气体燃料再燃降低氮氧化物排放的实验研究与数值模拟
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摘要
氮氧化物(NOx)是酸雨形成的重要前驱物,会对环境造成严重破坏。煤燃烧过程中产生的NOx是氮氧化物形成的主要来源之一。随着我国对NOx排放控制要求的提高,有效地控制燃煤过程中NOx排放已是一项十分紧迫的任务。在众多的NOx排放控制技术中,再燃(Reburning)被认为是最经济和最有应用前景的技术之一。因此,针对再燃过程进行深入研究具有重要的科学和实际意义。
本文在系统总结和分析国内外有关再燃,尤其是气体燃料再燃过程方面研究进展的基础上,明确了影响气体燃料再燃过程的各种关键因素,进而确定了研究对象和思路。论文主要从以下几个方面开展了研究:
采用GRI-Mech3.0反应机理对气体燃料(CH4)再燃过程进行了化学动力学计算和分析,得出了再燃反应机理中对NO还原有重要作用的一些关键反应,同时通过化学动力学计算,研究了再燃区停留时间、再燃区过量空气系数、再燃区温度、再燃燃料量以及再燃燃料种类等因素对气体燃料再燃脱硝过程的影响。
在两台一维热态煤粉炉和一台卧式单角炉实验系统上进行了气体燃料再燃的实验研究,并对炉膛内温度、O2浓度以及NO浓度分布等进行了测量。实验研究了气体燃料再燃过程中再燃区停留时间、再燃燃料比例、再燃区过量空气系数、再燃区温度、主燃料煤种性质以及气体再燃燃料种类等各种因素对气体燃料再燃脱硝过程的影响。实验最终确定了符合实际气体燃料再燃过程的各种关键影响参数的最佳取值范围,即当再燃区停留时间为0.6s~0.9s,气体再燃燃料比例达到10%~15%,再燃区平均过量空气系数为0.8~0.9,再燃区温度水平在1500K左右时,气体燃料再燃过程就可以获得较理想的50%以上的再燃脱硝效率。
在实验研究基础上,采用合理的NO反应模型,结合煤粉燃烧过程三维数值模拟程序对气体燃料再燃过程进行了数值模拟,并通过将实验测量数据与模拟结果进行对比分析,考察了NO反应模型的合理性。模拟结果表明,目前的模型虽然在一定程度上对再燃过程中NO浓度值的预报偏低,但模型能够比较准确的反映气体燃料再燃过程中炉膛内的燃烧状况,同时也能够对气体燃料再燃过程中NO浓度变化的总体趋势和还原水平进行比较准确的模拟。模拟采用的基于“局部平衡假设”方法的NO再燃子模型,模型简洁、计算经济,在不需要求解大量守恒方程的前提下,能够对气体燃料再燃降低NOx排放过程进行合理模拟。模拟方法能够为实际工程应用的气体燃料再燃过程模拟、设计及优化提供一种有效手段,同时也能够为今后进一步的深入研究提供一定的基础。
在实验和数值模拟研究基础上,最后针对上海宝钢电厂350MW燃煤机组1号锅炉进行了气体燃料再燃改造和应用的工程示范。示范工程运行结果表明,锅炉采用气体燃料再燃后满负荷条件下NOx排放量达到196mg/Nm3(折算6%氧量),达到了世界发达国家的排放标准。改造后的锅炉燃烧状况良好,设备运转情况正常,锅炉燃烧效率和安全性能均未受到影响。整个示范工程设备投资小,改造成本和运行费用均很低,具有良好的经济效益和环保效益。示范工程首次在国内300MW等级机组锅炉上采用气体再燃技术使NOx排放量达到了发达国家的先进排放水平,在大容量锅炉气体燃料再燃技术工业应用方面填补了国内空白。示范工程同时也为气体燃料再燃技术的推广和产业化提供了借鉴。
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been recognized as acid rain precursors that impose a significant threat to the environment. Coal combustion is a major anthropogenic source of NOx. Recently, China has specified more rigorous limits for the NOx emissions. Among the most recent developments for reducing NOx emissions, reburning technology is considered to be one of the most promising and cost-effective NOx reduction strategies for coal combustion systems. Therefore, it has great scientific and practical significances to investigate the reburning process.
This thesis provided an overview of the present researches on the reburning, especially the reburning process by gaseous fuel. The overview revealed the key influencing factor of the gaseous fuel reburning process. Simultaneously, it made the object of this study clear. The following investigations are made in this thesis:
Firstly, the GRI-Mech3.0 mechanism was applied to calculate the chemical kinetic reactions in the gaseous fuel (CH4) reburning process. The results revealed the critical reactions for the NOx reduction in the reburning process. The influences of reburn fuel quality, reburn fuel percentage of total heat input, reburn zone temperature, residence time and excess air on gaseous fuel reburning process were also analyzed by the chemical kinetic calculation.
Subsequently,experimental studies on gaseous fuel reburning process have been performed in two one-dimensional coal combustion furnaces and a single-burner furnace. Detailed profiles of temperature, O2 concentration and NO concentration in these furnaces were measured. The influences of primary fuel (coal) quality, reburn fuel quality, reburn fuel percentage of total heat input, reburn zone temperature, residence time, excess air on gaseous fuel reburning process were also quantitatively analyzed. The results of the experiments showed that above 50% reduction of NOx emissions can be achieved under the optimizational reburn configurations. The appropriate amount of gaseous reburn fuel is about 10%~15% of the total thermal input. The reasonable residence time of reburn zone is about 0.6s~0.9s. The optimized average excess air coefficient for reburn zone is about 0.8~0.9. The reasonable temperature of reburn zone should not exceed 1500K.
According to the experiments, a nitric oxide model was incorporated into a comprehensive coal combustion model for predicting NO reduction in the gaseous fuel reburning process. Profile comparisons showed that the modelling methodology deployed in this study was adequate to predict the overall combustion behaviour in the furnace. The reburning-NO submodel depicted quite well the observed behaviour of NO annihilation and was capable to properly predict the NO reduction levels in the reburning process, nevertheless it must state that the present model has somewhat under-predicted the NO concentration in the reburning process. The computationally economic reburning-NO submodel, on the basis of the“partial equilibrium”approach, requires the solution of only a few transport equations to simulate the complicated physical and chemical process inherent in the reburning technology. It is expected that this model represents a useful technique to simulate, design and optimize the practical gaseous fuel reburning process. It also provides a basis for further studies.
Finally, the gaseous fuel reburning technology was successfully applied on the 1# 350MW boiler of Baoshan Power Plant. The operating results showed that the NOx exhaust emission was about 196mg/Nm3 (O2=6%), which has reached the NOx emission standard in developed country. The boiler after modified worked well and the equipments operated normally. The combustion efficiency and security of the boiler have not been changed. The investment and operating cost of the whole demonstration project was very low. It had good benefits in economy and environment. This demonstration project adopted the gaseous fuel reburning technology on 300MW grade unit boiler for the first time and filled the domestic gaps in the large-scale reburning technique applications. It provided a successful demonstration for the popularization and commercial application of reburning technology.
本文在系统总结和分析国内外有关再燃,尤其是气体燃料再燃过程方面研究进展的基础上,明确了影响气体燃料再燃过程的各种关键因素,进而确定了研究对象和思路。论文主要从以下几个方面开展了研究:
采用GRI-Mech3.0反应机理对气体燃料(CH4)再燃过程进行了化学动力学计算和分析,得出了再燃反应机理中对NO还原有重要作用的一些关键反应,同时通过化学动力学计算,研究了再燃区停留时间、再燃区过量空气系数、再燃区温度、再燃燃料量以及再燃燃料种类等因素对气体燃料再燃脱硝过程的影响。
在两台一维热态煤粉炉和一台卧式单角炉实验系统上进行了气体燃料再燃的实验研究,并对炉膛内温度、O2浓度以及NO浓度分布等进行了测量。实验研究了气体燃料再燃过程中再燃区停留时间、再燃燃料比例、再燃区过量空气系数、再燃区温度、主燃料煤种性质以及气体再燃燃料种类等各种因素对气体燃料再燃脱硝过程的影响。实验最终确定了符合实际气体燃料再燃过程的各种关键影响参数的最佳取值范围,即当再燃区停留时间为0.6s~0.9s,气体再燃燃料比例达到10%~15%,再燃区平均过量空气系数为0.8~0.9,再燃区温度水平在1500K左右时,气体燃料再燃过程就可以获得较理想的50%以上的再燃脱硝效率。
在实验研究基础上,采用合理的NO反应模型,结合煤粉燃烧过程三维数值模拟程序对气体燃料再燃过程进行了数值模拟,并通过将实验测量数据与模拟结果进行对比分析,考察了NO反应模型的合理性。模拟结果表明,目前的模型虽然在一定程度上对再燃过程中NO浓度值的预报偏低,但模型能够比较准确的反映气体燃料再燃过程中炉膛内的燃烧状况,同时也能够对气体燃料再燃过程中NO浓度变化的总体趋势和还原水平进行比较准确的模拟。模拟采用的基于“局部平衡假设”方法的NO再燃子模型,模型简洁、计算经济,在不需要求解大量守恒方程的前提下,能够对气体燃料再燃降低NOx排放过程进行合理模拟。模拟方法能够为实际工程应用的气体燃料再燃过程模拟、设计及优化提供一种有效手段,同时也能够为今后进一步的深入研究提供一定的基础。
在实验和数值模拟研究基础上,最后针对上海宝钢电厂350MW燃煤机组1号锅炉进行了气体燃料再燃改造和应用的工程示范。示范工程运行结果表明,锅炉采用气体燃料再燃后满负荷条件下NOx排放量达到196mg/Nm3(折算6%氧量),达到了世界发达国家的排放标准。改造后的锅炉燃烧状况良好,设备运转情况正常,锅炉燃烧效率和安全性能均未受到影响。整个示范工程设备投资小,改造成本和运行费用均很低,具有良好的经济效益和环保效益。示范工程首次在国内300MW等级机组锅炉上采用气体再燃技术使NOx排放量达到了发达国家的先进排放水平,在大容量锅炉气体燃料再燃技术工业应用方面填补了国内空白。示范工程同时也为气体燃料再燃技术的推广和产业化提供了借鉴。
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have been recognized as acid rain precursors that impose a significant threat to the environment. Coal combustion is a major anthropogenic source of NOx. Recently, China has specified more rigorous limits for the NOx emissions. Among the most recent developments for reducing NOx emissions, reburning technology is considered to be one of the most promising and cost-effective NOx reduction strategies for coal combustion systems. Therefore, it has great scientific and practical significances to investigate the reburning process.
This thesis provided an overview of the present researches on the reburning, especially the reburning process by gaseous fuel. The overview revealed the key influencing factor of the gaseous fuel reburning process. Simultaneously, it made the object of this study clear. The following investigations are made in this thesis:
Firstly, the GRI-Mech3.0 mechanism was applied to calculate the chemical kinetic reactions in the gaseous fuel (CH4) reburning process. The results revealed the critical reactions for the NOx reduction in the reburning process. The influences of reburn fuel quality, reburn fuel percentage of total heat input, reburn zone temperature, residence time and excess air on gaseous fuel reburning process were also analyzed by the chemical kinetic calculation.
Subsequently,experimental studies on gaseous fuel reburning process have been performed in two one-dimensional coal combustion furnaces and a single-burner furnace. Detailed profiles of temperature, O2 concentration and NO concentration in these furnaces were measured. The influences of primary fuel (coal) quality, reburn fuel quality, reburn fuel percentage of total heat input, reburn zone temperature, residence time, excess air on gaseous fuel reburning process were also quantitatively analyzed. The results of the experiments showed that above 50% reduction of NOx emissions can be achieved under the optimizational reburn configurations. The appropriate amount of gaseous reburn fuel is about 10%~15% of the total thermal input. The reasonable residence time of reburn zone is about 0.6s~0.9s. The optimized average excess air coefficient for reburn zone is about 0.8~0.9. The reasonable temperature of reburn zone should not exceed 1500K.
According to the experiments, a nitric oxide model was incorporated into a comprehensive coal combustion model for predicting NO reduction in the gaseous fuel reburning process. Profile comparisons showed that the modelling methodology deployed in this study was adequate to predict the overall combustion behaviour in the furnace. The reburning-NO submodel depicted quite well the observed behaviour of NO annihilation and was capable to properly predict the NO reduction levels in the reburning process, nevertheless it must state that the present model has somewhat under-predicted the NO concentration in the reburning process. The computationally economic reburning-NO submodel, on the basis of the“partial equilibrium”approach, requires the solution of only a few transport equations to simulate the complicated physical and chemical process inherent in the reburning technology. It is expected that this model represents a useful technique to simulate, design and optimize the practical gaseous fuel reburning process. It also provides a basis for further studies.
Finally, the gaseous fuel reburning technology was successfully applied on the 1# 350MW boiler of Baoshan Power Plant. The operating results showed that the NOx exhaust emission was about 196mg/Nm3 (O2=6%), which has reached the NOx emission standard in developed country. The boiler after modified worked well and the equipments operated normally. The combustion efficiency and security of the boiler have not been changed. The investment and operating cost of the whole demonstration project was very low. It had good benefits in economy and environment. This demonstration project adopted the gaseous fuel reburning technology on 300MW grade unit boiler for the first time and filled the domestic gaps in the large-scale reburning technique applications. It provided a successful demonstration for the popularization and commercial application of reburning technology.
引文
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