基础隔震结构的抗震性能分析及输入地震动研究
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摘要
隔震结构是近三十年飞速发展的一种不同于传统结构的被动控制体系。在上部结构和基础之间引入一个侧向刚度小而竖向刚度大的隔震层,即通过隔震层的耗能装置,而不是由结构或结构构件来吸收消耗地震能量。本文以一个八层钢筋混凝土框架基础隔震结构为例：考虑到隔震结构周期较长的特点,结合实际地震动调整的小波方法,对结构输入调整前后的地震动进行抗震性能分析。本文主要从以下几个方面进行研究：
(1)探讨了隔震结构在国内外的历史进展及未来发展趋势,分析隔震体系的基本原理,隔震装置的主要类型及性能并讨论了隔震技术及隔震结构计算方法。
(2)对框架结构采用层剪切模型,对叠层橡胶支座采用双线性弹簧模拟,建立三维有限元分析模型,对结构的整体自振特性进行分析并探讨了高阶振型对结构地震反应的影响。以单向反应谱法和单向地震动输入对结构进行弹性地震反应分析,研究多遇地震作用下结构的整体受力变形,并为进一步研究隔震结构的动力特性打下基础。通过数值对比,得出隔震结构能大大减轻结构的水平地震作用,得到一些对实际隔震结构抗震设计有价值的结果。
(3)基础隔震结构具有周期长、隔震层变形大的特点,规范对隔震结构时程分析输入地震动的选取规定不够统一。本文探讨了隔震结构时程分析输入地震动的新方法,对结构选波控制指标难于指导实际工程设计的现状提出新思路：考虑到小波分析方法具有自适应时频窗的优点,对地震动的调整具有很强的优越性,其能合理考虑场地类别、频谱特性、振幅对地震动的影响,尤其是对隔震结构敏感的低频长周期地震动。通过输入基于小波方法调整后的地震动,对隔震结构进行时程分析。比较调整前后结构的动力特性,以结构的基底剪力、顶层位移作为控制指标,以反应谱法计算结果作为基准,对调整前后的结果对比分析,认为调整后结构反应的离散性小,且调整后的基底剪力与反应谱法计算结果有更好的接近,即调整后的地震动更易满足规范对结构时程分析输入的选择要求,其计算方法能够更全面反映出设计地震动的特性,计算结果能更好地满足时程分析输入地震动的特征,为以后的实际工程抗震设计提供理论依据。
Base-isolated structure is a passive control system different from the traditional structure in recently three decades of rapid development. There is a isolation layer of the lateral stiffness small and the vertical stiffness larger between the upper part of the structure and foundation. Through the consumption energy device of isolation layer, and not absorb the seismic energy by the structure or structure members. There is an eight-story reinforced concrete frame structure as an example of base-isolation in this paper. Considering the long period of base-isolated structure, with the wavelet method of the actual ground motion. Through input the ground motion of before and later adjustment to the structure for the performance of analysis earthquake-resistance. This paper studies mostly from the following aspects:
(1) The discussion of the history and future trends of isolated at home and abroad, the analysis of the basic principles of isolation system, the main types of isolation devices and performance, discussed the isolation techniques and the calculation methods of isolation structure.
(2) With shear-layer model on the frame structures, using the bi-linear spring simulation pairs of laminated rubber bearings, the three-dimensional finite element analysis model was established, the structure of the overall vibration characteristics was analyzed, and the seismic response of the higher-mode of buildings was explored. To further study the dynamic properties of isolated structures lay the foundation, the elastic seismic response of the structure by input the one-way response spectrum method and one-way ground motion was analysed, study the shear force and the deformation performance under the regular earthquake loading. Through numerical comparison, draw a conclusion:the base-isolated structure can greatly reduce the level of seismic action, some valuable conclusions of practical seismic design of isolated structures were obtained.
(3) Base-isolated structure has the characteristics of long period, isolation layer deformation large, the code for seismic design of buildings has not unify the method of input ground motion of the time-history analysis. This paper discusses the new method of the input ground motion to time-history analysis of isolation structures, and bring forward the new ideas for the status selection of indicators structural wave control diffcult to guide practical engineering design:considering the advantages of self-adaptive time-frequency window of the wavelet analysis, and the strong advantage of the adjusted the ground motion, it can reasonably consider the response for the type of venue, spectral characteristics, amplitude of ground motion, especially for the low-frequency and long period ground motion which based on wavelet method adjustment. Comparing the dynamic properties of the structure with before and later adjusted wavelet, and the controlling index:basal shear force, the top-level displacement, the calculation of the response spectrum method as a benchmark. Comparing and alysising the result of the adjusted wavelet before and late, obtained the results the adjusted wavelet is smaller discrete, the adjusted wavelet of base shear is closer to the numerical calculated in the response spectrum method for the adjusted seismic waves regularly. Its calculation method more fully embodies the characteristics of the design earthquake motion, and its result can more fully reflect the characteristics of the design ground motion, and provide a theortical basis seismic design for the future practical engineering.
(1)探讨了隔震结构在国内外的历史进展及未来发展趋势,分析隔震体系的基本原理,隔震装置的主要类型及性能并讨论了隔震技术及隔震结构计算方法。
(2)对框架结构采用层剪切模型,对叠层橡胶支座采用双线性弹簧模拟,建立三维有限元分析模型,对结构的整体自振特性进行分析并探讨了高阶振型对结构地震反应的影响。以单向反应谱法和单向地震动输入对结构进行弹性地震反应分析,研究多遇地震作用下结构的整体受力变形,并为进一步研究隔震结构的动力特性打下基础。通过数值对比,得出隔震结构能大大减轻结构的水平地震作用,得到一些对实际隔震结构抗震设计有价值的结果。
(3)基础隔震结构具有周期长、隔震层变形大的特点,规范对隔震结构时程分析输入地震动的选取规定不够统一。本文探讨了隔震结构时程分析输入地震动的新方法,对结构选波控制指标难于指导实际工程设计的现状提出新思路：考虑到小波分析方法具有自适应时频窗的优点,对地震动的调整具有很强的优越性,其能合理考虑场地类别、频谱特性、振幅对地震动的影响,尤其是对隔震结构敏感的低频长周期地震动。通过输入基于小波方法调整后的地震动,对隔震结构进行时程分析。比较调整前后结构的动力特性,以结构的基底剪力、顶层位移作为控制指标,以反应谱法计算结果作为基准,对调整前后的结果对比分析,认为调整后结构反应的离散性小,且调整后的基底剪力与反应谱法计算结果有更好的接近,即调整后的地震动更易满足规范对结构时程分析输入的选择要求,其计算方法能够更全面反映出设计地震动的特性,计算结果能更好地满足时程分析输入地震动的特征,为以后的实际工程抗震设计提供理论依据。
Base-isolated structure is a passive control system different from the traditional structure in recently three decades of rapid development. There is a isolation layer of the lateral stiffness small and the vertical stiffness larger between the upper part of the structure and foundation. Through the consumption energy device of isolation layer, and not absorb the seismic energy by the structure or structure members. There is an eight-story reinforced concrete frame structure as an example of base-isolation in this paper. Considering the long period of base-isolated structure, with the wavelet method of the actual ground motion. Through input the ground motion of before and later adjustment to the structure for the performance of analysis earthquake-resistance. This paper studies mostly from the following aspects:
(1) The discussion of the history and future trends of isolated at home and abroad, the analysis of the basic principles of isolation system, the main types of isolation devices and performance, discussed the isolation techniques and the calculation methods of isolation structure.
(2) With shear-layer model on the frame structures, using the bi-linear spring simulation pairs of laminated rubber bearings, the three-dimensional finite element analysis model was established, the structure of the overall vibration characteristics was analyzed, and the seismic response of the higher-mode of buildings was explored. To further study the dynamic properties of isolated structures lay the foundation, the elastic seismic response of the structure by input the one-way response spectrum method and one-way ground motion was analysed, study the shear force and the deformation performance under the regular earthquake loading. Through numerical comparison, draw a conclusion:the base-isolated structure can greatly reduce the level of seismic action, some valuable conclusions of practical seismic design of isolated structures were obtained.
(3) Base-isolated structure has the characteristics of long period, isolation layer deformation large, the code for seismic design of buildings has not unify the method of input ground motion of the time-history analysis. This paper discusses the new method of the input ground motion to time-history analysis of isolation structures, and bring forward the new ideas for the status selection of indicators structural wave control diffcult to guide practical engineering design:considering the advantages of self-adaptive time-frequency window of the wavelet analysis, and the strong advantage of the adjusted the ground motion, it can reasonably consider the response for the type of venue, spectral characteristics, amplitude of ground motion, especially for the low-frequency and long period ground motion which based on wavelet method adjustment. Comparing the dynamic properties of the structure with before and later adjusted wavelet, and the controlling index:basal shear force, the top-level displacement, the calculation of the response spectrum method as a benchmark. Comparing and alysising the result of the adjusted wavelet before and late, obtained the results the adjusted wavelet is smaller discrete, the adjusted wavelet of base shear is closer to the numerical calculated in the response spectrum method for the adjusted seismic waves regularly. Its calculation method more fully embodies the characteristics of the design earthquake motion, and its result can more fully reflect the characteristics of the design ground motion, and provide a theortical basis seismic design for the future practical engineering.
引文
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[2]刘小弟,苏经宇.具有天然地震特征的人工地震波的研究.工程抗震1992.9,3
[3]赵慧雯.铅芯橡胶隔震支座对结构抗震性能的影响分析西安建筑科技大学2008.06
[4]谢礼立,周雍年,胡成祥.地震动反应谱的长周期特性.地震工程与工程振动,1990.3 Vol10.1
[5]唐家祥,刘再华.建筑基础隔震[M].武汉：华中理工大学出版社,1993.3
[6]谢一可.基础隔震结构能量反应分析及其侧向碰撞作用影响研究.合肥工业大学,2006
[7]廖鹏程,魏颖.设计地震动加速度合成.地震工程与工程振动,1988,8,1：12-30
[8]王亚勇,许进.地震记录数据库管理系统EQDBMS,地震研究,1985,8(4)：535-540
[9]罗奇峰.近场加速度的经验合成.国家地震局工程力学研究所,1989
[10]赵凤新,胡聿贤.地震动非平稳性与幅值谱与相位差谱的关系.地震工程研究文集,1992,483-488
[11]Uniform Building Code. UBC 94 Structural Engineering Design Provisions,1994
[12]European Prestandard. Eurocode 8, CEN, ENV 1998,1994
[13]ALL Recommendations for Loads on Buildings.1996
[14]Australian Standard. Part4:Earthquake Loads,1994
[15]俞言祥.长周期地震动研究综述.国际地震动态,2004年7月第7期(总第307期)
[16]Katayama T, Shino I.An Enginerring Study of Long-period Strong Motion Using Displacement Seismograph Records. Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,1984,Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey,Vol. Ⅱ,289-296
[17]俞言祥,汪素云,吕红山.利用513中强地震仪记录图计算长周期地震动反应谱.地震学报,1997,19(3)：268-274
[18]丁文镜.减振理论.清华大学出版社,1988
[19]刘文光,译.冯德民,校.隔震结构设计.日本建筑协会.著地震出版社
[20]苏经宇,曾德民等.叠层钢板橡胶隔震体系设计与分析.工程抗震,1996.12第四期27-32
[21]曾德民.叠层橡胶隔震体系及其在砌体结构中的应用.中国建筑科学研究院1995
[22]周云,邓雪松,黄文虎.装有铅芯橡胶复阻尼器结构减震研究.地震工程与工程振动,第18卷第4期
[23]唐家祥,刘再华.建筑结构基础隔震.武汉：华中理工大学,1992
[24]王建强.基础隔震结构多维及平_扭耦联地震反应分析.西安建筑科技大学2003
[25]北京金土木软件技术有限公司中国建筑标准设计研究院 编著 SAP2000中文版使用指南.519页人民交通出版社
[26]彭俊生,罗永坤,彭地.结构动力学,抗震计算与SAP2000应用,西南交通大学出版社
[27]张宇峰.底框结构采用基础隔震技术的非线性时程分析.西南交通大学,2003.5
[28]卢华喜,梁平英.基于土-结构动力相互作用的结构隔震研究.铁道工程与工程学报,2009.1
[29]周云,宗兰,张文芳.土木工程抗震设计.科学出版社
[30]党育,杜永峰,李慧编著.基础隔震结构设计及施工指南.中国水利水电出版社,知识产权出版社
[31]周福霖.工程减震控制.北京：地震出版社,1997.4
[32]C.Marcelo Ramirez Simplified Analysis for Preliminary Design of Base-Isolated Structures. Stanford University Structures Congress New Horizons and Better Practices 2007
[33]刘英利,党希滨,杨平.基础隔震结构的非线性动力分析.世界地震工程.23卷2期2007.6
[34](美)R.克拉夫J.彭津 译者：王光远 结构动力学.高等教育出版社
[35]Anil K. Chopra著谢礼立,吕大刚等译.结构动力学理论及其在地震工程中的应用,高等教育出版社
[36]Bathe, K-J, Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N,J,1996 Chapter 9. Hughes, T J R, The Finite Element Method, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N,J,1987. Chapter 9
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