基于数字卫星信号的无源雷达关键技术研究
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摘要
无源雷达在反隐形、反辐射导弹、反低空突防方面有诸多优势，因而成为当今雷达研究的一个重要方向。在国外，基于地面电视和调频广播的无源雷达已有实用化的产品，国内在这方面的研究也是如火如荼。然而，基于卫星信号的无源雷达研究却少见报端，仅有几篇关于利用模拟卫星电视信号和GPS卫星信号进行无源探测的报告，而且试验结果均不是太理想，这其中自有其系统实现方面的困难。但是，这种方案所突现出来的优势——比如卫星的绝对安全性、无目标盲区等，都促使我们进一步去研究它，去探讨解决问题的方法。
本文从全新的角度，利用数字音频直播卫星作为照射源，建立了简单的系统结构，并对其中的两个方面——目标定位和信号检测进行了不同程度的探讨，获得了一定的理论研究成果。
在对卫星辐射源介绍的基础上，本文提出了T1R3的定位方案，即对于三个独立的接收站，分别用双天线接收直达信号和回波信号，测得两信号的到达时间差(TDOA)，再利用椭球面相交法实现了目标定位。精度仿真结果表明该系统的定位精度是比较满意的。有关弱信号检测和时差提取的问题，本文从相关和循环平稳方法的角度分别进行了分析和比较，得出了两算法各自的优势和适用场合。仿真结果显示，如果采用单一的相关方法实现信号检测，长时间的信号积累是必须的，为了解决积累时间过长带来的实时处理问题，本文提出了多频道并行处理等思想来解决工程上的这个矛盾。本文还简要的提及系统结构和系统的其他关键技术，并和基于地面电台的无源雷达做了定性的比较。
The passive radar has many advantages on anti-stealth, anti-radiation missile, anti-extra-low flight, so it become the important direction of radar study. The passive radar based on local TV/FM signal has been practical oversea, at the same time, much attention have been paid to it in homeland. However, we can seldom contact some reports about the passive radar based on man-made satellite signal, just several papers mentioned the similar system based on the satellite-borne of analog TV or GPS satellites signal, furthermore, the results of these experiment are not good, this result from the difficulty of realization. Yet with the outstanding superiority of this system, such as the absolute security for the satellite, no blind-area of the target etc, all of this motivates us to research it and find new approaches of solution.
From a new aspect, this dissertation conceive the simple system based on the satellite illuminator for the digital audio broadcast(DAB) purpose, and discuss the two problems------target location and signal detection, obtaining some theory fruit at last.
On the basis of introduction about this satellite signal, the dissertation bring forward
the location method------T1R3, that is to say, the system includes three independent
receivers, each of them has two antennas to receive direct signal from satellite and reflected signal from target, the TDOA have been measured through the comparison between this two signals, and the target will be orientated by a complex algorithm . The GDOP simulation show that the system location precision is satisfied. About the signal detection, the dissertation compares the correlation method with the cyclostationary method, and shows the advantages of the cyclostationary method. The simulation indicate that a long time integration may be used to achieve enough processing gain by correlation method, and the idea about multi-channel parallel processing were proposed to solve the contradiction from real-time processing. This dissertation mentions the system structure and the other key technology at the same time, the comparison between the passive radar based on local TV/FM signal and the passive radar based on DAB satellite signal were given.
本文从全新的角度，利用数字音频直播卫星作为照射源，建立了简单的系统结构，并对其中的两个方面——目标定位和信号检测进行了不同程度的探讨，获得了一定的理论研究成果。
在对卫星辐射源介绍的基础上，本文提出了T1R3的定位方案，即对于三个独立的接收站，分别用双天线接收直达信号和回波信号，测得两信号的到达时间差(TDOA)，再利用椭球面相交法实现了目标定位。精度仿真结果表明该系统的定位精度是比较满意的。有关弱信号检测和时差提取的问题，本文从相关和循环平稳方法的角度分别进行了分析和比较，得出了两算法各自的优势和适用场合。仿真结果显示，如果采用单一的相关方法实现信号检测，长时间的信号积累是必须的，为了解决积累时间过长带来的实时处理问题，本文提出了多频道并行处理等思想来解决工程上的这个矛盾。本文还简要的提及系统结构和系统的其他关键技术，并和基于地面电台的无源雷达做了定性的比较。
The passive radar has many advantages on anti-stealth, anti-radiation missile, anti-extra-low flight, so it become the important direction of radar study. The passive radar based on local TV/FM signal has been practical oversea, at the same time, much attention have been paid to it in homeland. However, we can seldom contact some reports about the passive radar based on man-made satellite signal, just several papers mentioned the similar system based on the satellite-borne of analog TV or GPS satellites signal, furthermore, the results of these experiment are not good, this result from the difficulty of realization. Yet with the outstanding superiority of this system, such as the absolute security for the satellite, no blind-area of the target etc, all of this motivates us to research it and find new approaches of solution.
From a new aspect, this dissertation conceive the simple system based on the satellite illuminator for the digital audio broadcast(DAB) purpose, and discuss the two problems------target location and signal detection, obtaining some theory fruit at last.
On the basis of introduction about this satellite signal, the dissertation bring forward
the location method------T1R3, that is to say, the system includes three independent
receivers, each of them has two antennas to receive direct signal from satellite and reflected signal from target, the TDOA have been measured through the comparison between this two signals, and the target will be orientated by a complex algorithm . The GDOP simulation show that the system location precision is satisfied. About the signal detection, the dissertation compares the correlation method with the cyclostationary method, and shows the advantages of the cyclostationary method. The simulation indicate that a long time integration may be used to achieve enough processing gain by correlation method, and the idea about multi-channel parallel processing were proposed to solve the contradiction from real-time processing. This dissertation mentions the system structure and the other key technology at the same time, the comparison between the passive radar based on local TV/FM signal and the passive radar based on DAB satellite signal were given.
引文
1 唐小明，何友，夏明革．基于机会发射的无源雷达系统发展评述．现代雷达．2002．3(3)：1-6
2 H.D. Griffiths. and Long. N. R. W., " Television_based bistatic radar " Proc. IEE, Vol. 133, No. 7, pp. 649-657, December 1982
3 H.D. Griffiths, A.J. Garnett, C.J. Barker, S. Keavency. Bistatic radar using satellite-borne illuminators of opportunity. IEEE 1992 International Radar Conference: 276-279
4 崔伟建，戴国宪．无源雷达浅析．电子对抗．2003(2)：41-46
5 Nordwall B.D. "Silent Sentry" —A new type of radar[J]. Aviation Week & Space Technology. 1998(30): 70-71
6 Volker Koch, Robert Westphal. A new approach to a multistatic passive radar sensor for air defense. IEEE 1995 International Radar Conference: 22-28
7 Maurice A. Ringer, Gordon J. Frazer.Waveform analysis of transmissions of opportunity for passive radar. Fifth international symposium on signal processing and its applications: 511-514
8 夏厚培，杨华明，孔庆国．基于GPS系统探测舰船的无源雷达．雷达与对抗．2004(1)：1-5(转9)
9 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(1)：系统概述．广播与电视技术．1999(2)：85-88
10 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(2)：系统工作原理．广播与电视技术．1999(3)：116-118
11 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(3)：广播业务的组织与馈送．广播与电视技术．1999(4)：131-134
12 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(4)：卫星数字音频接收机技术介绍．广播与电视技术．1999(5)：100-105
13 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(5)：付费业务管理系统．广播与电视技术．1999(6)：112-113
14 沈允立，徐伟宾．World Space卫星数字声音广播系统．电声技术．2002(1)：60-63
15 张野秋．有关L波段直播卫星数字音频广播技术及试验情况．广播与电视技术．2002(4)：76-81
16 韩伟．1.5GHz卫星无线电接收机．有线电视技术：1-5
17 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
18 丹尼斯(著)，张更新等译．卫星通信．第一版．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002
19 樊昌信，詹道庸等．通信原理．第四版．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
20 曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
21 车晴，张文杰，王京玲．数字卫星广播与微波技术．第一版．北京：中国广播电视出版社，2003
22 孙仲康，周一宇，何黎星．单多基地有源无源定位技术．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1996
23 王永诚，张令坤．多站时差定位技术研究．现代雷达．2003(2)：1-4
24 西北电讯工程学院《雷达系统》编写组．雷达系统．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1980
25 胡来招．无源定位．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
26 张贤达．现代信号处理．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
27 张贤达，保铮．非平稳信号分析与处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1998
28 丁鹭飞，耿富录．雷达原理．第三版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2002
29 王宏禹．非平稳随机信号分析与处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1999
30 William A. Gardner, "Measurement of spectral correlation" . IEEE transactions on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, Vol. ASSP-34. No. 5, 1986:1111-1123
31 William A. Gardner. " Exploitation of spectral redundancy in cyclostaionary signals, " IEEE Signal Processing Mag., Vol. 8, pp. 14-36, Apr. 1991
32 W. A. Gardner, Introduction to random processes with applications to signals and systems, 2nd New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989
33 W. A. Gardner, "The spectral correlation theory of cyclostationary time_serise," signal processing, Vol. 11, pp. 13-36, July 1986.
34 W. A. Gardner and C. K. Chen," Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part Ⅰ :theory and method, " IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol 40, No. 5, pp. 1168-1184, May 1992
35 C. K. Chen and W. A. Gardner, "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part Ⅱ :algorithms and performance, " IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol 40, No. 5, pp. 1185-1197, May 1992
36 W. A. Brown and H. H. Loomis, Jr. "Digital implementations of spectral correlation analyzers, " IEEE Transactions on signal processing. Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 703-720, Feb 1993
37 Randy S. Roberts, W. A. Brown, Herschel H. Loomis, Jr. "Computationally efficient algorithms for cyclic spectral analysis, " IEEE signal Processing Mag., Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 38-49, Apr. 1991
38 W. A. Gardner, " Spectral correlation of modulated signals:Part Ⅰ :analog modulation, " IEEE Transactions on communications., Vol. COM-35, No. 6, pp. 584-594, June 1987
39 W.A. Gardner, " Spectral correlation of modulated signals:Part Ⅱ :digital modulation, " IEEE Tansactions on communications., Vol. COM-35, No. 6, pp. 595-601, June 1987
40 王中德，张辉．离散和连续傅立叶分析理论．第一版．北京：北京邮电学院出版社，1991
41 黄知涛，姜文利等．基于调频广播信号的动目标时差提取方法．电子学报．2001(12)
42 基于循环频率补偿的循环平稳信号时差提取方法．信号处理．2001(6)
43 www. 21icsearch. com
44 杨振起，张永顺，骆永军．双(多)基地雷达系统．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1998
2 H.D. Griffiths. and Long. N. R. W., " Television_based bistatic radar " Proc. IEE, Vol. 133, No. 7, pp. 649-657, December 1982
3 H.D. Griffiths, A.J. Garnett, C.J. Barker, S. Keavency. Bistatic radar using satellite-borne illuminators of opportunity. IEEE 1992 International Radar Conference: 276-279
4 崔伟建，戴国宪．无源雷达浅析．电子对抗．2003(2)：41-46
5 Nordwall B.D. "Silent Sentry" —A new type of radar[J]. Aviation Week & Space Technology. 1998(30): 70-71
6 Volker Koch, Robert Westphal. A new approach to a multistatic passive radar sensor for air defense. IEEE 1995 International Radar Conference: 22-28
7 Maurice A. Ringer, Gordon J. Frazer.Waveform analysis of transmissions of opportunity for passive radar. Fifth international symposium on signal processing and its applications: 511-514
8 夏厚培，杨华明，孔庆国．基于GPS系统探测舰船的无源雷达．雷达与对抗．2004(1)：1-5(转9)
9 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(1)：系统概述．广播与电视技术．1999(2)：85-88
10 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(2)：系统工作原理．广播与电视技术．1999(3)：116-118
11 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(3)：广播业务的组织与馈送．广播与电视技术．1999(4)：131-134
12 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(4)：卫星数字音频接收机技术介绍．广播与电视技术．1999(5)：100-105
13 赵伯华．世广卫星数字音频广播系统专题报告(5)：付费业务管理系统．广播与电视技术．1999(6)：112-113
14 沈允立，徐伟宾．World Space卫星数字声音广播系统．电声技术．2002(1)：60-63
15 张野秋．有关L波段直播卫星数字音频广播技术及试验情况．广播与电视技术．2002(4)：76-81
16 韩伟．1.5GHz卫星无线电接收机．有线电视技术：1-5
17 张贤达，保铮．通信信号处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
18 丹尼斯(著)，张更新等译．卫星通信．第一版．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002
19 樊昌信，詹道庸等．通信原理．第四版．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
20 曹志刚，钱亚生．现代通信原理．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
21 车晴，张文杰，王京玲．数字卫星广播与微波技术．第一版．北京：中国广播电视出版社，2003
22 孙仲康，周一宇，何黎星．单多基地有源无源定位技术．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1996
23 王永诚，张令坤．多站时差定位技术研究．现代雷达．2003(2)：1-4
24 西北电讯工程学院《雷达系统》编写组．雷达系统．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1980
25 胡来招．无源定位．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
26 张贤达．现代信号处理．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，2002
27 张贤达，保铮．非平稳信号分析与处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1998
28 丁鹭飞，耿富录．雷达原理．第三版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2002
29 王宏禹．非平稳随机信号分析与处理．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1999
30 William A. Gardner, "Measurement of spectral correlation" . IEEE transactions on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, Vol. ASSP-34. No. 5, 1986:1111-1123
31 William A. Gardner. " Exploitation of spectral redundancy in cyclostaionary signals, " IEEE Signal Processing Mag., Vol. 8, pp. 14-36, Apr. 1991
32 W. A. Gardner, Introduction to random processes with applications to signals and systems, 2nd New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989
33 W. A. Gardner, "The spectral correlation theory of cyclostationary time_serise," signal processing, Vol. 11, pp. 13-36, July 1986.
34 W. A. Gardner and C. K. Chen," Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part Ⅰ :theory and method, " IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol 40, No. 5, pp. 1168-1184, May 1992
35 C. K. Chen and W. A. Gardner, "Signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments, Part Ⅱ :algorithms and performance, " IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Vol 40, No. 5, pp. 1185-1197, May 1992
36 W. A. Brown and H. H. Loomis, Jr. "Digital implementations of spectral correlation analyzers, " IEEE Transactions on signal processing. Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 703-720, Feb 1993
37 Randy S. Roberts, W. A. Brown, Herschel H. Loomis, Jr. "Computationally efficient algorithms for cyclic spectral analysis, " IEEE signal Processing Mag., Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 38-49, Apr. 1991
38 W. A. Gardner, " Spectral correlation of modulated signals:Part Ⅰ :analog modulation, " IEEE Transactions on communications., Vol. COM-35, No. 6, pp. 584-594, June 1987
39 W.A. Gardner, " Spectral correlation of modulated signals:Part Ⅱ :digital modulation, " IEEE Tansactions on communications., Vol. COM-35, No. 6, pp. 595-601, June 1987
40 王中德，张辉．离散和连续傅立叶分析理论．第一版．北京：北京邮电学院出版社，1991
41 黄知涛，姜文利等．基于调频广播信号的动目标时差提取方法．电子学报．2001(12)
42 基于循环频率补偿的循环平稳信号时差提取方法．信号处理．2001(6)
43 www. 21icsearch. com
44 杨振起，张永顺，骆永军．双(多)基地雷达系统．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社，1998