基于3G的无线定位技术研究与应用
摘要
几经波折,3G在全球已经进入了规模发展的阶段。截至2006年5月底,全球共颁发了156张3G许可证(实际有效许可证有148张),共有281个3G网络商用(EV-DO和1X分别计算),其中WCDMA网络有108个(包括30个HADPA网络),CDMA20001XEV-DO网络有37个,CDMA1X网络有136个。
3G从一开始就不是定位于以提供话音业务为主。互联网的迅猛发展,使3G逐渐明确定位于移动多媒体业务,尤其是3G定位业务越来越受到人们的关注。
本文首先介绍了3G现行的三种技术标准:WCDMA、CDMA2000和TD-SCDMA,详细描述三种技术标准演进过程,并对3G能够实现的各种业务进行了逐一阐述,主要对基于3G的定位业务进行描述。
其次阐述了无线定位业务(位置业务)的技术原理及其应用,以长春网通采用的华为公司infox GMLC系统为例,详细介绍了系统架构及业务流程,通过在长春实验局开通的“找朋友”和“车辆调度系统”等实例来说明3G定位业务在实际生活中的应用。
最后通过3G和GPS定位业务的对比,来说明3G定位业务的优势所在。经过以上综合论述,提出现阶段3G定位业务存在的问题,并对它未来在更广泛的领域内得以应用做以展望。
Wireless location technology research began in the 1960s of Automatic Vehicle Location System, and then the technology in the public transport, taxis scheduling and tracking, and other public security within the framework of wider application. In recent years, with cellular mobile communications systems and the further development of universal, we can use signal strength, carrier phase, signal arrival angle measurements and time parameters, such as composition and positioning of their estimates, the results obtained users the position, as LBS system
LBS standards by 3GPP and 3GPP2, and LIF Forum. 3GPP was established in December 1998 by the European ETSI, Japan ARIB and Korea TTA and the United States T1, and other components. In 1999 in January, 3GPP2 also officially established, the TIA from the United States, Japan ARIB, Korea TTA, and other components. The three organizations to develop a commonality of the LBS system, regardless of any standard phone can be realized.
3GPP formulated a three Positioning Method: CELL ID, OTDOA and A-GPS. CELL ID positioning technology is the most simple positioning technology, it is through the principle of access to the cellular phone goals district ID to determine the location in which it is providing to the positioning users. Simple CELL ID method can not consider accuracy, so get the positioning error is the size of a honeycomb. This method does not need to achieve the existing networks to make any changes, despite the great error, it is economic. OTDOA location method is the basic principle: mobile station measuring different base station downlink pilot signals are different from the base station downlink pilot TOA (Time of Arrival, arrived moments), the so-called pilot phase measurement. According to the survey findings, and coordinates with the base station using a suitable location estimation algorithm, we can calculate the location of mobile units. But the many complex algorithms, in the suburbs and rural mobile station will be located in 10 to 20 m range; positioning in the City of 100 ~ 200 meters. A-GPS positioning means steps are as follows: GPS-supported network received information network will complement the information sent to the phone; phones are GPS information, calculate and draw their own precise location of cell phone location information will be sent to the core network. A-GPS positioning methods in urban areas the range of 50 meters around, but the relatively high terminal requirements, the need to install GPS receiver devices, increased operating costs.
LBS system targets mobile terminals in accordance with the location of mobile terminals to provide objective information surrounding environment, including: navigation maps, traffic conditions, weather forecasts, restaurants, hotels, shopping malls, post offices, telecommunications bureau, banks, hospitals, tourist attractions, gas stations, car parks, and other mobile users need access to environmental information services. Experimental Bureau in Changchun opened Find friends location information services, vehicle management systems and MMS and positioning technology integration services. OTDOA technology used by signal arrival time measurements or measurement signal arrival time difference, the positioning means. It is spread by measuring the number of receiver from the transmitter signal propagation time or bad time to determine the location of mobile users, is a kind of radio wave transmission time based on the positioning technology. Positioning accuracy can be increased to 50 m or so. The need to launch a new business with SP providers, we can provide the level of service platform, specifically in the future if the business after its look, what the business needs of operators and providers to realize SP.
There is already A-GPS technology, 3G and GPS combination of close up. The technology in the GPS program, also requires an increase in mobile phone GPS receiver module, and transform phone antenna at the same time, in the construction of mobile network location server, a differential GPS base stations and other equipment. A-GPS solutions in its main advantages of positioning accuracy. Outdoors, and other open areas, the accuracy of GPS work in a normal environment can reach 10 meters around called current maximum positioning accuracy of a location technology. Another advantage of the technology: the first time captured GPS signals in the general only a few seconds, unlike the first GPS acquisition time may be 2 to 3 minutes. Although the A-GPS technology high positioning accuracy, the first GPS signal capture short time, but the technology has some drawbacks. First, the issue of indoor positioning is still not satisfactorily resolved. In addition, A-GPS positioning must be achieved through multiple network transmission (up to six one-way transmission), which occupied the operators, a large number of air resources. However, A-GPS users is the key issue for business use of mobile location must be difficult to accept the replacement phone. But A-GPS mobile phones in power consumption than on the additional burden to a certain extent, indirectly reducing the cell phone of standby time.
Through the use of foreign operators found, positioning business is also facing a lot of problems. 1, the relatively low market awareness. In the survey by the 21 mobile value-added service in the No. 11, well below downloading ringtones (67.2 percent), picture download (57.8%), send and receive MMS (48.4%) and CRBT service (39.1%) cognitive rate. 2, the contents of a single service. Currently, operators and SP location services are provided by the GIS system is based on "positioning, navigation traffic, provide positioning information surrounding points" of the "pure position" services, and other applications are not integrated. 3, positioning technology needs to be raised, the three above-mentioned shortcomings are positioning technology, we can not meet the current demand for positioning. 4, privacy protection need to be addressed urgently. As society advances, more and more sensitive to people's privacy. How to protect the privacy of personal support provided under the premise of business is constrained location positioning technology development. 5, the industry chain is not sound. Mobile location business requires a large amount of support for location information, such as detailed bus lines, restaurants and other locations, and the need to update, geographic information building will be a huge project, from data collection, sorting, classification, processing, updating , to the inquiry of all the development, improve, we need to have a set of sound mechanisms and systems to protect. But China in this regard foundation is still comparatively weak. 6, terminal styles are few and expensive. Location-based services is facing a terminal, network bottlenecks and other constraints. The current domestic support A-GPS terminal or GPSone patterns are few and expensive.
Finally Looking to the next location for the future development of business, from a macro point of view, China's mobile location-based services market environment for the development is good. China's overall economic strength of steady growth, increase the intensity of investment in telecommunications infrastructure to create the conditions for 3G network construction and mobile location technology is improving daily, mobile positioning business will create a good environment for consumption, and ultimately to mobile location business quality has climbed steadily, and triggered by the social development needs of the broad masses, but will also be conducive to the cultivation of the concept of consumer users, and ultimately promote the prosperity of the entire market..
3G从一开始就不是定位于以提供话音业务为主。互联网的迅猛发展,使3G逐渐明确定位于移动多媒体业务,尤其是3G定位业务越来越受到人们的关注。
本文首先介绍了3G现行的三种技术标准:WCDMA、CDMA2000和TD-SCDMA,详细描述三种技术标准演进过程,并对3G能够实现的各种业务进行了逐一阐述,主要对基于3G的定位业务进行描述。
其次阐述了无线定位业务(位置业务)的技术原理及其应用,以长春网通采用的华为公司infox GMLC系统为例,详细介绍了系统架构及业务流程,通过在长春实验局开通的“找朋友”和“车辆调度系统”等实例来说明3G定位业务在实际生活中的应用。
最后通过3G和GPS定位业务的对比,来说明3G定位业务的优势所在。经过以上综合论述,提出现阶段3G定位业务存在的问题,并对它未来在更广泛的领域内得以应用做以展望。
Wireless location technology research began in the 1960s of Automatic Vehicle Location System, and then the technology in the public transport, taxis scheduling and tracking, and other public security within the framework of wider application. In recent years, with cellular mobile communications systems and the further development of universal, we can use signal strength, carrier phase, signal arrival angle measurements and time parameters, such as composition and positioning of their estimates, the results obtained users the position, as LBS system
LBS standards by 3GPP and 3GPP2, and LIF Forum. 3GPP was established in December 1998 by the European ETSI, Japan ARIB and Korea TTA and the United States T1, and other components. In 1999 in January, 3GPP2 also officially established, the TIA from the United States, Japan ARIB, Korea TTA, and other components. The three organizations to develop a commonality of the LBS system, regardless of any standard phone can be realized.
3GPP formulated a three Positioning Method: CELL ID, OTDOA and A-GPS. CELL ID positioning technology is the most simple positioning technology, it is through the principle of access to the cellular phone goals district ID to determine the location in which it is providing to the positioning users. Simple CELL ID method can not consider accuracy, so get the positioning error is the size of a honeycomb. This method does not need to achieve the existing networks to make any changes, despite the great error, it is economic. OTDOA location method is the basic principle: mobile station measuring different base station downlink pilot signals are different from the base station downlink pilot TOA (Time of Arrival, arrived moments), the so-called pilot phase measurement. According to the survey findings, and coordinates with the base station using a suitable location estimation algorithm, we can calculate the location of mobile units. But the many complex algorithms, in the suburbs and rural mobile station will be located in 10 to 20 m range; positioning in the City of 100 ~ 200 meters. A-GPS positioning means steps are as follows: GPS-supported network received information network will complement the information sent to the phone; phones are GPS information, calculate and draw their own precise location of cell phone location information will be sent to the core network. A-GPS positioning methods in urban areas the range of 50 meters around, but the relatively high terminal requirements, the need to install GPS receiver devices, increased operating costs.
LBS system targets mobile terminals in accordance with the location of mobile terminals to provide objective information surrounding environment, including: navigation maps, traffic conditions, weather forecasts, restaurants, hotels, shopping malls, post offices, telecommunications bureau, banks, hospitals, tourist attractions, gas stations, car parks, and other mobile users need access to environmental information services. Experimental Bureau in Changchun opened Find friends location information services, vehicle management systems and MMS and positioning technology integration services. OTDOA technology used by signal arrival time measurements or measurement signal arrival time difference, the positioning means. It is spread by measuring the number of receiver from the transmitter signal propagation time or bad time to determine the location of mobile users, is a kind of radio wave transmission time based on the positioning technology. Positioning accuracy can be increased to 50 m or so. The need to launch a new business with SP providers, we can provide the level of service platform, specifically in the future if the business after its look, what the business needs of operators and providers to realize SP.
There is already A-GPS technology, 3G and GPS combination of close up. The technology in the GPS program, also requires an increase in mobile phone GPS receiver module, and transform phone antenna at the same time, in the construction of mobile network location server, a differential GPS base stations and other equipment. A-GPS solutions in its main advantages of positioning accuracy. Outdoors, and other open areas, the accuracy of GPS work in a normal environment can reach 10 meters around called current maximum positioning accuracy of a location technology. Another advantage of the technology: the first time captured GPS signals in the general only a few seconds, unlike the first GPS acquisition time may be 2 to 3 minutes. Although the A-GPS technology high positioning accuracy, the first GPS signal capture short time, but the technology has some drawbacks. First, the issue of indoor positioning is still not satisfactorily resolved. In addition, A-GPS positioning must be achieved through multiple network transmission (up to six one-way transmission), which occupied the operators, a large number of air resources. However, A-GPS users is the key issue for business use of mobile location must be difficult to accept the replacement phone. But A-GPS mobile phones in power consumption than on the additional burden to a certain extent, indirectly reducing the cell phone of standby time.
Through the use of foreign operators found, positioning business is also facing a lot of problems. 1, the relatively low market awareness. In the survey by the 21 mobile value-added service in the No. 11, well below downloading ringtones (67.2 percent), picture download (57.8%), send and receive MMS (48.4%) and CRBT service (39.1%) cognitive rate. 2, the contents of a single service. Currently, operators and SP location services are provided by the GIS system is based on "positioning, navigation traffic, provide positioning information surrounding points" of the "pure position" services, and other applications are not integrated. 3, positioning technology needs to be raised, the three above-mentioned shortcomings are positioning technology, we can not meet the current demand for positioning. 4, privacy protection need to be addressed urgently. As society advances, more and more sensitive to people's privacy. How to protect the privacy of personal support provided under the premise of business is constrained location positioning technology development. 5, the industry chain is not sound. Mobile location business requires a large amount of support for location information, such as detailed bus lines, restaurants and other locations, and the need to update, geographic information building will be a huge project, from data collection, sorting, classification, processing, updating , to the inquiry of all the development, improve, we need to have a set of sound mechanisms and systems to protect. But China in this regard foundation is still comparatively weak. 6, terminal styles are few and expensive. Location-based services is facing a terminal, network bottlenecks and other constraints. The current domestic support A-GPS terminal or GPSone patterns are few and expensive.
Finally Looking to the next location for the future development of business, from a macro point of view, China's mobile location-based services market environment for the development is good. China's overall economic strength of steady growth, increase the intensity of investment in telecommunications infrastructure to create the conditions for 3G network construction and mobile location technology is improving daily, mobile positioning business will create a good environment for consumption, and ultimately to mobile location business quality has climbed steadily, and triggered by the social development needs of the broad masses, but will also be conducive to the cultivation of the concept of consumer users, and ultimately promote the prosperity of the entire market..
引文
1. 作者:Christoffer Andersson 著《GPRS and 3G Wireless Applications GPRS 与 3G 无线技术应用》。出版社:吉林长白山 201-230
2. 作者:马华兴 主编《解惑 3G 业务:概念、实现和规划》。出版社:北京邮电大学出版社
3. 作者:彭木根,王文博 编著《3G 无线资源管理与网络规划优化——现代移动通信技术丛书》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
4. 作者:[芬]米施亚 著,中京邮电通信设计院无线通信研究所 译《蜂窝网络规划与优化基础:2G/2.5G/3G 以及向 4G 的演进中的网络规划与优化》。出版社:机械工业出版社 20-25
5. 作者:蔡康,李洪,朱英军 等编著 《3G 网络建设与运营》。出版社:人民邮电出版社 105-110
6. 作者:李伟章 编著《移动数据通信技术与业务》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
7. 作者:(芬)霍尔马,(芬)托斯卡拉 著,陈泽强 等译《WCDMA 技术与系统设计:第三代移动通信系统的无线接入》出版社:机械工业出版社 87-102
8. 作者:(美)拉帕波特 著《无线通信原理与应用(第二版)英文版》。出版社:电子工业出版社 35-46
9. 作者:严晓华 编著《现代通信技术基础》出版社:清华大学出版社
10. 作者:张传福 等编著 《CDMA 移动通信网络规划设计与优化》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
11. 作者:冯建和,王卫东 编著《第三代移动网络与移动业务》出版社:人民邮电出版社
12. 作者:罗凌,焦元媛,陆冰 等编著《第三代移动通信技术与业务——现代移动通信技术丛书》出版社:人民邮电出版社
13. 作者:吴伟陵,牛凯 编著《移动通信原理——普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材》出版社:电子工业出版社
14. 作者:张长钢 等编著 《WCDMA 无线网络规划原理与实践》出版社:人民邮电出版社
15. 作者:窦中兆,雷湘 编著 《CDMA 无线通信原理》出版社:清华大学出版社
16. 作者:叶银法 等编著《WCDMA 系统工程手册》出版社:机械工业出版社
17. 作者:北京中网华通设计咨询有限公司 编著 《CDMA 网络工程设计——中华通信技术与应用丛书》出版社:电子工业出版社
18. 作者:廖晓滨,赵熙 编著《第三代移动通信网络系统技术与应用基础教程》出版社:电子工业出版社
19. 作者:Gabriele Kotsis 著《Wireless Systems and Mobility in Next Generation Internet 下一代因特网中的无线系统与移动性/会议文集》 出版社:北京燕山出版社
20. 作者:韦惠民,李国民,暴宇 编《移动通信技术》出版社:人民邮电出版社
21. 作者:杨大成 等编著《现代移动通信中的先进技术——现代通信新技术系列教材》出版社:机械工业出版社
2. 作者:马华兴 主编《解惑 3G 业务:概念、实现和规划》。出版社:北京邮电大学出版社
3. 作者:彭木根,王文博 编著《3G 无线资源管理与网络规划优化——现代移动通信技术丛书》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
4. 作者:[芬]米施亚 著,中京邮电通信设计院无线通信研究所 译《蜂窝网络规划与优化基础:2G/2.5G/3G 以及向 4G 的演进中的网络规划与优化》。出版社:机械工业出版社 20-25
5. 作者:蔡康,李洪,朱英军 等编著 《3G 网络建设与运营》。出版社:人民邮电出版社 105-110
6. 作者:李伟章 编著《移动数据通信技术与业务》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
7. 作者:(芬)霍尔马,(芬)托斯卡拉 著,陈泽强 等译《WCDMA 技术与系统设计:第三代移动通信系统的无线接入》出版社:机械工业出版社 87-102
8. 作者:(美)拉帕波特 著《无线通信原理与应用(第二版)英文版》。出版社:电子工业出版社 35-46
9. 作者:严晓华 编著《现代通信技术基础》出版社:清华大学出版社
10. 作者:张传福 等编著 《CDMA 移动通信网络规划设计与优化》。出版社:人民邮电出版社
11. 作者:冯建和,王卫东 编著《第三代移动网络与移动业务》出版社:人民邮电出版社
12. 作者:罗凌,焦元媛,陆冰 等编著《第三代移动通信技术与业务——现代移动通信技术丛书》出版社:人民邮电出版社
13. 作者:吴伟陵,牛凯 编著《移动通信原理——普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材》出版社:电子工业出版社
14. 作者:张长钢 等编著 《WCDMA 无线网络规划原理与实践》出版社:人民邮电出版社
15. 作者:窦中兆,雷湘 编著 《CDMA 无线通信原理》出版社:清华大学出版社
16. 作者:叶银法 等编著《WCDMA 系统工程手册》出版社:机械工业出版社
17. 作者:北京中网华通设计咨询有限公司 编著 《CDMA 网络工程设计——中华通信技术与应用丛书》出版社:电子工业出版社
18. 作者:廖晓滨,赵熙 编著《第三代移动通信网络系统技术与应用基础教程》出版社:电子工业出版社
19. 作者:Gabriele Kotsis 著《Wireless Systems and Mobility in Next Generation Internet 下一代因特网中的无线系统与移动性/会议文集》 出版社:北京燕山出版社
20. 作者:韦惠民,李国民,暴宇 编《移动通信技术》出版社:人民邮电出版社
21. 作者:杨大成 等编著《现代移动通信中的先进技术——现代通信新技术系列教材》出版社:机械工业出版社