设施杏树休眠特性及其生长发育规律的研究
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摘要
本试验包括两部分内容：一是调查估算了24个杏品种的低温需求量，并对休眠期间金太阳杏树枝芽内H_2O_2含量变化、抗氧化系统变化、碳水化合物的动态变化和游离脯氨酸的变化进行测定，探讨了Ca(CN)_2对杏树的破眠效应。二是对设施栽培杏树的果实生长发育、新梢生长发育、叶片净光合速率变化和花芽分化进程进行测定和观察。试验结果表明：(1)不同模型统计出的杏品种低温需求量之间存在着差异。低温需求量不仅与品种的遗传特性有关，也与外界环境条件有关。同一年份，同一品种花芽和叶芽需冷量不同，基本趋势是花芽的需冷量小于叶芽。(2)在休眠期，低温可促进杏枝芽内H_2O_2含量的升高，在打破休眠后，H_2O_2含量下降，表明枝芽内H_2O_2的含量变化与打破休眠效果有关。抗氧化系统酶类CAT、POD、SOD活性变化动态不同，SOD活性在休眠前期较高，低温不断增加后降低，之后又逐渐上升，休眠结束后略有下降；POD活性前期较低，之后一直升高，且变化趋势与H_2O_2含量变化一致；CAT活性休眠初期较低、后迅速上升，自然休眠结束后急剧下降。(3)休眠期间随着低温的不断增加，杏树枝芽内可溶性糖含量上升，淀粉含量下降，游离脯氨酸含量上升；在休眠结束后呈现出相反的变化趋势。(4)用石灰氮处理对打破杏树休眠效果不明显。(5)温室中的金太阳杏和骆驼黄杏，不论是正常区还是高温区，果实的纵横径生长发育都呈“双S”生长曲线。(6)温室金太阳杏树的新梢生长在一年中有两个快速生长期。第一次出现在开花后的7-8周，即4月1日到4月7日；第二次快速生长期在开花后的16-18周，即6月3日到6月17日。而大田杏树在整个生长季节只有一次快速生长期，在开花后的第11-12周，即6月3日到6月10日，并且温室杏树的新梢生长量远远大于大田杏树新梢的生长量。(7)在太谷地区，2002—2003年金太阳杏在温室中的花芽分化进程大致是5月20日开始花蕾分化期，花萼分化
期从6月下旬到8月上旬，花瓣分化期从7月上旬到8月下旬，雄蕊分化期
从7月中旬到9月上旬，雌蕊分化期从7月中旬到10月下旬。(8)温室内杏
树净光合速率晴天日变化呈典型的双峰曲线，阴天日变化呈单峰曲线;大田
杏树净光合速率晴天日变化呈典型的双峰曲线，而阴天呈平缓的双峰曲线;
温室杏树净光合速率季节变化呈三峰曲线，而大田杏树净光合速率季节变化
呈双峰曲线。
There are two parts in this trial. One is that the chilling requirements of 24 cultivars of apricot, Dynamic state of H2O2 content .changes in antioxidate system, the dynamic changes of carbohydrates and the free proline were estimated and measured. The other is that the floral bud differentiation, fruit development, shoots growth, and Pn of apricot under protected cultivation conditions were observed and measured, and discussed the effect of breaking apricot bud in Ca(CN)2. The results were as follows:
1. There were difference among chilling requirement of the apricot varieties given by different models. Chilling requirement was related to not only variety genetic characteristic, but also the environment conditions .so the chilling requirement was different for various cultivars, the basic trend was vegetative buds is bigger than floral buds' for one cultivar in a year.
2. The content of H2O2 in shoots and buds of dormant apricot increases under low temperature, and it decreases after rest released, which indicated the changes of content of H2O2 is related to effect of breaking dormancy and activity of SOD, POD and CAT. Three antioxidate enzymes were analyzed during dormant period. It indicated that SOD activity was high at earlier stage, then dropped to a low activity. With the chilling requirement coming, only rising slighting after the end of dormancy, POD activity was low in earlier stage, then rose steadily, and the trend was similar to changing of H2O2 content, CAT activity was also low in earlier stage, with the chilling requirement accumulation, it rose quickly, dropped sharply with the end of endodormancy.
3. During the winter dormancy, with the chilling requirement coming , The content of starch decreased and the content of soluble sugar increased. The content of free proline increased, it conversed while the end of endodormancy.
4. Ca(CN)2 has a little effect on breaking the buds of apricot.
5. Suture diameter and polar diameter growth curves of "Jintaiyang" and "Luotuohuang" apricot in greenhouses, whether basic temperature or high temperature, were both double sigmoidal growth curves.
6. There were two fast-growing periods for the growth trends of shoots of "Jintaiyang" inside the greenhouse, One being 7th-8th week after blossom, i.e. the beginning of April, another being 16th-18th week after blossom, i.e. from the beginning to the middle of June. There was only one fast-growing for the shoots in the open field, which happened 11th-12th,
i.e. the beginning of June. The shoot growing in the greenhouse far exceeded those in the open field.
7. In Taigu, floral bud differentiation process of "Jintaiyang" apricot in greenhouse was: Bud differentiation began the middle of May, Calyx being from the end of June to the beginning of August Petal being from the beginning of July to the end of August, Stamen being the middle of July to the beginning of September, Pistil being from the middle of July to the middle of October .and appeared pistil degeneration phenomena.
8. Average Pn in a sunny day in the open field appeared gently double peaks curve, but being typical double peaks curve inside the greenhouse, In cloudy, being gently double peaks curve in the open field and single peak inside the greenhouse. Season Pn in greenhouse emerged three peaks curve and double peaks one in the open field.
期从6月下旬到8月上旬，花瓣分化期从7月上旬到8月下旬，雄蕊分化期
从7月中旬到9月上旬，雌蕊分化期从7月中旬到10月下旬。(8)温室内杏
树净光合速率晴天日变化呈典型的双峰曲线，阴天日变化呈单峰曲线;大田
杏树净光合速率晴天日变化呈典型的双峰曲线，而阴天呈平缓的双峰曲线;
温室杏树净光合速率季节变化呈三峰曲线，而大田杏树净光合速率季节变化
呈双峰曲线。
There are two parts in this trial. One is that the chilling requirements of 24 cultivars of apricot, Dynamic state of H2O2 content .changes in antioxidate system, the dynamic changes of carbohydrates and the free proline were estimated and measured. The other is that the floral bud differentiation, fruit development, shoots growth, and Pn of apricot under protected cultivation conditions were observed and measured, and discussed the effect of breaking apricot bud in Ca(CN)2. The results were as follows:
1. There were difference among chilling requirement of the apricot varieties given by different models. Chilling requirement was related to not only variety genetic characteristic, but also the environment conditions .so the chilling requirement was different for various cultivars, the basic trend was vegetative buds is bigger than floral buds' for one cultivar in a year.
2. The content of H2O2 in shoots and buds of dormant apricot increases under low temperature, and it decreases after rest released, which indicated the changes of content of H2O2 is related to effect of breaking dormancy and activity of SOD, POD and CAT. Three antioxidate enzymes were analyzed during dormant period. It indicated that SOD activity was high at earlier stage, then dropped to a low activity. With the chilling requirement coming, only rising slighting after the end of dormancy, POD activity was low in earlier stage, then rose steadily, and the trend was similar to changing of H2O2 content, CAT activity was also low in earlier stage, with the chilling requirement accumulation, it rose quickly, dropped sharply with the end of endodormancy.
3. During the winter dormancy, with the chilling requirement coming , The content of starch decreased and the content of soluble sugar increased. The content of free proline increased, it conversed while the end of endodormancy.
4. Ca(CN)2 has a little effect on breaking the buds of apricot.
5. Suture diameter and polar diameter growth curves of "Jintaiyang" and "Luotuohuang" apricot in greenhouses, whether basic temperature or high temperature, were both double sigmoidal growth curves.
6. There were two fast-growing periods for the growth trends of shoots of "Jintaiyang" inside the greenhouse, One being 7th-8th week after blossom, i.e. the beginning of April, another being 16th-18th week after blossom, i.e. from the beginning to the middle of June. There was only one fast-growing for the shoots in the open field, which happened 11th-12th,
i.e. the beginning of June. The shoot growing in the greenhouse far exceeded those in the open field.
7. In Taigu, floral bud differentiation process of "Jintaiyang" apricot in greenhouse was: Bud differentiation began the middle of May, Calyx being from the end of June to the beginning of August Petal being from the beginning of July to the end of August, Stamen being the middle of July to the beginning of September, Pistil being from the middle of July to the middle of October .and appeared pistil degeneration phenomena.
8. Average Pn in a sunny day in the open field appeared gently double peaks curve, but being typical double peaks curve inside the greenhouse, In cloudy, being gently double peaks curve in the open field and single peak inside the greenhouse. Season Pn in greenhouse emerged three peaks curve and double peaks one in the open field.
引文
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