太阳高分辨力成像多层共轭自适应光学技术研究
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摘要
多层共轭自适应光学（MCAO），利用多导引星探测大气湍流三维波前信息，并控制多个变形镜对大气湍流进行分层校正，最终获得大视场高分辨力校正效果，是自适应光学研究领域的热点之一。针对太阳活动区观测对大视场高分辨力成像的迫切需求，本文主要开展太阳多层共轭自适应光学技术的研究，重点开展大气湍流三维波前探测技术以及MCAO系统设计和仿真的研究工作。
大气湍流三维波前探测是实现多层共轭自适应光学技术的关键和前提。论文首先对湍流三维波前探测中常用的模式法层析技术进行理论研究与仿真分析，首次提出该算法存在原理性限制，并基于此对模式法层析技术产生误差的原因展开分析，随后针对不同类型的模式层析重构误差给出数值仿真实验结果。结果表明，模式层析重构中使用了Zernike分解基的一部分作为新的分解基进行波面拟合，从而引入模式混淆和模式耦合两个方面的误差；部分Zernike分解基不相关是避免模式混淆误差的必要条件，模式耦合误差则无法避免。论文进一步结合仿真结果提出大视场探测、小区域重构的方法，有效的抑制了模式耦合误差。
其次，针对地表层自适应光学（GLAO）技术，采用地表层大气湍流波前相位的平均算法对地表层大气湍流波前相位进行预测，对影响地表层自适应光学系统校正效果的主要因素进行了仿真。首次提出平均算法作为大气层析技术的特例，可以对大气湍流进行分两层重构。仿真分析结果表明在相同大气相干长度的情况下，地表层湍流强度在整个大气层中所占的比重对地表层自适应光学的校正效果有较大影响，对于特定的湍流分布，探测视场越大，整个视场内校正效果越差。
再次，设计并研制了一套37子孔径的大视场相关夏克-哈特曼波前传感器，在云南天文台1米太阳望远镜上以太阳黑子为目标开展了大视场波前探测实验，首次得到实际大气层析和平均算法的波前探测实验结果。在1’探测视场内选取5个不同位置的子区域探测波前像差，进行大气层析波前重建，利用波前重建结果模拟地表层自适应光学和双层共轭自适应光学系统的开环校正。实验验证了平均算法和大气层析技术的有效性。
最后，基于1米太阳望远镜，在国内首次开展了太阳多层共轭自适应光学实验系统的仿真分析和系统设计。该实验系统中包括一套127单元自适应光学系统和一套37单元自适应光学系统，分别用于校正地面层湍流和高层大气湍流。研究结果表明，该两层共轭自适应光学校正系统可以在1’探测视场内获得明显的高分辨校正效果，湍流层越高，其与变形镜的非共轭对校正效果的影响越大。
本文针对太阳大视场高分辨力成像观测需求，开展多层共轭自适应光学和地表层自适应光学技术进行系统的研究，在国内尚属开创性的工作，为进一步开展多层共轭自适应光学系统的研制打下了基础，对推动我国自适应光学技术的发展具有重要的研究意义和参考价值。
Nowadays multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO), in whichthree-dimensional (3D) phase distortion induced by atmospheric turbulenceis sensedby making use of several guide stars, and then controls a number of DMs conjugatedinto different altitude to widen the compensated field of view by correcting the phasedistortions in situ, has become one of the most interesting researches on adaptiveoptics. For the demand of high resolution observation of solar active region, this PhD dissertation is aimed to study solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics. More attentionis paid to three-dimensional wavefront sensing of atmospheric turbulence, numericalsimulation and design of solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics system based on1-meter solar telescope.
Three-dimensional wavefront sensing of atmosphere turbulence is crucial torealize multi-conjugate adaptive optics technology. In this dissertation, modaltomography, which is one of the most important algorithms for3D wavefrontsensing, is analyzed in theory, the principle limitation of modal tomography isproposed. Based on this view the tomographic error is discussed and the simulationresults for different errors are presented. The analysis results show that part Zernikemodal basis is used as a new basis of polynomial decomposition in modaltomography, which leads to modal coupling error and aliasing error. Theun-correlation of part Zernike modal basis is the prerequisite to avoid modal aliasingerror, but modal coupling error cannot be removed and we can only restrain itsinfluence. Combined with simulation result a method with large field of view (FOV)sensing and small FOV reconstruction is proposed and gives a good performance tocontrol modal coupling error.
In the other field, Ground Layer Adaptive Optics (GLAO) which correctsground layer turbulence and the average algorithm for ground layer turbulenceestimate are analyzed. Power spectrum filter method is present to describe the effectof GLAO. As a special case of atmosphere tomography, average algorithm isproposed for the first time that can reconstruct atmosphere turbulence in two layers.Simulation analyzes is present for the major factors which influenced the systemcorrection effect of GLAO. The simulation result indicates that the compensate effect is related to the proportion of ground layer turbulence intensity and field ofview.
Furthermore, the experimental demonstration is carried out for the performanceof atmosphere tomography and average algorithm evaluation, using sunspot andsolar granulation as the beacons. A large FOV correlation Shark-Hartmann isdesigned and employed to get turbulence aberration from several light of fieldsimultaneously. The FOV cover by its detector is some60arcsec to the side in eachof the30subapertures. We use the observation of the5off axis regions to calculatethe deformation of the wavefront of ground and high layer turbulence, and thensimulate GLAO and two layers MCAO correction in open loop, the result shows itiseffective to reconstruct the turbulence in different layers.
At last, a solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics system is designed andsimulated for1meter solar telescope. This system contains two parts, including a127-element adaptive optics for correcting ground layer turbulence and a37-elementfor high layer. It shows that the two-conjugate adaptive optics can obtain obvioushigh resolution in1’ FOV, and the non-conjugated of DM and turbulence layer hasmore influence for higher turbulence layer.
This dissertation is pioneering work in domestic, which is aimed to study solarMCAO and GLAO for the demand of high resolution observation of solar activeregion. It has laid a foundation for MCAO system and will help to promote thedevelopment of adaptive optics technology.
大气湍流三维波前探测是实现多层共轭自适应光学技术的关键和前提。论文首先对湍流三维波前探测中常用的模式法层析技术进行理论研究与仿真分析，首次提出该算法存在原理性限制，并基于此对模式法层析技术产生误差的原因展开分析，随后针对不同类型的模式层析重构误差给出数值仿真实验结果。结果表明，模式层析重构中使用了Zernike分解基的一部分作为新的分解基进行波面拟合，从而引入模式混淆和模式耦合两个方面的误差；部分Zernike分解基不相关是避免模式混淆误差的必要条件，模式耦合误差则无法避免。论文进一步结合仿真结果提出大视场探测、小区域重构的方法，有效的抑制了模式耦合误差。
其次，针对地表层自适应光学（GLAO）技术，采用地表层大气湍流波前相位的平均算法对地表层大气湍流波前相位进行预测，对影响地表层自适应光学系统校正效果的主要因素进行了仿真。首次提出平均算法作为大气层析技术的特例，可以对大气湍流进行分两层重构。仿真分析结果表明在相同大气相干长度的情况下，地表层湍流强度在整个大气层中所占的比重对地表层自适应光学的校正效果有较大影响，对于特定的湍流分布，探测视场越大，整个视场内校正效果越差。
再次，设计并研制了一套37子孔径的大视场相关夏克-哈特曼波前传感器，在云南天文台1米太阳望远镜上以太阳黑子为目标开展了大视场波前探测实验，首次得到实际大气层析和平均算法的波前探测实验结果。在1’探测视场内选取5个不同位置的子区域探测波前像差，进行大气层析波前重建，利用波前重建结果模拟地表层自适应光学和双层共轭自适应光学系统的开环校正。实验验证了平均算法和大气层析技术的有效性。
最后，基于1米太阳望远镜，在国内首次开展了太阳多层共轭自适应光学实验系统的仿真分析和系统设计。该实验系统中包括一套127单元自适应光学系统和一套37单元自适应光学系统，分别用于校正地面层湍流和高层大气湍流。研究结果表明，该两层共轭自适应光学校正系统可以在1’探测视场内获得明显的高分辨校正效果，湍流层越高，其与变形镜的非共轭对校正效果的影响越大。
本文针对太阳大视场高分辨力成像观测需求，开展多层共轭自适应光学和地表层自适应光学技术进行系统的研究，在国内尚属开创性的工作，为进一步开展多层共轭自适应光学系统的研制打下了基础，对推动我国自适应光学技术的发展具有重要的研究意义和参考价值。
Nowadays multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO), in whichthree-dimensional (3D) phase distortion induced by atmospheric turbulenceis sensedby making use of several guide stars, and then controls a number of DMs conjugatedinto different altitude to widen the compensated field of view by correcting the phasedistortions in situ, has become one of the most interesting researches on adaptiveoptics. For the demand of high resolution observation of solar active region, this PhD dissertation is aimed to study solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics. More attentionis paid to three-dimensional wavefront sensing of atmospheric turbulence, numericalsimulation and design of solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics system based on1-meter solar telescope.
Three-dimensional wavefront sensing of atmosphere turbulence is crucial torealize multi-conjugate adaptive optics technology. In this dissertation, modaltomography, which is one of the most important algorithms for3D wavefrontsensing, is analyzed in theory, the principle limitation of modal tomography isproposed. Based on this view the tomographic error is discussed and the simulationresults for different errors are presented. The analysis results show that part Zernikemodal basis is used as a new basis of polynomial decomposition in modaltomography, which leads to modal coupling error and aliasing error. Theun-correlation of part Zernike modal basis is the prerequisite to avoid modal aliasingerror, but modal coupling error cannot be removed and we can only restrain itsinfluence. Combined with simulation result a method with large field of view (FOV)sensing and small FOV reconstruction is proposed and gives a good performance tocontrol modal coupling error.
In the other field, Ground Layer Adaptive Optics (GLAO) which correctsground layer turbulence and the average algorithm for ground layer turbulenceestimate are analyzed. Power spectrum filter method is present to describe the effectof GLAO. As a special case of atmosphere tomography, average algorithm isproposed for the first time that can reconstruct atmosphere turbulence in two layers.Simulation analyzes is present for the major factors which influenced the systemcorrection effect of GLAO. The simulation result indicates that the compensate effect is related to the proportion of ground layer turbulence intensity and field ofview.
Furthermore, the experimental demonstration is carried out for the performanceof atmosphere tomography and average algorithm evaluation, using sunspot andsolar granulation as the beacons. A large FOV correlation Shark-Hartmann isdesigned and employed to get turbulence aberration from several light of fieldsimultaneously. The FOV cover by its detector is some60arcsec to the side in eachof the30subapertures. We use the observation of the5off axis regions to calculatethe deformation of the wavefront of ground and high layer turbulence, and thensimulate GLAO and two layers MCAO correction in open loop, the result shows itiseffective to reconstruct the turbulence in different layers.
At last, a solar multi-conjugate adaptive optics system is designed andsimulated for1meter solar telescope. This system contains two parts, including a127-element adaptive optics for correcting ground layer turbulence and a37-elementfor high layer. It shows that the two-conjugate adaptive optics can obtain obvioushigh resolution in1’ FOV, and the non-conjugated of DM and turbulence layer hasmore influence for higher turbulence layer.
This dissertation is pioneering work in domestic, which is aimed to study solarMCAO and GLAO for the demand of high resolution observation of solar activeregion. It has laid a foundation for MCAO system and will help to promote thedevelopment of adaptive optics technology.
引文
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