黑鲷幼鱼适宜蛋白需要量的研究
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摘要
蛋白质是影响鱼类生长和饲料成本的主要因素。一般情况下,增加饲料中蛋白质的含量可以提高养殖产量,但是饲料蛋白质含量过高,会造成蛋白质的浪费,而且氨基酸代谢产生的氨会破坏水质；另一方面,如果饲料蛋白质含量低于水产动物的营养需要,又会影响其生长。因此,饲料中蛋白质含量必需适宜,才能保证养殖产量的提高,并保持较为合理的成本。
本试验以黑鲷幼鱼为研究对象,通过研究饲料蛋白质不同水平对黑鲷幼鱼生长、饲料利用效果、鱼体常规营养成分含量以及消化酶和血浆生化指标的影响,以确定黑鲷幼鱼正常生长最适宜的蛋白水平,寻找符合其最佳生长的饲料配方,促使其快速生长,提高养殖产量和经济效益。
试验选取同一放养批次、体质健康的黑鲷幼鱼,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,平均体重为16.64±0.16g,分别投喂蛋白水平为31.95%、35.28%、38.53%、41.77%、45.15%和48.53%的六种饲料。在进行为期56天的养殖试验后,分析、计算黑鲷幼鱼的饲养指标和饲料指标,并宰杀所有试验鱼,采集全鱼、血浆、肝脏、肌肉、胃、幽门盲囊和肠样品,进行相关指标分析。
实验结果表明,饲料中蛋白水平的提高能显著影响黑鲷幼鱼的生长和饲料利用效果(P<0.05)。随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高,黑鲷幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料总表观消化率及蛋白质、钙磷等营养成分的表观消化率变化趋势基本一致,均在一定范围内呈上升趋势,在饲料蛋白水平为41.77%时达到最高值,继续增加蛋白水平反而有所下降；与此相反,黑鲷幼鱼的肥满度、肝体指数、饲料系数和蛋白质效率随着饲料中蛋白水平的升高而降低,脂肪的表观消化率在一定范围内也呈下降趋势。
饲料中不同的蛋白水平对黑鲷幼鱼体组成也有较大的影响。试验各组全鱼、肌肉和肝脏蛋白含量的变化趋势基本一致,即随着蛋白水平的升高而增大,在饲料蛋白含量为41.77%时达到最大值；相反,在一定的范围内,随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高、脂肪含量的降低,黑鲷幼鱼组织中脂肪的含量逐渐减小；黑鲷幼鱼组织中水分含量和粗灰分含量均随饲料中蛋白含量的增加大致呈现升高趋势,其中饲料蛋白水平对全鱼和肝脏中水分含量有显著影响(P<0.05),而对肌肉中水分含量和各组织中粗灰分含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
饲料中蛋白水平的提高可以改善黑鲷幼鱼的肉质,提高其营养价值和风味。黑鲷幼鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸总量随饲料蛋白水平的增加而升高,各试验组总必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例也随饲料中蛋白水平的升高呈逐渐增大的趋势。
饲料蛋白水平对消化道消化酶的活力有显著影响(P<0.05)。蛋白酶活力在胃中最高,在一定范围内,饲料蛋白水平的升高可以提高黑鲷幼鱼各消化道中蛋白酶活力,在蛋白水平为41.77%(肝脏中蛋白酶在蛋白水平为45.22%时达到最高)时达到最高,进一步提高蛋白水平则又表现出下降趋势；蛋白水平在一定范围内降低脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活力,脂肪酶活力以前肠中最高,淀粉酶活力在肝脏中最高；试验各组两种酶活力以中间蛋白组(38.53%、41.77%)偏高。
饲料蛋白水平对血浆葡萄糖含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对血浆中总胆固醇、甘油三脂浓度以及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力则有显著影响(P<0.05)。血浆总胆固醇和甘油三脂随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈明显的下降趋势。谷丙转氨酶活力随蛋白水平的增加而升高,谷草转氨酶在一定范围内呈下降趋势,当饲料蛋白水平大于38.53%时,谷草转氨酶活力又呈现出上升趋势；饲料蛋白水平的提高在一定范围内可以减轻肝脏负担,降低血脂浓度。
综合黑鲷幼鱼的生长效果和饲料效率以及体组成等相关指标,得出在水温28±1℃的条件下,初始体重为16g左右,终体重为55g左右的黑鲷幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为38.53%～41.77%,黑鲷幼鱼获得最佳增重效果时饲料蛋白水平为41.22%。
Protein is the dominating factor which affects fish growth and feed costs. Generally, enhancing the protein content in diet can increase the aquaculture output. However, if the protein content in diet is excess, it may cause waste of protein and the water quality may be destroyed by ammonia produced in the metabolism of amino acids. On the other hand, growth will be affected if the protein content in diet can not meet the aquatic animal nutritional requirement. Therefore, protein content in the diet must be suitable to guarantee the improvement of aquaculture output and to maintain an advisable cost.
The experiments were conducted to study the influences of different dietary protein levels on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, body compositions, digestive enzyme activities and biochemical indices of juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The aims of this research was to deduce the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile black sea bream, so as to impel it grow rapidly and enhance the output and economic efficiency.
The healthy black sea bream juveniles of the same batch were randomly allotted to six groups with triplicate of 20 fish (average body weight 16.64±0.16g). There were six experimental diets formulated to provide varying protein levels as follows: 31.95%,35.28%,38.53%,41.77%,45.15%and 48.53%. Fish were reared in tanks for 8 weeks with the diets aforementioned respectively. All the fish were killed to collect the carcass, plasma, liver, muscle, stomach, pylorus and intestine samples, and then analyzed the indices respectively.
The growth trial suggested that the increased dietary protein levels could improve the growth of juvenile black sea bream and feed utilization. Weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), general apparent digestibility of diet and apparent digestibility of nutrition ingredients such as protein, Ca and P changed consistently and increased with the increasing of dietary protein levels, which achieved the highest when the protein content was 41.77%, and inclined while the protein level was increased continually. On the contrary, the condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) inclined with the increase of dietary protein levels, and so did apparent digestibility of lipid inclined in certain range.
Fish body composition was significantly related to different dietary protein levels (P<0.05). The protein contents of whole fish, muscle and liver changed congruously with each other, which increased with the improving of dietary protein levels, and it achieved the highest when the protein content was 41.77%. Contrarily, in fixed range, the lipid of the tissue of juvenile black sea bream descended with the improving of dietary protein levels and decreasing of lipid content. The water content and crude ash in the tissue of juvenile black sea bream increased with the hoist of dietary protein levels, and the water content of whole fish and liver was observably related to the improvement of dietary protein levels (P<0.05), while the water content of muscle and crude ash content of tissues were not significantly related to it (P>0.05).
The flesh quality, nutritional value and flavor of juvenile black sea bream muscle became better with the improving of dietary protein levels. The content of total amino acid, total essential amino acid and total flavor amino acid of juvenile black sea bream muscle increased with the improving of dietary protein levels, and the ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids also increased.
Dietary protein levels had significant effects on digestive enzymes (P<0.05). At a certain range of protein levels, protease activity in the alimentary tract enhanced with the increasing dietary protein levels, which was the highest in stomach and reached the top level at 41.77%dietary protein level (protease activity in liver reached the top level at 45.22%), then decreased with continuously enhancing dietary protein levels. Lipase activity, the highest in foregut, and amylase activity which was the highest in liver, inclined with the dietary protein levels within certain range, and the two kinds of enzyme activity in middle protein teams (38.53%, 41.77%) was higher in each group compared to the other treatments.
No significant correlation was found between glucose concentration and dietary protein levels (P>0.05). However, dietary protein levels had significant influences on triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamete oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in plasma (P<0.05). The concentration of TG and T-CHO decreased with the increasing of dietary protein levels. GPT activity increased with the increasing of dietary protein levels; GOT activity reduced to the lowest levels at the dietary protein levels of 38.53%, then decreased. Enhancement of dietary protein levels could alleviate theliver burden and reduce the plasma lipids.
Generally considering growth performance, feed efficiency and body compositions as the evaluating index, it has been concluded that when the water temperature is 28±1℃, the feasible dietary protein levels for black sea bream juvenile (wt 16-55g) is within the range of 38.53%to 41.77%, and the optimum level is 41.22%based on the best weight gain.
本试验以黑鲷幼鱼为研究对象,通过研究饲料蛋白质不同水平对黑鲷幼鱼生长、饲料利用效果、鱼体常规营养成分含量以及消化酶和血浆生化指标的影响,以确定黑鲷幼鱼正常生长最适宜的蛋白水平,寻找符合其最佳生长的饲料配方,促使其快速生长,提高养殖产量和经济效益。
试验选取同一放养批次、体质健康的黑鲷幼鱼,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,平均体重为16.64±0.16g,分别投喂蛋白水平为31.95%、35.28%、38.53%、41.77%、45.15%和48.53%的六种饲料。在进行为期56天的养殖试验后,分析、计算黑鲷幼鱼的饲养指标和饲料指标,并宰杀所有试验鱼,采集全鱼、血浆、肝脏、肌肉、胃、幽门盲囊和肠样品,进行相关指标分析。
实验结果表明,饲料中蛋白水平的提高能显著影响黑鲷幼鱼的生长和饲料利用效果(P<0.05)。随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高,黑鲷幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料总表观消化率及蛋白质、钙磷等营养成分的表观消化率变化趋势基本一致,均在一定范围内呈上升趋势,在饲料蛋白水平为41.77%时达到最高值,继续增加蛋白水平反而有所下降；与此相反,黑鲷幼鱼的肥满度、肝体指数、饲料系数和蛋白质效率随着饲料中蛋白水平的升高而降低,脂肪的表观消化率在一定范围内也呈下降趋势。
饲料中不同的蛋白水平对黑鲷幼鱼体组成也有较大的影响。试验各组全鱼、肌肉和肝脏蛋白含量的变化趋势基本一致,即随着蛋白水平的升高而增大,在饲料蛋白含量为41.77%时达到最大值；相反,在一定的范围内,随着饲料中蛋白水平的提高、脂肪含量的降低,黑鲷幼鱼组织中脂肪的含量逐渐减小；黑鲷幼鱼组织中水分含量和粗灰分含量均随饲料中蛋白含量的增加大致呈现升高趋势,其中饲料蛋白水平对全鱼和肝脏中水分含量有显著影响(P<0.05),而对肌肉中水分含量和各组织中粗灰分含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。
饲料中蛋白水平的提高可以改善黑鲷幼鱼的肉质,提高其营养价值和风味。黑鲷幼鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸总量随饲料蛋白水平的增加而升高,各试验组总必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例也随饲料中蛋白水平的升高呈逐渐增大的趋势。
饲料蛋白水平对消化道消化酶的活力有显著影响(P<0.05)。蛋白酶活力在胃中最高,在一定范围内,饲料蛋白水平的升高可以提高黑鲷幼鱼各消化道中蛋白酶活力,在蛋白水平为41.77%(肝脏中蛋白酶在蛋白水平为45.22%时达到最高)时达到最高,进一步提高蛋白水平则又表现出下降趋势；蛋白水平在一定范围内降低脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活力,脂肪酶活力以前肠中最高,淀粉酶活力在肝脏中最高；试验各组两种酶活力以中间蛋白组(38.53%、41.77%)偏高。
饲料蛋白水平对血浆葡萄糖含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对血浆中总胆固醇、甘油三脂浓度以及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力则有显著影响(P<0.05)。血浆总胆固醇和甘油三脂随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈明显的下降趋势。谷丙转氨酶活力随蛋白水平的增加而升高,谷草转氨酶在一定范围内呈下降趋势,当饲料蛋白水平大于38.53%时,谷草转氨酶活力又呈现出上升趋势；饲料蛋白水平的提高在一定范围内可以减轻肝脏负担,降低血脂浓度。
综合黑鲷幼鱼的生长效果和饲料效率以及体组成等相关指标,得出在水温28±1℃的条件下,初始体重为16g左右,终体重为55g左右的黑鲷幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为38.53%～41.77%,黑鲷幼鱼获得最佳增重效果时饲料蛋白水平为41.22%。
Protein is the dominating factor which affects fish growth and feed costs. Generally, enhancing the protein content in diet can increase the aquaculture output. However, if the protein content in diet is excess, it may cause waste of protein and the water quality may be destroyed by ammonia produced in the metabolism of amino acids. On the other hand, growth will be affected if the protein content in diet can not meet the aquatic animal nutritional requirement. Therefore, protein content in the diet must be suitable to guarantee the improvement of aquaculture output and to maintain an advisable cost.
The experiments were conducted to study the influences of different dietary protein levels on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, body compositions, digestive enzyme activities and biochemical indices of juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The aims of this research was to deduce the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile black sea bream, so as to impel it grow rapidly and enhance the output and economic efficiency.
The healthy black sea bream juveniles of the same batch were randomly allotted to six groups with triplicate of 20 fish (average body weight 16.64±0.16g). There were six experimental diets formulated to provide varying protein levels as follows: 31.95%,35.28%,38.53%,41.77%,45.15%and 48.53%. Fish were reared in tanks for 8 weeks with the diets aforementioned respectively. All the fish were killed to collect the carcass, plasma, liver, muscle, stomach, pylorus and intestine samples, and then analyzed the indices respectively.
The growth trial suggested that the increased dietary protein levels could improve the growth of juvenile black sea bream and feed utilization. Weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), general apparent digestibility of diet and apparent digestibility of nutrition ingredients such as protein, Ca and P changed consistently and increased with the increasing of dietary protein levels, which achieved the highest when the protein content was 41.77%, and inclined while the protein level was increased continually. On the contrary, the condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) inclined with the increase of dietary protein levels, and so did apparent digestibility of lipid inclined in certain range.
Fish body composition was significantly related to different dietary protein levels (P<0.05). The protein contents of whole fish, muscle and liver changed congruously with each other, which increased with the improving of dietary protein levels, and it achieved the highest when the protein content was 41.77%. Contrarily, in fixed range, the lipid of the tissue of juvenile black sea bream descended with the improving of dietary protein levels and decreasing of lipid content. The water content and crude ash in the tissue of juvenile black sea bream increased with the hoist of dietary protein levels, and the water content of whole fish and liver was observably related to the improvement of dietary protein levels (P<0.05), while the water content of muscle and crude ash content of tissues were not significantly related to it (P>0.05).
The flesh quality, nutritional value and flavor of juvenile black sea bream muscle became better with the improving of dietary protein levels. The content of total amino acid, total essential amino acid and total flavor amino acid of juvenile black sea bream muscle increased with the improving of dietary protein levels, and the ratio of total essential amino acids to total amino acids also increased.
Dietary protein levels had significant effects on digestive enzymes (P<0.05). At a certain range of protein levels, protease activity in the alimentary tract enhanced with the increasing dietary protein levels, which was the highest in stomach and reached the top level at 41.77%dietary protein level (protease activity in liver reached the top level at 45.22%), then decreased with continuously enhancing dietary protein levels. Lipase activity, the highest in foregut, and amylase activity which was the highest in liver, inclined with the dietary protein levels within certain range, and the two kinds of enzyme activity in middle protein teams (38.53%, 41.77%) was higher in each group compared to the other treatments.
No significant correlation was found between glucose concentration and dietary protein levels (P>0.05). However, dietary protein levels had significant influences on triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamete oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in plasma (P<0.05). The concentration of TG and T-CHO decreased with the increasing of dietary protein levels. GPT activity increased with the increasing of dietary protein levels; GOT activity reduced to the lowest levels at the dietary protein levels of 38.53%, then decreased. Enhancement of dietary protein levels could alleviate theliver burden and reduce the plasma lipids.
Generally considering growth performance, feed efficiency and body compositions as the evaluating index, it has been concluded that when the water temperature is 28±1℃, the feasible dietary protein levels for black sea bream juvenile (wt 16-55g) is within the range of 38.53%to 41.77%, and the optimum level is 41.22%based on the best weight gain.
引文
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