城市污水热能资源化的研究及应用
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摘要
我国的水资源短缺,人均水资源占有量仅为世界人均水平的四分之一,水污染也非常严重。据估计,我国每年因为水污染造成的经济损失已达400亿元。能源资源总量十分丰富,资源品种也较齐全,但由于我国人口众多,人均耗能是经合发展组织OECD国家平均数的1/8。而建筑能耗占社会总能耗30%左右,据建设部测算,2020年～2030年左右,我国建筑能耗将要占社会总能耗的30%—40%,达到欧美目前的比例,超过工业,成为全社会第一耗能大户。建筑能耗中,暖通空调能耗约占85%。而根据建设部2006年的统计资料表明,目前全国供热采暖耗能全年约为1.3亿吨标准煤,占全社会总能耗的10%。预测2020年我国暖通空调能耗将达10亿吨标准煤,占总能耗的30%以上。因此,在暖通空调领域进行节能研究,具有很大潜力,有长远的战略意义。而且,我国能源结构以煤炭为主,大气污染的主要特征是煤烟型污染,我国暖通空调引起的污染物排放量占总排放量的15%以上,暖通空调的能源消耗给环境带来了巨大的压力。鉴于如此严峻的能源和环境状况,国际上提出暖通空调设计要以促进人类居住舒适性、健康性、保护地球环境,对能源有效利用等基于“可持续发展”的暖通空调设计理念。
城市污水热能资源化是污水资源化和建筑新能源开发的前沿课题,实现城市污水热能资源化的手段主要是污水源热泵系统。
我国发展污水源热泵具有如下的优势:
(1)城市污水排放量巨大,污水源十分丰富
(2)具有推广与应用的吸引力
(3)具有明显的经济效益
(4)优化我国能源结构,缓解能源缺乏的问题
(5)是城市污水资源化的有效途径
The resource recovery of urban sewage is an effective method of developing national economy, protecting our environment and achieving sustainable development of energy resources, and it can bring obvious economic benefits and environmental effects, optimizing energy resources structure of China, and allay some problems of energy shortage and its disproportion in space.
Among total energy consumption, consumption by construction accounts for 30%. Estimated by the Ministry of Construction, the energy consumption by construction in China will become the first biggest part of total energy consumption between 2020 and 2030. Among energy consumption by construction, those consumption by Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning accounts for 85%. Further more, the pollution charge volume by Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning accounts for more than 15% among the total pollution charge volume. Therefore, the design concept of Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning based on sustainable development has been put forward.
Urban sewage heat energy utilization is a frontier research topic in the area of resource recovery of waste water and development of new construction energy. As a way of utilization of renewable energy studied and applied recently in China, Sewage-source heat pump is an important method of resource recovery of urban waste water and thermal energy.
Firstly, this article makes a detailed discussion of the feasibility of Urban sewage heat energy utilization. Secondly, it makes a deep theoretical analysis of key technology problems of sewage-source heat pump. Thirdly, it makes concrete design and calculation of spray heat exchanger and plate heat exchanger. Fourthly, aiming at the specific technology demands and waste water conditions faced with some engineering project in Harbin, it tries and designs a set of engineering-feasibly sewage-source heat pump, the Cooling/Heating Floor AC (Air Conditioning) System, which can meet the demand of heat supply in winter and cool supply in summer. Finally, it makes an experience analysis of actual operation of this Cooling/Heating Floor AC System, and makes a comprehensive economic and environmental appraisals of sewage-source heat pump by applying mathematics methods.
Throughout the whole analysis by this article, it can be seen that sewage-source heat pump has prominent benefits of energy conservation and environmental protection. The sewage-source heat pump system will be able to provide new and clear renewable energy for energy consumption by construction in China, and so contribute to optimizing energy structure in China. With China's accession to the UN Agenda 21 and environmental protection and sustainable development listed within national development programs of China, the application and popularization of sewage-source heat pump will has broader and broader prospects.
城市污水热能资源化是污水资源化和建筑新能源开发的前沿课题,实现城市污水热能资源化的手段主要是污水源热泵系统。
我国发展污水源热泵具有如下的优势:
(1)城市污水排放量巨大,污水源十分丰富
(2)具有推广与应用的吸引力
(3)具有明显的经济效益
(4)优化我国能源结构,缓解能源缺乏的问题
(5)是城市污水资源化的有效途径
The resource recovery of urban sewage is an effective method of developing national economy, protecting our environment and achieving sustainable development of energy resources, and it can bring obvious economic benefits and environmental effects, optimizing energy resources structure of China, and allay some problems of energy shortage and its disproportion in space.
Among total energy consumption, consumption by construction accounts for 30%. Estimated by the Ministry of Construction, the energy consumption by construction in China will become the first biggest part of total energy consumption between 2020 and 2030. Among energy consumption by construction, those consumption by Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning accounts for 85%. Further more, the pollution charge volume by Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning accounts for more than 15% among the total pollution charge volume. Therefore, the design concept of Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning based on sustainable development has been put forward.
Urban sewage heat energy utilization is a frontier research topic in the area of resource recovery of waste water and development of new construction energy. As a way of utilization of renewable energy studied and applied recently in China, Sewage-source heat pump is an important method of resource recovery of urban waste water and thermal energy.
Firstly, this article makes a detailed discussion of the feasibility of Urban sewage heat energy utilization. Secondly, it makes a deep theoretical analysis of key technology problems of sewage-source heat pump. Thirdly, it makes concrete design and calculation of spray heat exchanger and plate heat exchanger. Fourthly, aiming at the specific technology demands and waste water conditions faced with some engineering project in Harbin, it tries and designs a set of engineering-feasibly sewage-source heat pump, the Cooling/Heating Floor AC (Air Conditioning) System, which can meet the demand of heat supply in winter and cool supply in summer. Finally, it makes an experience analysis of actual operation of this Cooling/Heating Floor AC System, and makes a comprehensive economic and environmental appraisals of sewage-source heat pump by applying mathematics methods.
Throughout the whole analysis by this article, it can be seen that sewage-source heat pump has prominent benefits of energy conservation and environmental protection. The sewage-source heat pump system will be able to provide new and clear renewable energy for energy consumption by construction in China, and so contribute to optimizing energy structure in China. With China's accession to the UN Agenda 21 and environmental protection and sustainable development listed within national development programs of China, the application and popularization of sewage-source heat pump will has broader and broader prospects.
引文
1 李广贺主编.水资源利用与保护.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2002:1-2.
2 姜文来 唐曲 雷波等著.水资源管理学导论.化学工业出版社.2005.
3 中国环境法网2005年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会论文集全 球 淡 水 资 源 保 护 分 析 陈华http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=3583
4 杨肇蕃.城市和工业节约用水计划指标体系.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.40-50..
5 梁丽明等著.城市大气有机物污染.北京:煤炭工业出版社.2000:26-46.
6 龙惟定.试论中国的能源结构与空调冷热源的选择取向.暖通空调.2000,30(5):27-32.
7 钱易,朱祥友.现代废水处理新技术[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.
8 何江涛.污水土地处理与污水资源化.地学前缘.2001,8(1):155-156.
9 国客昌.关于辐射采暖的若干问题.暖通空调设计规范专题说明选编.北京:中国计划出版社.1990.
10 全国建设工作会议 2007年12月28日至29日,北京。
11 T.Asano,M.Maeda.Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Japan:Overview and Implementation Examples.Wat.Sci.Tech.1996,Vol.34.No.11:219-226.J.Bouma.International Heat Pump Statusand Trends.20~(th)nternational Congress of Refrogeration.ⅡR/ⅡF,Sydney.1999,Ⅲ:110-116.
12 龙惟定.试论我国暖通空调业的可持续发展.暖通空调.1999,29(3):25-30
13 龙惟定,白玮等.中国住宅空调的未来发展.暖通空调.2002,32(4):34-42
14 中国能源网http://www.china5e.com/
15 张承虎,孙德兴等.关于城市污水热能资源化相关概念和分类的探讨.暖通空调HV&AC 2006,36(3):10-16
16 王宏哲,尹军.中国环境管理 第5期 2001年10月
17 J.Bouma.International Heat Pump Status and Trends.20th International Congress of Refrogeration.ⅡR/ⅡF,Sydney.1999,Ⅲ:110-116.
18 赵丽莹 污水源热泵在我国寒冷地区应用的模拟与分析 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文
19 尹军.城市污水中的热能回收与利用[J].中国给水排水,1998,14(2):53-54.
20 尹军,韦新东.我国主要城市污水中可利用热能状况初探.中国给水排水.2001(4):27-30.
21 王如竹,丁国良等著.最新制冷空调技术.北京:科学出版社.2002:41-60.
22 Stijemstrom B.Feeding large heating pumps from sewage water treatment plants[C]//Proceedings of thenInternational Conference on Applications and Efficiency of Heat Pump Systems,1999:184-193.
23 王宏哲,尹军.城市污水热能回收与利用发展状况、评价和意义.中国环境管理.2001(5):21-22.
24 周文忠.污水源热泵空调系统在污水处理厂的应用.暖通空调,2005,35(1):83-86
25 马最良,刘永红.热泵站的现状及在我国应用的前景.暖通空调.1994(5):6-10.
26 徐邦裕,陆亚俊,马最良.热泵.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1988:167-169.
27 高田秋一.大型热泵与排热回收.北京:烃加工出版社.1986.
28 Yoshii,T.Technology for Utilizing Unused Low Temperature Difference Energy.Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy.2001(8):696-706.
29 马最良,姚杨,赵丽莹.污水源热泵系统的应用前景.中国给水排水.2003(19):41-43.
30 周文忠,李建兴,涂光备.污水源热泵系统和污水冷热能利用前景分析[J].暖通空调,2004,34(8):25-29.
31 刘培桐主编.环境学概论.高等教育出版社.1995:68-76.
32 张自杰主编.排水工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:1-20.
33 Hks H T,R svik S.Heat pump for district heating using untreated sewage.X Ⅵth International Congress of Refrigeration,1983
34 吴荣华.城市原生污水源热泵系统研究与工程应用.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.
35 谭乃秦.城市污水处理厂污水低温热能利用.节能技术.2002(2):15-20.
36 杨善让主编.换热设备的污垢与对策.北京:科学出版社.1995:171-193.
37 Narita,Katsuhiko.Energy Recycling System for Urban Waste Heat.Energy and Buildings.1991,Nov 6-11:553-560.
38 靳明聪主编.换热器.重庆:重庆大学出版社.1990:7-29.
39 Arashi,Norio.Evaluation of Energy Use in District Heating and Cooling Plant Using Sewage and one Using Air as Heat Source.Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy.2000(5):446-454.
40 幡野佐一等.换热器.北京:化学工业出版社.1987:79-88.
41 刘宪英,陈延林,孙纯武等.板式换热器实际选型计算方法.空调设计.湖南:湖南大学出版社.1997:82-107.
42 王文,何雪冰.地源热泵—辐射地板联供试验.制冷空调与电力机械.2002(2):12-16.
43 贺平,孙刚.供热工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:280-312.
44 林毅编.制冷设备选用手册.北京:中国石化出版社.1993:24-35.
45 蒋能照编.空调用热泵技术及应用.北京:机械工业出版社.1997:122-272.
46 杨崇林.板式换热器工程设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社.1994:298-346.
47 彦启森主编.空气调节用制冷技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1985:86-88,62-63.
48 张祉佑主编.制冷原理与设备.北京:机械工业出版社.1987:185-187.
49 曹勇,许文发等.大中型城市供热模式优化方法研究.暖通空调.2002(1):5-8.
50 CADDET.Reduced fouling of sewage water heat pumps.Demo 33,JP 93.501/5X H03,1995.
51 闫泽生.热泵热水系统在我国北方地区应用的经济性分析.哈尔滨商业大学学报.2002(12):675-677.
2 姜文来 唐曲 雷波等著.水资源管理学导论.化学工业出版社.2005.
3 中国环境法网2005年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会论文集全 球 淡 水 资 源 保 护 分 析 陈华http://www.riel.whu.edu.cn/show.asp?ID=3583
4 杨肇蕃.城市和工业节约用水计划指标体系.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.40-50..
5 梁丽明等著.城市大气有机物污染.北京:煤炭工业出版社.2000:26-46.
6 龙惟定.试论中国的能源结构与空调冷热源的选择取向.暖通空调.2000,30(5):27-32.
7 钱易,朱祥友.现代废水处理新技术[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.
8 何江涛.污水土地处理与污水资源化.地学前缘.2001,8(1):155-156.
9 国客昌.关于辐射采暖的若干问题.暖通空调设计规范专题说明选编.北京:中国计划出版社.1990.
10 全国建设工作会议 2007年12月28日至29日,北京。
11 T.Asano,M.Maeda.Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Japan:Overview and Implementation Examples.Wat.Sci.Tech.1996,Vol.34.No.11:219-226.J.Bouma.International Heat Pump Statusand Trends.20~(th)nternational Congress of Refrogeration.ⅡR/ⅡF,Sydney.1999,Ⅲ:110-116.
12 龙惟定.试论我国暖通空调业的可持续发展.暖通空调.1999,29(3):25-30
13 龙惟定,白玮等.中国住宅空调的未来发展.暖通空调.2002,32(4):34-42
14 中国能源网http://www.china5e.com/
15 张承虎,孙德兴等.关于城市污水热能资源化相关概念和分类的探讨.暖通空调HV&AC 2006,36(3):10-16
16 王宏哲,尹军.中国环境管理 第5期 2001年10月
17 J.Bouma.International Heat Pump Status and Trends.20th International Congress of Refrogeration.ⅡR/ⅡF,Sydney.1999,Ⅲ:110-116.
18 赵丽莹 污水源热泵在我国寒冷地区应用的模拟与分析 哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文
19 尹军.城市污水中的热能回收与利用[J].中国给水排水,1998,14(2):53-54.
20 尹军,韦新东.我国主要城市污水中可利用热能状况初探.中国给水排水.2001(4):27-30.
21 王如竹,丁国良等著.最新制冷空调技术.北京:科学出版社.2002:41-60.
22 Stijemstrom B.Feeding large heating pumps from sewage water treatment plants[C]//Proceedings of thenInternational Conference on Applications and Efficiency of Heat Pump Systems,1999:184-193.
23 王宏哲,尹军.城市污水热能回收与利用发展状况、评价和意义.中国环境管理.2001(5):21-22.
24 周文忠.污水源热泵空调系统在污水处理厂的应用.暖通空调,2005,35(1):83-86
25 马最良,刘永红.热泵站的现状及在我国应用的前景.暖通空调.1994(5):6-10.
26 徐邦裕,陆亚俊,马最良.热泵.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1988:167-169.
27 高田秋一.大型热泵与排热回收.北京:烃加工出版社.1986.
28 Yoshii,T.Technology for Utilizing Unused Low Temperature Difference Energy.Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy.2001(8):696-706.
29 马最良,姚杨,赵丽莹.污水源热泵系统的应用前景.中国给水排水.2003(19):41-43.
30 周文忠,李建兴,涂光备.污水源热泵系统和污水冷热能利用前景分析[J].暖通空调,2004,34(8):25-29.
31 刘培桐主编.环境学概论.高等教育出版社.1995:68-76.
32 张自杰主编.排水工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:1-20.
33 Hks H T,R svik S.Heat pump for district heating using untreated sewage.X Ⅵth International Congress of Refrigeration,1983
34 吴荣华.城市原生污水源热泵系统研究与工程应用.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.
35 谭乃秦.城市污水处理厂污水低温热能利用.节能技术.2002(2):15-20.
36 杨善让主编.换热设备的污垢与对策.北京:科学出版社.1995:171-193.
37 Narita,Katsuhiko.Energy Recycling System for Urban Waste Heat.Energy and Buildings.1991,Nov 6-11:553-560.
38 靳明聪主编.换热器.重庆:重庆大学出版社.1990:7-29.
39 Arashi,Norio.Evaluation of Energy Use in District Heating and Cooling Plant Using Sewage and one Using Air as Heat Source.Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy.2000(5):446-454.
40 幡野佐一等.换热器.北京:化学工业出版社.1987:79-88.
41 刘宪英,陈延林,孙纯武等.板式换热器实际选型计算方法.空调设计.湖南:湖南大学出版社.1997:82-107.
42 王文,何雪冰.地源热泵—辐射地板联供试验.制冷空调与电力机械.2002(2):12-16.
43 贺平,孙刚.供热工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1996:280-312.
44 林毅编.制冷设备选用手册.北京:中国石化出版社.1993:24-35.
45 蒋能照编.空调用热泵技术及应用.北京:机械工业出版社.1997:122-272.
46 杨崇林.板式换热器工程设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社.1994:298-346.
47 彦启森主编.空气调节用制冷技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.1985:86-88,62-63.
48 张祉佑主编.制冷原理与设备.北京:机械工业出版社.1987:185-187.
49 曹勇,许文发等.大中型城市供热模式优化方法研究.暖通空调.2002(1):5-8.
50 CADDET.Reduced fouling of sewage water heat pumps.Demo 33,JP 93.501/5X H03,1995.
51 闫泽生.热泵热水系统在我国北方地区应用的经济性分析.哈尔滨商业大学学报.2002(12):675-677.