生物燃料烟气中醛类物质的测定及其生化作用的研究
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摘要
生物燃料是广大农村地区普遍使用的生活燃料,其不完全燃烧所释放出的烟气是室内空气污染的主要来源之一。据报道慢性阻塞性肺疾病可能与生物燃料烟气具有一定的相关性,烟气中醛类物质可造成呼吸道化学刺激性损伤,严重的可能会造成慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD),因此研究生物燃料烟气中的醛类污染是探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)起因的重要切入点。
鉴于生物燃料烟气的主要成分及其生化作用尚未系统研究,本文首先采用HPLC-MS联用技术对韶关山区生物燃料烟气中醛类物质的成分和广州城区液化气烟气中醛类物质的成分进行了比较分析,确定含有甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛、正戊醛和苯丙醛这5种醛类物质,以及酮类物质丙酮;然后用HPLC测定了两地生物燃料烟气中甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛三种主要醛类物质的含量,测得韶关山区的醛类物质平均含量分别为甲醛:0.75±0.29mg/m~3;乙醛:1.29±0.52mg/m~3苯甲醛:1.47±0.60mg/m~3。广州城区的醛类物质平均含量分别为甲醛:0.019±0.45mg/m~3:乙醛:0.016±0.31mg/m~3;苯甲醛:0.027±0.26mg/m~3;结果显示韶关山区生物燃料烟气中的醛类物质的含量明显高于广州城区烟气中的醛类物质含量(P<0.05)。为进一步考察生物燃料烟气中醛类物质对机体的影响,研究了醛类物质对小鼠的氧化性损伤作用,实验结果表明醛类物质使小鼠肺脏的SOD、GSH-Px活力下降,引起肺组织发生脂质过氧化(与对照组比较,P<0.05),使脂质过氧化产物MDA增加(与对照组比较,P<0.05),实验表明醛类物质对小鼠肺组织具有氧化性损伤作用。本课题从流行病学的角度,对生物燃料中醛类物质在COPD发病过程中的作用进行了初步分析,但生物燃料烟气中的醛类物质与COPD的发病机制还有待于进一步的研究。
The smoke from incomplete combustion of biomass, a kind of fuel widely used in rural area, is one of the main indoor air pollutants. It is reported that COPD, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, might have certain relationship with such biomass smoke. Aldehydes could cause chemical stimulation damage in human respiratory tract, or even COPD. Therefore research of aldehyde pollutants in biomass smoke should be an important cut-in point in exploring the cause of COPD.To our knowledge, the main composition of biomass smoke and their biochemical actions have not been studied systematically, therefor the composition of biomass smoke in Shaoguan mountain rural area and the composition of smoke in Guangzhou urban area were analyzed with HPLC-MS and compared firstly, and five aldehydes and a ketone were found, they are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, phenylpropyl aldehyde and acetone. Then the amount of three main aldehydes, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, in biomass smoke and gas smoke were determined. The concentration were 0.75 + 0.29mg/m3, 1.29±0.52mg/m3, 1.47±0.60mg/m3 for the three aldehydes in the biomass smoke and 0.019±0.45mg/m3, 0.016 + 0.3 lmg/m3, 0.027 + 0.26mg/m3 for those in gas smoke respectively, the results showed that the concentrtion of aldehydes in biomass smoke in Shaoguan mountain rural area are obviously higher than that of in Guangzhou urban area (P<0.05). In order to examine the effects of aldehydes in biomass smoke on human body, oxidative damage in mice have been studied. The research results showed that aldehydes could reduce the activity of mice pulmonary SOD and GSH-Px, caused pulmonary tissue lipid peroxidation (P<0.05 vs control group) and increased MDA(P<0.05 vs control group). The research has demonstrated that aldehydes induced oxidative damage in pulmonary tissue of mice, our research has explored primarily the action of aldehydes in biomass smoke in the occurrence of COPD in term of epidemiology, however, how the aldehydes act in the pathogenesis of COPD is to be found in the further research.
鉴于生物燃料烟气的主要成分及其生化作用尚未系统研究,本文首先采用HPLC-MS联用技术对韶关山区生物燃料烟气中醛类物质的成分和广州城区液化气烟气中醛类物质的成分进行了比较分析,确定含有甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛、正戊醛和苯丙醛这5种醛类物质,以及酮类物质丙酮;然后用HPLC测定了两地生物燃料烟气中甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛三种主要醛类物质的含量,测得韶关山区的醛类物质平均含量分别为甲醛:0.75±0.29mg/m~3;乙醛:1.29±0.52mg/m~3苯甲醛:1.47±0.60mg/m~3。广州城区的醛类物质平均含量分别为甲醛:0.019±0.45mg/m~3:乙醛:0.016±0.31mg/m~3;苯甲醛:0.027±0.26mg/m~3;结果显示韶关山区生物燃料烟气中的醛类物质的含量明显高于广州城区烟气中的醛类物质含量(P<0.05)。为进一步考察生物燃料烟气中醛类物质对机体的影响,研究了醛类物质对小鼠的氧化性损伤作用,实验结果表明醛类物质使小鼠肺脏的SOD、GSH-Px活力下降,引起肺组织发生脂质过氧化(与对照组比较,P<0.05),使脂质过氧化产物MDA增加(与对照组比较,P<0.05),实验表明醛类物质对小鼠肺组织具有氧化性损伤作用。本课题从流行病学的角度,对生物燃料中醛类物质在COPD发病过程中的作用进行了初步分析,但生物燃料烟气中的醛类物质与COPD的发病机制还有待于进一步的研究。
The smoke from incomplete combustion of biomass, a kind of fuel widely used in rural area, is one of the main indoor air pollutants. It is reported that COPD, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, might have certain relationship with such biomass smoke. Aldehydes could cause chemical stimulation damage in human respiratory tract, or even COPD. Therefore research of aldehyde pollutants in biomass smoke should be an important cut-in point in exploring the cause of COPD.To our knowledge, the main composition of biomass smoke and their biochemical actions have not been studied systematically, therefor the composition of biomass smoke in Shaoguan mountain rural area and the composition of smoke in Guangzhou urban area were analyzed with HPLC-MS and compared firstly, and five aldehydes and a ketone were found, they are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, phenylpropyl aldehyde and acetone. Then the amount of three main aldehydes, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, in biomass smoke and gas smoke were determined. The concentration were 0.75 + 0.29mg/m3, 1.29±0.52mg/m3, 1.47±0.60mg/m3 for the three aldehydes in the biomass smoke and 0.019±0.45mg/m3, 0.016 + 0.3 lmg/m3, 0.027 + 0.26mg/m3 for those in gas smoke respectively, the results showed that the concentrtion of aldehydes in biomass smoke in Shaoguan mountain rural area are obviously higher than that of in Guangzhou urban area (P<0.05). In order to examine the effects of aldehydes in biomass smoke on human body, oxidative damage in mice have been studied. The research results showed that aldehydes could reduce the activity of mice pulmonary SOD and GSH-Px, caused pulmonary tissue lipid peroxidation (P<0.05 vs control group) and increased MDA(P<0.05 vs control group). The research has demonstrated that aldehydes induced oxidative damage in pulmonary tissue of mice, our research has explored primarily the action of aldehydes in biomass smoke in the occurrence of COPD in term of epidemiology, however, how the aldehydes act in the pathogenesis of COPD is to be found in the further research.
引文
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2. John Manuel. Environmental Health Perspectives[M]. 2003, 111: A28-33
3.傅尧信.生物燃料与西部开发[J].四川环境,2001,20(1):55-57
4. Kleinerman RA, Wang Z, Wang L et al. Lung cancer and indoor exposure to coal and biomass in rural China[J]. J Occup Environ Med 2002 Apt; 44(4): 338-344
5.朱淑群,陈永乾,闫宏伟等.关于室内悬浮微粒物质的毒性筛查[J].国外医学医学地理分册,2002,23(2):96-97
6.张志虎,邵华.空气中醛类化合物的测定研究进展[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2004,14(1):121-123
7. Mohammed Radzi bin Abas, Bernd R. T. Simoneit,Vladimir Elias et al. Composition of higher molecular weight organic matter in smoke aerosol from biomass combustion in amazonia[J]. Chemosphere,. 1995, 30(5): 995-1015
8. Francisco J Conde, Juan H Ayala, Asna M. Afonso et al. Optimization of a sampling method to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoke from incomplete biomass combustion[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004, 524: 287-294
9.徐伯洪.作业场所空气和生物材料检测推荐方法[M].北京:北京人民卫生出版社,1996:107-109
10.徐伯洪.作业场所空气和生物材料检测推荐方法[M].北京:北京人民卫生出版社,1996:116-118
11.李建.3-甲基-2-苯并噻唑酮腙吸光光度法测定织物中游离甲醛[J].印染.1997,23(12):33-34
12.徐伯洪,闫慧.工作场所有害物质检测方法[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2003:191-193
13.刘光明,王凯雄等.餐饮业油烟气中醛类化合物的荧光法测定[J].环境污染与防治,1998,20(4):38-41
14.陈炎、孙东红、李舒等.乙酰丙酮荧光分光光度法测定环境空气中的微量甲醛[J].中国环境监测,2000,16(4):30-32
15.段鸿莺,王建林,向国强等.荧光光度法快速测定水溶液中甲醛的研究[J].华中师范大学学报,2001,35(2):185-188
16.马春莲,袁英贤,李连山.乙酰丙酮荧光分光光度法测定空气中甲醛最佳试验条件[J].重庆环境科学,2003,25(8):31-33
17.黎源倩,牟文萱.示波极谱测定室内空气中甲醛的方法研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,1993,27(1):39
18.李宏霞,李质胜,李蕊等.示波极谱测定空气中甲醛含量的方法及其应用[J].四川环境,1997,16(2).26-28
19.张瑞斌、郝俊、何莉萍等.二阶导数单扫描示波极谱法测定食品中甲醛的含量[J].口岸卫生控制,2004,9(3):7-8
20. VerheijER,TjadenUR,NiessenWMA et al. J Chromatogr,1991, 554-339
21..Fung Y S,Long y. Detemination of carbonyl compounds in air by electrochromatography[J].Electrophoresis,2001,22(11): 2270-2277
22. GordenDB,LordGA. RapidCommunMassSpec-trum,1994, 8-544
23. LordGA,GordenDB, TetlerLW et al.J Chromatogr,1995, 700-727
24.崔九思.室内空气污染监测方法[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:314
25.朱汉昌,戴天有,卢大远.空气或废气中挥发性醛酮的气相色谱法分析[C].第十一次全国色谱学术报告会文集,GC-096,1997.
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