应用已开发的车桥耦合振动响应分析系统，研究了车桥耦合振动中的车体质量、车辆竖向振动基频、车辆数量、桥面平整度等级、车辆行驶速度、车辆行驶加速度等参数独立变化时，桥梁主梁及桥墩控制截面的挠度冲击系数、弯矩冲击系数、竖向加速度峰值以及车辆竖向加速度峰值的变化规律。
（5）以4座大跨连续体系桥梁的结构尺寸为原型，虚拟了32座跨径80～200m，墩高0～100m的连续体系桥梁。通过正交试验，对单车辆行驶过桥工况和多车辆行驶过桥工况分别进行了桥梁控制截面的挠度冲击系数、弯矩冲击系数、竖向加速度峰值以及车辆的竖向加速度峰值的敏感性参数分析。给出了总跨数、墩高、中跨跨径、桥面平整度等级、桥墩构造、车辆行驶速度、车辆竖向振动基频、车辆行驶间隔时间（单车辆行驶工况不考虑）、车道间错位（单车辆行驶工况不考虑）等影响因素对桥梁各项动态响应参数的影响及其变化规律。
（6）对14座桥梁在不同车速、不同桥面平整度等级下的车桥耦合振动响应进行了分析计算，根据计算结果进行了主梁冲击系数、桥墩冲击系数、主梁跨中竖向加速度峰值、车辆驾驶员处竖向加速度峰值等计算公式的数值回归。各回归公式中除桥梁结构的基频外，考虑了对耦合振动影响明显的桥面平整度参数，弥补了现行规范中对桥面平整度参数考虑不足的情况。提出了单车辆对墩顶顺桥向位移及墩底弯矩的激扰频率计算方法和多车辆作用下的车流激扰频率计算方法，可对桥墩是否与车辆（车流）发生共振进行定性的判断。
Long-span continuous series bridge which includes the continuous girder bridge,continuous rigid frame bridge and continuous girder-frame bridge has been studied in thispaper. Due to the ability of long span, well established construction technique andcost-effective, long-span continuous series bridge has being widely adopted in civilengineering practice. However, as the span distance increases, the full structure tends to beslim and unstable thus the coupled vibration between vehicles and highway long span bridgebecomes more pronounced. The coupled vibrations were of great interests for both academicsand engineers recently and the study of these coupled vibrations has much significantmeaning not only to the engineering practice but also in the research levels.
Currently, the study of the coupled vibrations in the complex structure bridge and theanalytical work of the influencing factors are premature in engineering practice. However,under the help of the advancing computer technique, some numerical methods could beeffectively used in modeling those complex structures. Among those numerical methods, onefinite element method (FEM)-ANSYS could be easily used to model any coupled vibrationsin complex structure bridge under hybrid traffic loadings. This research is part of the project
(1) A numerical solution was established which was found very practical to analyze thecoupled vibrations between Vehicles and Highway Long-Span Continuous Series Bridge. TheFEM software ANSYS was utilized to model the vehicles and bridges. Based on the boundarycondition from the special properties of modeled vehicles and the relative distance betweenvehicles and bridge, the force between vehicles and bridge could be easily calculated at anytime during complex traffic loadings. APDL program could effectively assists modeling andadding analytical nods to the vehicle bridge element thus the coupled vibrations could benumerically solved by ANSYS software only. By comparing with the literature andexperimental data, this method could be applied to constant speed vehicles, constantaccelerating speed vehicle loadings and uneven surface roughness bridge conditions.
(2) An analytical coupled vibration system was developed based on the numericalsolution from ANSYS. In this system, only the vehicle and bulk construction coefficients areneeded in order to carry out the coupled vibration analysis. Once these two coefficients aredetermined, the system will call and run ANSYS and produce results in EXCEL file when theanalysis is complete. This system also incorporates the influence from vehicle properties (the number of axles, spring properties, and weight), the speed of vehicles, and the surfaceroughness of the bridge. The developed analytical system has been patented by Chinasoftware bureau.
(3) Besides the analytical system mentioned above, other analytical softwares have beendeveloped so that to solve some evaluation problems from the uneven surface roughnessbridge, the transformation between MIDAS model and ANSYS model, the impact analysis inthe time distance domain and the degree of comfortable of drivers during driving. Thosesoftwares also patented and commercialized to help engineers in practice.
(4) By using the developed analytical system, the coupled vibration influencing factorssuch as the weight of the vehicle, the frequency, the number of traffics, the surface roughnessof the bridge, the speed of the vehicle, and the acceleration speed were extensively studied.The moment impact coefficients of the major span, peek vertical acc and their variation werealso studied which have great significance in studying the coupled vibrations.
(5)4Long-Span Continuous Series Bridge were adopted as prototype and32bridgeswhose span between80-200m and pier height between0-100m were modeled. The sensitivityof the moment impact coefficients of the major span, peek vertical acc and their variationwere analyzed and how the spans, pier height, surface roughness, vehicle speed, the verticalvibration frequency and traffic time difference influence the coupled vibrations were studiedand summarized.
(6) Coupled vibration analysis was carried out for14different existing bridges underdifferent surface roughness and different traffic conditions. The moment impact coefficientsof the major span, pier and peek vertical acc empirical calculation equations were achievedfrom regression analysis. In the regression, the major surface roughness coefficients wereincluded which enriched the current standard because the standard cannot account for themajor surface roughness effects. Finally, a solution to calculate the displacement of the pierand moment under both mono traffic loading and complex traffic loading conditions weredeveloped which could be effectively used to evaluate the occurrence of resonance betweenvehicles and bridges.
引文
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