沙棘木蠹蛾（Holcocerus hippophaecolus）蜕皮激素及其相关基因在幼虫发育阶段的调节特征
|
摘要
沙棘木蠹蛾(Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen)(?)属鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)木蠹蛾科(Cossidae)线角木蠹蛾属(Holcocerus),主要危害沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.),是近几年来在我国大面积爆发的一种钻蛀性害虫,关于其爆发机制、生物学特性、防治方法已有较深入的研究。本论文从生殖内分泌角度开展了对沙棘木蠹蛾蜕皮激素及相关基因的基础研究。第一部分,利用分子生物学及激素测定方法,检测了沙棘木蠹蛾整个生长发育过程中20-羟基蜕皮酮(hydroxyecdysone,20E)含量的变化水平,同时鉴定了Halloween基因、蜕皮激素受体(ecdysone receptor, EcR)及滞育激素受体(diapause hormone receptor, DHR)的结构特点及对沙棘木蠹蛾生长发育的调节特征,重点讨论了沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫阶段的越冬期内分泌季节性调节特点；第二部分,利用形态学和组织学观察方法,对比了沙棘木蠹蛾交配前后雄性生殖系统的形态学及组织学差异,主要结论如下：
1.建立了沙棘木蠹蛾20E提取及液质联用的定量方法,据此测定了沙棘木蠹蛾不同发育阶段蜕20E水平的变化规律。20E在沙棘木蠹蛾最末5龄幼虫中剧烈升高,说明第12-16龄幼虫期生长发育活动最活跃。前两年年生活史以维持各项生理水平的平稳,至第三年年生活史,幼虫体内开始细胞分化,为组织及器官的重组及蛹期做准备；20E水平在成虫期达到最高,说明其在调节沙棘木蠹蛾成虫生殖过程中的重要作用；6日龄末龄幼虫20E小高峰对应沙棘木蠹蛾开始组织重组,结土茧后预蛹期小高峰,对应组织重组的完成,2日龄雌成虫20E最高峰显示沙棘木蠹蛾交配、产卵的高活力。
2.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾Halloween基因CYP307A1(H. hippophaecolus spook, Hhspo)、 CYP306A1(H. hippophaecolus phamtom, Hhphm)及CYP414A1(H. hippophaecolus shade, Hhshd)基因的序列结构及表达特征。三种基因在鳞翅目中高度保守,存在典型的P450结构特点；HhSpo在末龄幼虫及成虫中的表达特征与20E相一致,HhSpo无旁系同源物,参与整个生长生殖过程中20E的生物合成HhSpo, HhPhm及HhShd的时空动态表达显示在不同组织、不同虫龄中,它们对维持血淋巴20E水平的贡献具有差异性,且三种基因与20E协同调节沙棘木蠹蛾整个生长发育过程。
3.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾蜕皮激素受体基因(H. hippophaecolus ecdysone receptor, HhEcR)的部分序列结构及表达特点。沙棘木蠹蛾HhEcR主要在末龄幼虫脂肪体、前胸腺及雌成虫卵巢中表达。末龄幼虫初期,低水平20E诱导HhEcR转运水平上升；末龄幼虫末期,高水平20E诱导HhEcR转运水平下降；成虫期,HhEcR的较高转运水平需要高水平的20E诱导,2日龄雌成虫的生殖生理最活跃,20E参与沙棘木蠹蛾生殖过程。脂肪体中20E与HhEcR之间的上调和下调说明沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体是响应20E的主要部位.从而调节基因活性。
4.首次证明随着夏末光照期缩短及温度下降,沙棘木蠹蛾20E、Hhspo、Hhphm、Hhshd及HhEcR的转运水平呈现季节性特点,越冬期前含量高,越冬其含量低。显示沙棘木蠹蛾存在越冬休眠行为,脂肪体响应越冬期较低的蜕皮激素水平,使发育减弱,而脂肪体在越冬前需要贮备更多的能量来度过越冬期。这种调节延缓了沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期的生长发育水平,与其幼虫较长的生命周期相关。
5.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾滞育激素受体(H. hippophaecolus diapauses hormone, HhDHR)的部分序列特点及表达特征。HhDHR是一种FXPRL肤类,具有G-蛋白偶联受体的结构域,与前胸腺中蜕皮激素的合成有关。
6.首次从形态学和组织学两个方面鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾雌、雄生殖系统的特征,确立了判断雄蛾交尾与否的形态学和组织学标准：通过对贮精囊和射精管内精子束的填充状态的观察,可判断雄蛾交尾与否。利用以上结论可判断性信息素诱捕器诱集到的雄蛾的交配状况,为性诱剂防治效果的评价提供了一些依据。
综上,沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体中蜕皮激素水平与基因含量和酶的活力相关,脂肪体能够通过感受营养状态,调节体内蜕皮激素水平,从而影响生命周期长短：沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体中HhEcR基因,前胸腺中HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd基因在越冬前后呈现季节性表达特点,协调沙棘木蠹蛾整个生长发育过程不同阶段的蜕皮激素水平：沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期进入休眠且蜕皮激素含量及相关基因活力较低,与沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期较长且幼虫期较长生命周期相关,这是对越冬期环境适应的生理行为。
The seabuchthorn carpenterworm (Holcecerus hippophaecolus Hua. Chou, Fang et Chen)(Lepidoptera:Cossidae) is a native borer pest in China. Its outbreak has been reported in recent years, which is considered to be a main threat to the seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Researches on H. hippophaecolus involving the mechanism of outbreak, biological characteristics, as well as control methods were well studied in the past years. This paper examined the basic reproductive endocrinology system of H. hippophaecolus. The molecular biology and hormone detennination method was used to study the regulation characteristics of the Holcocerus ecdysone, Halloween gene, the ecdysone receptor EcR, and the diapause hormone receptors DHR in different stages of development. In addition, the morphological and histological methods was used to compare the differences of the Holcocerus reproductive system between pre-and post-mating. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The extraction and quantitative method of identifying carpenterworm20-hydroxyecdysone titers by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully established. The results showed that the body weight and body length of H. hippophaecolus increased significantly from the12th-16th larval instar. In assumption, the first two years'life history aims to keep a stable physiological activity level, while cell differentiations occurs during the third year is to prepare for the tissues and organs restructuring of pupal stages. The small peak of20E in6-day-old last instar larval corresponded to the reorganization, and small peak of pupal stage corresponded to the complete of reorganization, the major peak of20E in2-day-old female adults corresponded to the high activity of mating and spawning. Therefore, the results surported our hypothesis, and20E did play an important role in regulating the Holcocerus adult reproductive process in our study.
2. The molecular characteristics and expressions of Holcocerus CYP307A1(spook), CYP306A1(phamtom) and CYP414A1(shade) was identified. These three genes exhibited the conserved P450domain. The expression of HhSpo in last larval instar and adult was consistent in20E level. HhSpo which involved in ecdysone synthesis in the entire growth and reproductive processes had no paralogs. In addition, the spatial and temporal dynamic expression of HhSpo, HhPhm and HhShd indicated that those three genes had different effect on maintaining the20E level in hemolymph. Finally, these three genes and20E co-regulate each other during the development of Holcocerus.
3. The characteristics and expression of Holcocerus EcR were identified. HhEcR was mainly expressed in fatbody and prothoracic gland of the last larva and ovary of femal adult. In the early stage of the last instar larvae, lower20E titer increased the transcript level of HhEcR; while higher20E titer decrease its transcript level. However, in the adult stage, higher HhEcR transcript level required a relative higher level of20E-induction. It is proved that20E involved in reproductive process of H. hippophaecolus, the activity of reproductive physiology in2-day-old female adult was the highest. These results indicated that fatbody was the mainly tissue responsed the20E level and then futher regulated the transcript activity of20E related genes.
4. With the shortening light period and dropping temerature during the late summer, the level of20E, HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd and HhEcR exhibited seasonal features and the level of pre-overwintering was higher than overwintering period. This paper speculated that the seabuckthorn carpenterworm existed winter hibernation behavior. Their fat bodies provided the necessary energy before winter, and responded to the ecdysone level. Lower20E level coordinated to the lower gene quantity and enzyme activity in fatbody, which regulate the changes of20E titer during development of the insect to further affect the lenghth and life cycle of its larvae. The lenghth of hibernation and life cycle of this species adapted to physiological behavior of wintering period.
5. The partial sequence of the seabuckthorn carpenterworm diapause receptor was cloned and the expression profile was measured. Multiple sequence comparation showed the structure of HhDHR display a FXPRL peptide domain of the G-protein-coupled receptors, thus HhDHR may be involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis of PG.
6. This paper described morphological and histological characteristics of the male and female reproductive system of H. hipophaecolus and differences of the male reproductive system between pre-and post-mating. This observation, especially the distribution of sperm buddies, can be used to distinguish mated and unmated males, which may be further applied into the evaluation of the efficiency of sex pheromone traps.
In conclusion, fatbody is the main organ to serve as energy storage, responding to the energy signal to regulate metabolic activity, and corresponding to ecdysteroid levels. The HhEcR gene of seabuchthorn carpenterworm fatbody, and the HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd genes of Holcocerus PG, exhibited seasonal expression characteristics before and after overwintering period as well as coordinated the20E level in seabuchthorn carpenterworm during the entire growth. This regulation characteristic is correlated with the long life span and quiescence of seabuckthorn, which is the adaption to the physiological behavior of overwintering period.
1.建立了沙棘木蠹蛾20E提取及液质联用的定量方法,据此测定了沙棘木蠹蛾不同发育阶段蜕20E水平的变化规律。20E在沙棘木蠹蛾最末5龄幼虫中剧烈升高,说明第12-16龄幼虫期生长发育活动最活跃。前两年年生活史以维持各项生理水平的平稳,至第三年年生活史,幼虫体内开始细胞分化,为组织及器官的重组及蛹期做准备；20E水平在成虫期达到最高,说明其在调节沙棘木蠹蛾成虫生殖过程中的重要作用；6日龄末龄幼虫20E小高峰对应沙棘木蠹蛾开始组织重组,结土茧后预蛹期小高峰,对应组织重组的完成,2日龄雌成虫20E最高峰显示沙棘木蠹蛾交配、产卵的高活力。
2.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾Halloween基因CYP307A1(H. hippophaecolus spook, Hhspo)、 CYP306A1(H. hippophaecolus phamtom, Hhphm)及CYP414A1(H. hippophaecolus shade, Hhshd)基因的序列结构及表达特征。三种基因在鳞翅目中高度保守,存在典型的P450结构特点；HhSpo在末龄幼虫及成虫中的表达特征与20E相一致,HhSpo无旁系同源物,参与整个生长生殖过程中20E的生物合成HhSpo, HhPhm及HhShd的时空动态表达显示在不同组织、不同虫龄中,它们对维持血淋巴20E水平的贡献具有差异性,且三种基因与20E协同调节沙棘木蠹蛾整个生长发育过程。
3.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾蜕皮激素受体基因(H. hippophaecolus ecdysone receptor, HhEcR)的部分序列结构及表达特点。沙棘木蠹蛾HhEcR主要在末龄幼虫脂肪体、前胸腺及雌成虫卵巢中表达。末龄幼虫初期,低水平20E诱导HhEcR转运水平上升；末龄幼虫末期,高水平20E诱导HhEcR转运水平下降；成虫期,HhEcR的较高转运水平需要高水平的20E诱导,2日龄雌成虫的生殖生理最活跃,20E参与沙棘木蠹蛾生殖过程。脂肪体中20E与HhEcR之间的上调和下调说明沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体是响应20E的主要部位.从而调节基因活性。
4.首次证明随着夏末光照期缩短及温度下降,沙棘木蠹蛾20E、Hhspo、Hhphm、Hhshd及HhEcR的转运水平呈现季节性特点,越冬期前含量高,越冬其含量低。显示沙棘木蠹蛾存在越冬休眠行为,脂肪体响应越冬期较低的蜕皮激素水平,使发育减弱,而脂肪体在越冬前需要贮备更多的能量来度过越冬期。这种调节延缓了沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期的生长发育水平,与其幼虫较长的生命周期相关。
5.鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾滞育激素受体(H. hippophaecolus diapauses hormone, HhDHR)的部分序列特点及表达特征。HhDHR是一种FXPRL肤类,具有G-蛋白偶联受体的结构域,与前胸腺中蜕皮激素的合成有关。
6.首次从形态学和组织学两个方面鉴定了沙棘木蠹蛾雌、雄生殖系统的特征,确立了判断雄蛾交尾与否的形态学和组织学标准：通过对贮精囊和射精管内精子束的填充状态的观察,可判断雄蛾交尾与否。利用以上结论可判断性信息素诱捕器诱集到的雄蛾的交配状况,为性诱剂防治效果的评价提供了一些依据。
综上,沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体中蜕皮激素水平与基因含量和酶的活力相关,脂肪体能够通过感受营养状态,调节体内蜕皮激素水平,从而影响生命周期长短：沙棘木蠹蛾脂肪体中HhEcR基因,前胸腺中HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd基因在越冬前后呈现季节性表达特点,协调沙棘木蠹蛾整个生长发育过程不同阶段的蜕皮激素水平：沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期进入休眠且蜕皮激素含量及相关基因活力较低,与沙棘木蠹蛾越冬期较长且幼虫期较长生命周期相关,这是对越冬期环境适应的生理行为。
The seabuchthorn carpenterworm (Holcecerus hippophaecolus Hua. Chou, Fang et Chen)(Lepidoptera:Cossidae) is a native borer pest in China. Its outbreak has been reported in recent years, which is considered to be a main threat to the seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Researches on H. hippophaecolus involving the mechanism of outbreak, biological characteristics, as well as control methods were well studied in the past years. This paper examined the basic reproductive endocrinology system of H. hippophaecolus. The molecular biology and hormone detennination method was used to study the regulation characteristics of the Holcocerus ecdysone, Halloween gene, the ecdysone receptor EcR, and the diapause hormone receptors DHR in different stages of development. In addition, the morphological and histological methods was used to compare the differences of the Holcocerus reproductive system between pre-and post-mating. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The extraction and quantitative method of identifying carpenterworm20-hydroxyecdysone titers by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully established. The results showed that the body weight and body length of H. hippophaecolus increased significantly from the12th-16th larval instar. In assumption, the first two years'life history aims to keep a stable physiological activity level, while cell differentiations occurs during the third year is to prepare for the tissues and organs restructuring of pupal stages. The small peak of20E in6-day-old last instar larval corresponded to the reorganization, and small peak of pupal stage corresponded to the complete of reorganization, the major peak of20E in2-day-old female adults corresponded to the high activity of mating and spawning. Therefore, the results surported our hypothesis, and20E did play an important role in regulating the Holcocerus adult reproductive process in our study.
2. The molecular characteristics and expressions of Holcocerus CYP307A1(spook), CYP306A1(phamtom) and CYP414A1(shade) was identified. These three genes exhibited the conserved P450domain. The expression of HhSpo in last larval instar and adult was consistent in20E level. HhSpo which involved in ecdysone synthesis in the entire growth and reproductive processes had no paralogs. In addition, the spatial and temporal dynamic expression of HhSpo, HhPhm and HhShd indicated that those three genes had different effect on maintaining the20E level in hemolymph. Finally, these three genes and20E co-regulate each other during the development of Holcocerus.
3. The characteristics and expression of Holcocerus EcR were identified. HhEcR was mainly expressed in fatbody and prothoracic gland of the last larva and ovary of femal adult. In the early stage of the last instar larvae, lower20E titer increased the transcript level of HhEcR; while higher20E titer decrease its transcript level. However, in the adult stage, higher HhEcR transcript level required a relative higher level of20E-induction. It is proved that20E involved in reproductive process of H. hippophaecolus, the activity of reproductive physiology in2-day-old female adult was the highest. These results indicated that fatbody was the mainly tissue responsed the20E level and then futher regulated the transcript activity of20E related genes.
4. With the shortening light period and dropping temerature during the late summer, the level of20E, HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd and HhEcR exhibited seasonal features and the level of pre-overwintering was higher than overwintering period. This paper speculated that the seabuckthorn carpenterworm existed winter hibernation behavior. Their fat bodies provided the necessary energy before winter, and responded to the ecdysone level. Lower20E level coordinated to the lower gene quantity and enzyme activity in fatbody, which regulate the changes of20E titer during development of the insect to further affect the lenghth and life cycle of its larvae. The lenghth of hibernation and life cycle of this species adapted to physiological behavior of wintering period.
5. The partial sequence of the seabuckthorn carpenterworm diapause receptor was cloned and the expression profile was measured. Multiple sequence comparation showed the structure of HhDHR display a FXPRL peptide domain of the G-protein-coupled receptors, thus HhDHR may be involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis of PG.
6. This paper described morphological and histological characteristics of the male and female reproductive system of H. hipophaecolus and differences of the male reproductive system between pre-and post-mating. This observation, especially the distribution of sperm buddies, can be used to distinguish mated and unmated males, which may be further applied into the evaluation of the efficiency of sex pheromone traps.
In conclusion, fatbody is the main organ to serve as energy storage, responding to the energy signal to regulate metabolic activity, and corresponding to ecdysteroid levels. The HhEcR gene of seabuchthorn carpenterworm fatbody, and the HhSpo, HhPhm, HhShd genes of Holcocerus PG, exhibited seasonal expression characteristics before and after overwintering period as well as coordinated the20E level in seabuchthorn carpenterworm during the entire growth. This regulation characteristic is correlated with the long life span and quiescence of seabuckthorn, which is the adaption to the physiological behavior of overwintering period.
引文
[1].陈长琨,李国清.小地老虎雄蛾中胚层生殖道和附腺的细胞结构和分泌功能[J].昆虫学报.1998;41(3)：263-269.
[2].成小芳,王金明,张金桐.沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验[J].林业科学.2007；43(5)：74-77.
[3].花保祯,周尧,方德齐等.中国木蠹蛾志(鳞翅目：木蠹蛾科)[M].陕西杨凌：天则出版社.1990；56-57.
[4].李康,李胜,曹阳.蜕皮激素与其受体EcR-USP的转录调控机制[J].昆虫学报.2011；54(8)：933-937.
[5].李照会,郑方强,宋东苓.天蛾科雌性生殖系统形态解剖研究[J].山东农业大学学报.1993；24(2)：160-168.
[6].卢中建,王荫长,尤子平.小地老虎真核和无核精子在生殖道中的后期变化[J].南京农业大学学报.1992;15(4)：45-49.
[7].卢中建,王荫长,尤子平.小地老虎真核和无核精子的超微结构[J].南京农业大学学报.1993；16(3)：38-43.
[8].路常宽,宗世祥,骆有庆.沙棘木蠹蛾成虫行为学特征及性引诱效果研究[J].北京林业大学学报.2004；26(2)：280-282.
[9].路常宽.沙棘木蠹蛾灾害监测和综合管理策略研究[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2005.
[10].骆有庆,路长宽,许志春.爆发性新害虫沙棘木蠹蛾的控制技术[J].国际沙棘研究与开发.2003a；1(1)：31-33.
[11].骆有庆,路常宽,许志春.林木新害虫沙棘木蠹蛾的控制策略[J].中国森林病虫.2003b:22(5)： 25-28.
[12].司胜利,许少甫,王梅珍,杜家纬,任应党,马继盛.烟草夜蛾信息素组分及体内合成的变动节律[J].生命科学.1999；111(1)：41-44.
[13].孙雅杰,陈瑞鹿,王素云,暴祥致.草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化[J].昆虫学报.1991；34(2)：248-249.
[14].田润刚,袁锋,张雅林.同翅类昆虫的雄性生殖系统及精子发生[J].昆虫分类学.2006;28(4)：241-254.
[15].王升,李胜.昆虫蜕皮激素生物合成及其神经肽调控[J].应用昆虫学报.2012；49(3):573-577.
[16].王建伟.沙蒿灌木林钻蛀性害虫生物生态学与生态调控体系构建[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2011.
[17].于亚玲,田新华,卢慧颖.沙棘产业开发的意义[J].林业科技.2008；33(3):59-60.
[18].赵小凡.昆虫蜕皮激素信号转导途径研究进展[J].生命科学.2010;22(12):1028-1034.
[19].宗世祥,骆有庆,路常宽,许志春,张连生.沙棘木蠹蛾生物学特性的初步研究[J].林业科学.2006a;41：79-84.
[20].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,王涛.沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫龄期的初步研究[J].昆虫知识.2006b;43：626-631.
[21].宗世祥.沙棘木蠹蛾生物生态学特性研究[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2006c.
[22].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,王涛,宗英飞.当前沙棘木蠹蛾研究中存在的主要问题[J].中国森林病虫.2006d；25(2)：29-32.
[23].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,张金桐,成小芳,张连生,梁树军,姚国龙.沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素林间诱蛾活性试验[J].北京林业大学学报.2006e；28(6):109-112.
[24].周娇,翁强,骆有庆,李娟.沙棘木蠹蛾生殖系统形态学和组织学观察[J].应用昆虫学报.2012：49(6)：1629-1635.
[25]. Aranda A, Pascual A. Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression [J]. Physiol Rev.2001; 81:1269-1304.
[26], Badenhorst P, Xiao H, Cherbas L, Kwon SY, Voas M, Rebay I, Cherbas P, Wu C. The Drosophila nucleosome remodeling factor NURF is required for ecdysteroid signaling and metamorphosis [J]. Gene Dev.2005;19:2540-2545.
[27]. Bai J, Uehara Y, Montell DJ. Regulation of invasive cell behavior by taiman, a Drosophila protein related to AIB1, a steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast cancer [J]. Cell. 2000; 103:1047-1058.
[28]. Baker KD, Shewchuk LM, Kozlova T, Makishima M, Hassell A,Wisely B, Caravella JA, Lambert MH, Reinking JL, Krause H,Thummel CS, Willson TM, Mangelsdorf DJ. The Drosophila orphan nuclear receptor DHR38 mediates an atypical ecdysteroid signaling pathway [J]. Cell.2003; 113:731-742.
[29]. Beatty JM, Smagghe G, Ogura T, Nakagawa Y, Spindler-Barth M, Heinrich VC. Properties of ecdysteroid receptors from diverse insect species in a heterologous cell culture system-a basis for screening novel insecticidal candidates [J]. FEBS J.2009; 276:3087-3098.
[30]. Beckstead R, Lam G, Thummel C. The genomic response to 20-hydroxyecdysone at the onset of Drosophila metamorphosis [J]. Genome Biol.2005; 6:99.
[31]. Bctanska K, Nieva C, Spindler-Barth M, Spindler K-D. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and of ultraspiracle (Usp) from Drosophila melanogaster in mammalian cells:energy requirement and interaction with exportin [J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.2007; 65:134-142.
[32]. Biggers WJ, Laufer H. Identification of juvenile hormone-active alkylphenols in the lobster Homarus americanus and in marine sediments|J]. Biol Bull.2004; 206(1):13-24.
[33]. Billas IMI, Browning C, Lawrence MC,Graham LD, Moras D, Hill RJ. The structure and function of ecdysone receptors. In:G. Smagghe (eds.). Ecdysone:structures and functions [A]. Springer:Dordrecht,2009; 335-360.
[34]. Birru W, Fernley RT, Graham LD, Grusovin J, Hill RJ, Hofmann A, Howell L, James PJ, Jarvis KE, Johnson WM, Jones DA, Leitner C, Liepa AJ, Lovrecz GO, Lu L, Nearn RH, O'Driscoll BJ, Phan T, Pollard M, Turner KA, Winkler DA. Synthesis, binding and bioactivity of gamma-methylene gamma-lactam ecdysone receptor ligands:advantages of QSAR models for flexible receptors [M]. Bioorg Med Chem.2010; 18:5647-5660.
[35]. Blais C, Blasco T, Maria A, Dauphin-Villemant C, Lafont R. Characterization of ecdysteroids in Drosophila melanogaster by enzyme immunoassay and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.2010; 878(13-14):925-932.
[36]. Bodnaryk RP. Feedback inbibition of ecdysone production by 20-hydroxyecdysone during pupal-adult metamorphosis of Mamestra configurata [J]. Mol Cell.1986; 3(1):53-60.
[37]. Bollenbacher WE, Smith SL, Goodman W, Gilbert LI. Ecdysteroid titer during larval, pupal, adult development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1981; 44(3):302-306.
[38]. Broadus J, McCabe JR, Endrizzi B, ThummelCS, Woodard CT. The Drosophila (3FTZ-F1 orphan nuclear receptor provides competence for stage-specific responses to the steroid hormone ecdysone [J]. Mol Cell.1999; 3:143-149.
[39]. Buszczak M, Freeman MR, Carlson JR, Bender M, Cooley L, Segraves WA. Ecdysone response genes govern egg chamber development during mid-oogenesis in Drosophila [J]. Development.1999; 126:4581-4589.
[40]. Buszczak M, Segraves WA. Insect metamorphosis:out with the old, in with the new [J]. Curr Biol.2000; 10:830-833.
[41]. Cakouros D, Daish TJ, Mills K, Kumar S. An arginine-histone methyltransferase, CARMER, coordinates ecdysone-mediated apoptosis in Drosophila cells [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279: 18467-18471.
[42]. Carmichael JA, Lawrence MC, Graham LD, Pilling PA, Epa VC, Noyce L, Lovrecz G, Winkler DA, Pawlak-Skrzecz A, Eaton RE, Hannan GN, Hill RJ. The X-ray structure of a hemipteran ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain:comparison with a lepidopteran ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain and implications for insecticide design [J]. J Biol Chem.2005; 280:22258-22269.
[43]. Carney GE, Bender M. The Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene is required maternally for normal oogenesis [J]. Genetics.2000; 154(3):1203-1211.
[44]. Cazzamali G, Torp M, Hauser F, Williamson M, Grimmelikhui jzen CJ. The Drosophila gene CG9918 codes for a pyrokinin-1 receptor [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005; 335(1): 14-19.
[45]. Chen Z, Linse KD, Taub-Montemayor TE, Rankin MA. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for detennination of juvenile hormone titers [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37(8):799-807.
[46]. Chen SL, Lin CP, Lu K.H. cDNA isolation, expression, and hormonal regulation of yolk protein genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsulis (Hendel) (Diptera:Tephritidae)[J]. J Insect Physiol.2012; 58(6):763-770.
[47]. Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files [J]. Science.2001; 294:1866-1870.
[48]. Choi MY, Fuerst EJ, Rafaeli A, Jurenka R. Identification of a G protein-coupled receptor for pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from pheromone glands of the moth Helicoverpa zea [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2003; 100(17):9721-9726.
[49]. Christiaens O, Iga M, Velarde RA, Rouge P, Smagghe G. Halloween genes and nuclear receptors in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and signalling in the pea aphid [J]. Insect Mol Biol. 2010; 19(2):187-200.
[50]. Colombani J, Raisin S, Pantalacci S, Radimerski T, Montague J, Leopold P. A nutrient sensor mechanism controls Drosophila growth [J]. Cell.2003; 114(6):739-749.
[51]. Colombani J, Bianchini L, Layalle S, Pondeville E,Dauphin-Villemant C, Antoniewski C, Carre C, Noselli S, Leopold P. Antagonistic actions of ecdysone and insulins determine final size in Drosophila [J]. Science.2005; 310:667-670.
[52]. Danks HV. The range of insect dormancy responses [J]. Eur J Entomol.2002; 99:127-142.
[53]. Danks HV. The wider integration of studies on insect cold hardiness[J]. Eur J Entomol. 1996; 93:383-403.
[54]. Dedos SG, Birkenbeil H. Inhibition of Camp signaling cascade-mediated Ca2+ influx by a prothoracicostatic peptide (Mas-MIP I) via dihydropyridine-senstive Ca2+ channels in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33(2): 219-228.
[55]. Dedos SG, Fugo H, Kataoka H. A new cerebral factor stimulates IP3 levels in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx mori [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1998; 28:767-774.
[56]. Dedos SG, Fugo H, Nagata S, Takamiya M, Kataoka H. Differences between recombinant PTTH and crude brain extracts in cAMP-mediated ecdysteroid secretion from the prothoracic glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]..1 Insect Physiol.1999; 45:415-422.
[57]. Deitsch K.W, Chen JS, Raikhel AS. Indirect control of yolk protein genes by 20-hydroxyecdysone in fat body of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1995; 25:449-454.
[58]. De Loof A. Ecdysteroids, juvenile hrmone and insect neuropeptides:Recent successes and remaining major challenges [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2008; 155:3-13.
[59]. Delbecque JP, Weidner K, HoVmann K.H. Alternative sites for ecdysteroid production in insects [J]. Invertebr Repr Dev.1990; 18:29-42.
[60]. Denlinger DL, Yocum GD, Rinehart JP. Comprehensive Insect Molecular Science [M]. In: Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill SS (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.2005a; 615-650.
[61]. Denlinger DL, Lee JrRE. Low Temperature Biology of Insects [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2010; 390.
[62]. Denlinger DL, Yocum GD, Rinehart JL. Hormonal control of diapauses. In:Gilbert, L.I., Iatrou, K., Gill, S.S. (Eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science [A], vol.3. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.2005b; 615-650.
[63]. Destrez B, Pinel G, Bichon E, Monteau F, Lafont R, Le Bizec B. Detection of 20-hydroxyecdysone in calf urine by comparative liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry measurements: application to the control of the potential misuse of ecdysteroids in cattle [J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.2008; 22(24):4073-4080.
[64]. Destrez B, Pinel G, Monteau F, Lafont R, Le Bizec B. Detection and identification of 20-hydroxyecdysone metabolites in calf urine by liquid chromatography-high resolution or tandem mass spectrometry measurements and establishment of their kinetics of elimination after 20-hydroxyecdysone administration [J]. Anal Chim Acta.2009; 637(1-2):178-184.
[65]. Dhadialla TS, Carlson GR, Le DP. New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1998; 43:545-569.
[66]. Dolez al P, Sehnal F. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the development and diapause of the bark beetle Ips typographus [J]. J Appl Entomol.2007; 131:165-173.
[67]. Dominick OS, Truman JW. The physiology of wandering behavior in Manduca sext [J]. J Exp Biol.1985; 117:45-68.
[68]. Dubrovsky EB. Hormonal cross talk in insect development [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metabol. 2005; 16:6-11.
[69]. Elmogy M, Terashima J, Iga M, Iwami M, Sakurai SA. Rapid increase in cAMP in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the anterior silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. Zool Sci. 2006,23:715-719.
[70]. Escriva H, Bertrand S, Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily [J]. Essays Biochem.2004; 40:11-26.
[71]. Evans RM. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily [J]. Science.1988; 240(4854):889-895.
[72]. Evans PD, Srivastava DP, Reale V. Rapid, nongenomic tresponses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor. In:Sinagghe G (ed) Ecdysteroids, structures and functions [A]. Springer, Berlin.2009; 425-443.
[73]. Evershed RP, Mercer JG, Rees HH. Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of ecdysteroids [J]. J Chromatogr.1987; 390:357-369.
[74]. Feyereisen R, Durst F. Ecdysterone biosynthesis:A microsomal cytochrome P-450-linked ecdysone 20-monooxygenase from tissues of the African migratory locust [J]. Eur J Biochem. 1978; 88:37-47.
[75]. Fellner SK, Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Ca2+ signaling in prothoracicotropic hormone stimulated prothoracic gland cells of Manduca sexta: evidence for mobilization and entry mechanisms [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2005; 35:263-275.
[76]. Feyereisen R, Tobe SS. A rapid partition assay for routine analysis of juvenile hormone release by insect corpora allata [J]. Anal Biochem.1981; 111(2):372-375.
[77]. Feyereisen R. Insect P450 enzymes [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1999; 44:507-533.
[78]. Flatt T, Heyland A, Rus F, Porpiglia E, Sherlock C, Yamamoto R, Garbuzov A, Palli SR, Tatar M, Silvennan N. Hormonal regulation of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. J Exp Biol.2008b; 211:2712-2724.
[79]. Flatt T, Kawecki TJ. Juvenile hormone as a regulator of the trade-off between reproduction and life span in Drosophila melanogaster[J]. Evolution.2007; 61:1980-1991.
[80]. Flatt T, Min KJ, D'Alterio C, Villa-Cuesta E, Cumbers J, Lehmann R, Jones DL, Tatar M. Drosophila germ-line modulation of insulin signaling and lifespan [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2008a; 105:6368-6373.
[81]. Flatt T, Moroz LL, Tatar M, Heyland A. Comparing thyroid and insect hormone signaling [J]. Integr Comp Biol.2006; 46:777-794.
[82]. Francis VA, Zorzano A, Teleman AA. dDOR is an EcR coactivator that forms a feed-forward loop connecting insulin and ecdysone signaling [J]. Curr Biol.2010; 20: 1799-1808.
[83]. Francis GA, Fayard E, Picard F, Auwerx J. Nuclear receptors and the control of metabolism [J]. Annu Rev Physiol.2003; 65:261-311.
[84]. Freitas SP, Goncalves TC, Serrao JE, Costa J, Santos-Mallet JR. Male reproductive system structure and accessory glands ultrastrueture of two species of Triatoma (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) [J]. J Micron.2010; 41 (5):518-525.
[85]. Galikova M, Klepsatel P, Senti Ciabriele, Flatt T. Steroid hormone regulation of C. elegans and Drosophila aging and life history [J]. Exp Gerontol.2011; 46(2-3):141-147.
[86]. Gerisch B, Rottiers V, Li D, Motola DL, Cummins CL, Lehrach H, Mangelsdorf DJ, Antebi A. A bile acid-like steroid modulates Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan through nuclear receptor signaling [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2007; 104:5014-5019.
[87]. Gerisch B, Weitzel C, Kober-Eisermann C, Rottiers V, Antebi A. A hormonal signaling pathway influencing C. elegans metabolism, reproductive development, and life span [J]. Dev Cell.2001; 1:841-851.
[88]. Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2002; 47:883-916.
[89]. Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2002; 47:883-916.
[90]. Gilbert LI, Warren JT. A molecular genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the insect steroid molting hormone [J]. Vitam Horm.2005; 73:31-57.
[91]. Gilbert LI. Halloween genes encode P450 enzymes that mediate steroid hormone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2004; 215(1-2):1-10.
[92]. Gilbert LI, Schneiderman H. The development of a bioassay for the juvenile hormone of insects [J]. Trans Am Microsc Soc.1960; 79:38-67.
[93]. Graham LD, Moras D, Hill RJ, Billas ILM, BrowingC, LawrenceMC. The structure and function of ecdysone receptors. In:G Smagghe (eds.), Ecdysone:Structures and Functions [A]. Dordrecht:Springer-Verlag.2009; 335-360.
[94]. Gu SH, Lin JL, Lin PL, Chen CH. Insulin stimulates ecdysteroidogenesis by prothoracic glands in the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Insec Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39(3):171-179.
[95]. Hammock BD, Sparks TC. A rapid assay for insect juvenile hormone esterase activity [J]. Anal Biochem.1977; 82(2):573-579.
[96]. Haunerland NH, Shirk PD. Regional and functional differentiation in the insect fat body [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1995; 40:121-145.
[97]. Hatt PJ, Liebon C, Morinie're M, Porcheron P. Roles for insulin and ecdysteroids in differentiation on an insect cell line of epidermal origin [J]. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim.1994; 30(10):717-720.
[98]. Held JM, White MP, Fisher AL, Gibson BW, Lithgow GJ, Gill MS. DAF-12-dependent rescue of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans by (25S)-cholestenoic acid [J]. Aging Cell.2006; 5:283-291.
[99]. He HJ, Wang Q, Zheng WW, Wang JX, Song QS, Zhao XF. Function of nuclear transport factor 2 and Ran in the 20E signal transduction pathway in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera [J]. BMC Cell Biol.2010; 11:1.
[100]. Henrich VC, Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and puffs: mechanisms and models in insect development. In:Litwack, G. (eds.), Vitamins and Hormones [A]. Academic Press,1999; 73-125.
[101]. Hewes RS, Taghert PH. Neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Genome Res.2001; 11(6):1126-1142.
[102]. Hirai M, Shinoda T, Kamimura M, Tomita S, Shiotsuki T. Bombyx mori orphan receptor, BmHR78:cDNA cloning, testis abundant expression and putative dimerization partner for Bombyx ultraspiracle [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2002; 189:201-211.
[103]. Hiruma K. Regulation of prothoracicotropic hormone release by juvenile hormone in the penultimate and last instar larvae of Mamestra brassicae [J].Gen Comp Endocrinol.1986; 63: 201-211.
[104]. Holman GM, Cook BJ, Nachman RJ. Primary structure and synthesis of a blocked myotropic neuropeptide isolated from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol C.1986; 85:219-224.
[105]. Momma T, Watanabe K., Tsurumaru S, Kataoka H, Imai K, Kamba M, Niimi T, Yamashita O, Yaginuma T. G protein-coupled receptor for diapause hormone, an inducer of Bombyx embryonic diapauses [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2006; 344:386-393.
[106]. Hormann RE, Dinan L,Whiting P. Superimposition evaluation of ecdysteroid agonist chemotypes through multidimensional QSAR [J]. J Comput Aided Mol.2003; 17:135-153.
[107]. Horner MA, Chen T, Thummel CS. Ecdysteroid regulation and DNA-binding properties of Drosophila nuclear hormone receptor superfamily members. Dev Biol.1995; 168(2): 490-502.
[108]. Hua YJ, Tanaka Y, Nakamura K, Sakakibara M, Nagata S, Kataoka H. Identification of a prothoracicostatic peptide in the larval brain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J].1999; 274(29):3169-3173.
[109]. Huang X, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. New players in the regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis [J]. J Genet Genomics.2008; 35:1-10.
[110]. Hull JJ, Ohnishi A, Moto K, Kawasaki Y, Kurata R, Suzuki MG, Matsumoto S. Cloning and characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori:significance of the carboxyl terminus in receptor internalization[J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279(49):51500-51507.
[111]. Ichikawa A, Ono H,Furuta K, Shiotsuki T, Shinoda T. Enantioselective separation of racemic juvenile hormone Ⅲ by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and preparation of [(2)H(3)]juvenile hormone Ⅲ as an internal standard for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification [J].J Chromatogr A.2007; 1161(1-2): 252-260.
[112]. Iga M, Smagghe G. Identification and expression profile of Halloween genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis [J]. Peptides.2010; 31(3):456-467.
[113]. Ishibashi J, Kataoka H, Isogai A, Kawakami A, Saegusa H, Yagi Y, Mizoguchi A, Ishizaki H, Suzuki A. Assignment of disulfide bond location in prothoracicotropic hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori:a homodimeric peptide [J]. Biochemistry.1994; 33:5912-5919.
[114]. Jarvis TD, Earley FGP, Rees HH. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis in larval testes of Spodoptera littoralis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1993; 24:531-537.
[115]. Kapitskaya MZ, LiC, Miura K, Segraves W, RaikhelAS. Expression of the early-late gene encoding the nuclear receptor Hr3 suggests its involvement in regulating the vitellogenic response to ecdysone in the adult mosquito [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2000; 160:25-37.
[116]. Kaplan DD, Zimmermann G, Suyama K, Meyer T, Scott MP. A nucleostemin family GTPase, NS3, acts in serotinergic neurons to regulate insulin signalling and controll body size [J]. Genes Dev.2008; 22(14):1877-1893.
[117]. Kataoka H, Nagasawa H, Isogai A, Ishizaki H, Suzuki A. Prothoracicoreopic hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori:amino acid sequence and dimeric structure [J].1991; 55(1): 73-86.
[118]. Katsuno S. Studies on eupyrene and apyrene spermatozoa in the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae) [J]. J Appl Entomol Zool.1997a; 12(2):352-359.
[119]. King-Jones K, Horner MA, Lam G, Thummel CS. The DHR96 nuclear receptor regulates xenobiotic responses in Drosophila [J]. Cell Metab.2006; 4:37-48.
[120]. King-Jones K, Thummel CS. Nuclear receptors-a perspective from Drosophila [J]. Nat Rev Genet.2005a; 6:311-323.
[121]. Kiriishi S, Nagasawa H, Kataoka H, Suzuki A, Sakurai S. Comparison of the in vivo and in votro effects of bombyxin and prothoracicotropic hormone on prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J].1992; 9(1):149-155.
[122]. Kitamura A, Nagasawa H, Kataoka H, Inoue T, Matsumoto S, Ando T, Suzuki A. Amino acid sequence of pheromone-biosynthesisactivating neuropeptide (PBAN) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1989; 163:520-526.
[123]. Kozlova T, Thummel CS. Steroid regulation of postembryonic development and reproduction in Drosophila [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab.2000; 11:276-280.
[124]. Kumar MB, Fujimoto T, Potter DW, Deng Q, Palli SR. A single point mutation in ecdysone receptor leads to increased ligand specificity:implications for gene switch applications [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99:14710-14715.
[125]. Kumar MB, Potter DW, Hormann RE, Edwards A, Tice CM, Smith HC, Dipietro MA, Polley M, Lawless M, Wolohan PR, Kethidi DR, Palli SR. Highly flexible ligand binding pocket of ecdysone receptor:a single amino acid change leads to discrimination between two groups of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279(26):27211-27218.
[126]. Kwon HB, Kim SM, Kim SB, Jang IH, Ahn Y. Drosophila extracellular signal-regulated kinase involves the insulin-mediated proliferation of Schneider cell. J Biol Chem [J].2002; 277:14853-14858.
[127]. Lafont R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Warren JT, Rees HH. Ecdysteroid chemistry and biochemistry, in:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill SS (Eds.), Comprehensive molecular insect science [M]. Oxford:Elsevier.2005; 125-195.
[128]. Lafont R, Pennetier JL, Andrianja-Wntrimo M, Claret J, Modde JF, Blais C. Sample processing for high-performance liquid chromatography of ecdysteroids [J]. J Chromatogr. 1982; 236:137-149.
[129]. Lam G, Hall BL, Bender M, Thummel CS. DHR3 is required for the prepupal-pupal transition and differentiation of adult structures during Drosophila metamorphosis [J]. Dev. Biol.1999; 212:204-216.
[130]. Lanot R, Thiebold J, Costet-Corio MF, Benveniste P, Hoffmann JA. Further experimental evidence for the involvement of ecdysone in the control of meiotic reinitiation in oocytes of Locusla migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera) [J]. Dev Biol.1988; 126:212-214.
[131]. Lee Jr RH. A primer on insect cold-tolerance. In:Denlinger DL, Lee JrRE(Eds), Low Temperature Biology of Insects [M].Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2010; 3-34.
[132]. Lemos WP, Serrao JE, Ramalho FS, Cola Zanuincio JC, Lacerda MC. Effect of diet on male reproductive tract of Poclisus nigrispinus (Heteroptcra:Pentatomidae). J Braz J Biol. 2005;65(1):91-96.
[133]. Lessard J, Aicha SB, Fournier A, Calvo E, Lavergne E, Pelletier M, Labrie C. Characterization of the RSL1-dependent conditional expression system in LNCap prostate cancer cells and development of a single vector format [J]. Prostate.2007; 67:808-819.
[134]. Lezzi M, Bergman T, Henrich VC, V'ogtli M, Fr'omel C. Ligand-induced heterodimerization between the ligand binding domains of the Drosophila ecdysteroid receptor and ultraspiracle [J]. Eur J Biochem.2002; 269:3237-3245.
[135]. Lonard DM, Bhaskaran G, Dahm KH. Control of prothoracic gland activity by juvenile hormone in fourth instar Manduca sexta larvae [J]. Insect Physiol.1996; 42:205-213.
[136]. Maeda S, Nakashima A, Yamada R, Hara N, Fujimoto Y, Ito Y, Sonobe H. Molecular cloning of ecdysone 20-hydroxylase and expression pattern of the enzyme during embryonic development of silkworm Bonthyx mori [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2008; 149(3):507-516.
[137]. Magnenat L, Schwimmer LJ, Barbas CF Ⅲ. Druginducible and simultaneous regulation of endogenous genes by single-chain nuclear receptor-based zinc-finger transcription factor gene switches [J]. Gene Ther.2008; 15:1223-1232.
[138]. Magner DB, Antebi A. Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear receptors:insights into life traits [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab.2008; 19:153-160.
[139]. Marchal E, Badisco L, Verlinden H, Vandersmissen T, Soest SV, Wielendaele PV, Broeck JV. Role of the Halloween genes, Spook and Phantom in ecdysteroidogenesis in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria [J]. J Insect Physiol.2011; 57(9):1240-1248.
[140]. Marchal E, Vandersmissen HP, Badisco L, Van de Velde S, Verlinden H, Iga M, Van Wielendaele P, Huybrechts R, Simonet G, Smagghe G, Vanden Broeck J. Control of ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of insects:A review [J]. Pepetides.2010; 31(3): 506-519.
[141]. Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V. Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2009; 106:11913-11918.
[142]. Martin-Creuzburg D, Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Ecdysteroid levels in Daphnia magna during a molt cycle:Determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2007; 151(1): 66-71.
[143]. McBrayer Z, Ono H, Shimell MJ, Parvy JP, Beckstead RB, Warren JT, Thummel CS, Dauphin-Villemant C, Gilbert LI, O'Connor MB. Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates developmental timing and body size in Drosophila [J]. Dev Cell.2007; 13:857-871.
[144]. McCulloch D, Gems D. Sex-specific effects of the DAF-12 steroid receptor on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci.2007; 1119:253-259.
[145]. Mirth CK, Riddiford LM. Size assessment and growth control:how adult size is determined in insect [J]. Bioessays.2007; 29:344-355.
[146]. Mikitani K. A new nonsteroidal chemical class of ligand for the ecdysteroid receptor 3, 5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-N-isobutyl-benzamide shows apparent insect molting hormone activities at molecular and cellular levels [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1996; 227: 427-432.
[147]. Mirth CK, Truman JW, Riddiford LM. The role of the prothoracic gland in determining critical weight for metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Curr Biol.2005; 15:1796-1807.
[148]. Miura K, Zhu J, Dittmer NT, Chen L, Raikhel AS. A COUP-TF/Svp homolog is highly expressed during vitellogenesis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti [J]. J Mol Endocrinol.2002; 29:223-238.
[149]. Montell DJ. Command and control:regulatory pathways controlling invasive behavior of the border cells [J]. Mech Dev.2001; 105:19-25.
[150]. Nakagawa Y. Nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists [J]. Vitam Horm.2005; 73:131-173.
[151]. Namiki T, Niwa R, Sakudoh T, Shirai K, Takeuchi H, Kataoka H. C'ytochrome P450 CYP307A1/Spook:a regulator for ecdysone synthesis in insects [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005; 337(1):367-374.
[152]. Niwa R, Matsuda T, Yoshiyama T, Namiki T, Mita K, Fujimoto Y, Kataika H. CYP306A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx and Drosophila [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279:35942-35949.
[153]. Niwa R, Sakudoh T, Namiki T, Saida K, Fujimoto Y, Kataoka H. The ecdysteroidogenic P450 CYP302A1/disembodied from the silkworm, Bomhyx mori, is transcriptionally regulated by prothoracicotropic hormone [J]. Insect Mol Biol.2005; 14:563-571.
[154]. Ohnishi A, Hull JJ, Matsumoto S. Targeted disruption of genes in the Bombyx mori sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2006; 103:4398-4403.
[155]. Ono H, Rewitz KF, Shinoda T, Itoyama K, Petryk A, Rybczynski R, Jarcho M, Warren JT, Marques G, Shimell MJ, Gilbert LI, O'Connor MB. Spook and Spookier code for stage-specific components of the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway in Diptera[J]. Dev Biol. 2006; 298:555-570.
[156]. Orme MH, Leevers SJ. Flies on steroids:The interplay between ecdysone and insulin signaling [J]. Cell Metab.2005; 277-278.
[157]. Palli SR, Ilonnann RE, Schlattner U, Lezzi M. Ecdysteroid receptors and their applications in agriculture and medicine [J]. Vitam Honn.2005; 73:59-100.
[158]. Panguluri SK, Kumar P, Palli SR. Functional characterization of ecdysone receptor gene switches in mammalian cells [J]. FEBS J.2006; 273:5550-5563.
[159]. Park Y, Kim YJ, Adams ME. Identification of G protein-coupled receptors for Drosophila PRXamide peptides, CCAP, corazonin, and AKH supports a theory of ligand-receptor coevolution[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99(17):11423-11428.
[160]. Paschal BM, Gerace L. Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62[J]. J Cell Biol.1995; 129:925-937.
[161]. Pascual N, Cerda X, Benito B, Tomas J, Piulachs MD, Belles X. Ovarian ecdysteroid levels and basal oocyte development during maturation in the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) [J]. J Insect Physiol.1992; 38:339-348.
[162]. Penny AC, Nina W. Non-fertile sperm delay female remating [J]. Nature.1999; 11: 397-486.
[163]. Petryk A, Warren JT, Marques G, Jarcho MP, Gilbert LI, Kahler J, Parvy JP, Li Y, Dauphin-Villemant C, O'Connor MB. Shade is the Drosophila P450 enzyme that mediates the hydroxylation of ecdysone to the steroid insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2003; 100:13773-13778.
[164]. Pierceall WE, Li C, Biran A, Miura K, Raikhel AS, Segraves WA. E75 expression in mosquito ovary and fat body suggests reiterative use of ecdysone-regulated hierarchies in development and reproduction [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.1999; 150:73-89.
[165]. Pruell RJ, Taplin BK, McGovern DG, McKinney R, Norton SB. Organic contaminant distributions in sediments, polychaetes (Nereis virens) and American lobster (Homarus americanus) from a laboratory food chain experiment [J]. Mar Environ Res.2000; 49(1): 19-36.
[166]. Raikhel AS, Brown MR, Belles X. Hormone control of reproductive processed, in:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill S (Eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science [M]. Elsevier:Oxford. 2005; 433-491.
[167]. Ravi M, Hopfinger AJ, Hormann RE, Dinan L.4D-QSAR analysis of a set of ecdysteroids and a comparison to CoMFA modeling [J]. J Chem Inf Comput Sci.2001; 41:1587-1604.
[168]. Reinking J, Lam MM, Pardee K, Sampson HM, Liu S, Yang P, Williams S, White W, Lajoie G, Edwards A, Krause HM. The Drosophila nuclear receptor E75 contains heme and is gas responsive [J]. Cell.2005; 122(2):195-207.
[169]. Rewitz KF, Gilber LI. Daphnia Halloween genes that encode cytochrome P450s mediating the synthesis of the arthropod molting hormone:Evolutionary implications [J]. BMC Evol Biol.2008; 8:1-8.
[170]. Rewitz KF, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Molecular evolution of the insect Halloween family of cytochrome P450s:phylogeny, gene organization and functional conservation [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37:741-753.
[171]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. Developmental expression of Manduca shade, the P450 mediating the final step in molting hormone synthesis [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2006a; 247:166-174.
[172]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. Identification, characterization and developmental expression of Halloween genes encoding P450 enzymes mediating ecdysone biosynthesis in the tobacco hornwonn, Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2006b; 36:188-199.
[173]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. The Halloween genes code for cytochrome P450 enzymes mediating synthesis of the insect moulting hormone [J]. Biochem Soc Trans.2006c; 34:1256-1260.
[174]. Riddiford LM, Cherbas P, Truman JW. Ecdysone receptors and their biological actions [M]. Vitamins & Hormones. Academic Press.2000.
[175]. Riddiford LM. Hormones and Drosophila development. In:Bate M, Martinez Arias A (Eds.), The development of Drosophila mclanogaster[A]. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor.1993.
[176]. Riddiford LM, Hewes RS, Truman JW. Dynamics and metamorphosis of an identifiable peptidergic neuron in an insect [J]. J Neurobiol.1994; 25(7):819-830.
[177]. Riddiford LM, Hiruma K, Zhou X, Nelson CA. Insights into the molecular basis of the hormonal control of molting and metamorphosis from Manducu sexta and Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33:1327-1338.
[178]. Riddiford LM. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone I. General considerations and premetamorphic actions [J]. Adv Insect Physiol.1994; 24:213-274.
[179]. Riddiford LM. Juvenile hormone:The status of its "status quo" action [J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.1996; 32(3-4):271-286.
[180]. Riemann JG, Gassner G. Ultrastructure of Lepidopteran sperm from spermatheca [J]. J Ann Entomol Soc Am.1973b;66(1):154-159.
[181]. Rosenkilde C, Cazzamali G, Williamson M, Hauser F, Sondergaard L, DeLotto R, Grimmelikhuijzen CJ. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and gene silencing of two Drosophila receptors for the Drosophila neuropeptide pyrokinin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [J].2003; 309(2):485-494.
[182]. Rozen S, Skaletsky H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In:Krawetz S, Misener S (Eds.). Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. In the series:Methods in Molecular Biology [A].2000; 132:365-386. Humana Press. Code available at URL:http://fokker.wi.mit.edu/primer3.
[183]. Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Changes in general and specific protein synthesis that accompany ecdysteroid synthesis in stimulated prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1994; 24:175-189.
[184]. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees [J]. Mol Biol Evol.1987; 4:406-425.
[185]. Sakurai S, Okuda M, Ohtaki T. Juvenile hormone inhibits ecdysone secretion and responsiveness to prothoracicotropic hormonein prothoracic glands of Homhyx mori[J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.1989; 75:222-230.
[186]. Sakurpi S. Feedback regulation of prothoracic gland activity. In:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill S S (Eds.). Comprehensive molecular insect science[M]. Oxford:Elsevier Press.2005; 409-431.
[187]. Sawatsubashi S, Maki A, Ito S, Shirode Y, Suzuki E, Zhao Y, Yamagata K, Kouzmenko A, Schlattner U, Vafopoulo X, Steel CGH, Hormann RE, Lezzi M. Non-genomic ecdysone effects and the invertebrate nuclear steroid hormone receptor EcR-new role for an "old" receptor [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2006; 247:64-72.
[188]. Segraves WA, Hogness DS. The E75 ecdysone-inducible gene responsible for the 75B early puff in Drosophila encodes two new members of the steroid receptor superfamily [J]. Genes Dev.1990; 4:204-219.
[189]. Spindler KD, Betanska K, Nieva C, Gwozdz T, Dutko-Gwozdz J, Ozyhar A, Spindler-Barth M. Intracellular localization of the ecdysteroid receptor. In:Smagghe G (Eds.). Ecdysteroids, structures and functions [A]. Springer, Berlin.2009; 389-409.
[190]. Spindler KD, Honl C, Tremmel C, Braun S, Ruff H, Spindler-Barth M. Ecdysteroid hormone action [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci.2009; 66:3837-3850.
[191]. Spurgeon DW, Raulston JR, Lingren PD. Temporal Aspects of Sperm Transfer and Spermatophore Condition in Mexican Rice Borers (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) [J]. J Econ Entomol.1992; 87(2):371-376.
[192]. Steward R. Relocalization of the dorsal protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus correlates with its function [J]. Cell.1998; 59:1179-1188.
[193]. Sugai E. Formation of sperm dimorphism and glycogen of the testicular membrane in the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. J Zoological magazine.1965; 74:276-282.
[194]. Sullivan AA, Thummel CS. Temporal profiles of nuclear receptor gene expression reveal coordinate transcriptional responses during Drosophila development [J]. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:2125-2137.
[195]. Takeyama K, Kato S. Ecdysone receptor-dependent gene regulation mediates histone poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2004; 320:268-272.
[196]. Tatar M, Yin CM. Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause:why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms [J]. Exp Gerontol.2001; 36:723-738.
[197].Tavva VS, Dinkins RD, Palli SR, Collins GB. Development of a methoxyfenozide-responsive gene switch for applications in plants [J]. Plant J.2006; 45:457-469.
[198]. Tavva VS, Dinkins RD, Palli SR, Collins GB. Development of a tightly regulated and highly inducible ecdysone receptor gene switch for plants through the use of retinoid X receptor chimeras [J]. Transgenic Res.2007; 16:599-612.
[199]. Tavva VS, Palli SR, Dinkins RD, Collins GB. Improvement of a monopartite ecdysone receptor gene switch and demonstration of its utility in regulation of transgene expression in plants [J]. FEBS J.2008; 275:2161-2176.
[200]. Thummel CS. Flies on steroids:Drosophila metamorphosis and the mechanisms of steroid hormone action [J]. Trends Genet.1996; 12:306-310.
[201]. Thummel CS. Molecular mechanisms of developmental timing in C. elegans and Drosophila [J]. Dev Cell.2001a; I:453-465.
[202]. Thummel CS. Steroid-triggered death by autophagy [J]. Bioessays.2001b; 23:677-682.
[203]. Truman JW, Hiruma K, Allee JP, MacWhinnie SBG, Champlin D, Riddiford L. Juvenile hormone is required to couple imaginal disc formation with nutrition in insects [J]. Science. 2006; 310:667-670.
[204]. Sawatsubashi S, Murata T, Lim J, Fujiki R, Ito S, Suzuki E, Tanabe M, Zhao Y, Kimura S, Fujiyama S, Ueda T, Umetsu D, Ito T, Takeyama K, Kato S. A histone chaperone, DEK, transcriptionally coactivates a nuclear receptor [J]. Genes Dev.2009; 24:159-170.
[205]. Sedkov Y, Cho E, Petruk S, Cherbas L, Smith ST, Jones RS, Cherbas P, Canaani E, Jaynes JB, Mazo A. Methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 in ecdysone-dependent development of Drosophila [J]. Nature.2003; 426:78-83.
[206]. Sevala VM, Sevala VL, Loughton BG, Davey KG. Insulin-like immunoreactivity and molting in Rhdnius prolixus [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.1992; 86:231-238
1207]. Sfonno T, Kohl F, McIntyre J, Kerr P, Duman JG, Barnes BM. Simultaneous freeze tolerance and avoidance in individual fungus gnats, Exechia nugatoria [J]. J Comp Physiol B. 2009; 179:897-902.
[208]. Sfonno T, Walters K, Jeannet K, Wowk B, Fahy GM, Barnes BM, Duman JG. Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited survival to-100C in the Alaskan beetle Cucujus clavipes pumiceus (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) larvae [J]. J Exp Biol.2010; 213(3):502-509.
[209]. Sieglaff DH, Duncan KA, Brown MR. Expression of genes encoding proteins involved in ecdysteroidogenesis in the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2005; 35(5):471-490.
[210]. Simonet G, Poels J, Claeys I, Van Loy T, Franssens V, De Loof A, Broeck JV. Neuroendocrinological and molecular aspects of insect reproduction [J]. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 16:649-659.
[211]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Action of a novel nonsteroidal ecdysteroid mimic, tebufenozide (RH-5992), on insects of different orders [J]. Pesticide Sci.1994; 42:85-92.
[212]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Biological activity and receptor-binding of ecdysteroids and the ecdysteroid agonists RH-5849 and RH-5992 in imaginal wing discs of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) [J]. Eur J Entomol.1995a; 92:333-340.
[213]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Selectivity of nonsteroidal agonists RH5849 and RH5992 to nymphs and adults of the predatory soldier bugs, Podisus nigrispimus and P. maculiventris (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) [J]. J Econ Entomol.1995b; 88:40-45.
[214]. Smagghe G, Vanhassel W, Moeremans C, De Wilde D, Goto S, Loeb MJ, Blackburn MB, Hakim RS. Stimulation of midgut stem cell proliferation and differentiation by insect hormones and peptides [J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2005; 1040:472-475.
[215]. Soin T, IgaM, Swevers L, Roug'e P, Janssen CR, Smagghe G. Towards Coleoptera-specific highthroughput screening systems for compounds with ecdysone activity: development of EcR reporter assaysusing weevil (Anthonomus grandis)-derived cell lines and in silico analysis of ligand binding to A. grandis EcR ligand-binding pocket [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39:523-534.
[216]. Soin T, Swevers L, Kotzia G, Iatrou K, Janssen CR, Rouge P, Harada T, Nakagawa Y, Smagghe G. Comparison of the activity of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists between dipteran and lepidopteran insects, using cell-based EcR reporter assays [J]. Pest Manag Sci.2010; 66(11):1215-1129.
[217]. Sousa-Nunes R, Yee LL, Gould AP. Fat cells reactivate quiescent neuroblasts via TOR and glial insulin relays in Drosophila [J]. Nature.2011; 471:508-512.
[218]. Spindler KD, Honl C, Tremmel Ch, Braun S, Ruff H, Spindler-Barth M. Ecdysteroid hormone action [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci.2009; 66:3837-3850.
[219]. Swevers L, Cherbas L, Cherbas P, Iatrou K. Bombyx EcR (BmEcR) and Bombyx USP (BmCF1) combine to form a functional ecdysone receptor [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1996; 26:217-221.
[220]. Swevers L, Kravariti L, Ciolfi S, Xenou-Kokoletsi M, Ragoussis N, Smagghe G, Nakagawa Y, Mazomenos B, Iatrou K. A cell-based highthroughput screening system for detecting ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists in plant extracts and libraries of synthetic compounds [J]. FASEB J.2004; 18(1):134-136.
[221]. Sztal T, Chung H, Gramzow L, Daborn PJ, Batterham P, Robin C. Two independent duplications forming the Cyp307a genes in Drosophila [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37:1044-1053.
[222]. Takaki K, Sakurai S. Regulation of prothoracic gland ecdysteroidogenic activity leading to pupal metamorphosis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33:1189-1199.
[223]. Tan A, Palli SR. Identification and characterization of nuclear receptors from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2008; 38:430-439.
[224]. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools [J]. Nucleic Acids Res.1997; 25:4876-4882.
[225]. Truman JW, Riddiford LM. The morphostatic actions of juvenile hormone [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37(8):761-770.
[226]. Tsai CC, Kao HY, Yao TP, McKeown M, Evans RM. SMRTER, a Drosophila nuclear receptor coregulator, reveals that EcR-mediated repression is critical for development [J]. Mol Cell.1999; 4:175-186.
[227]. Tufail M, Takeda M. Molecular characteristics of insect vitellogenins [J]. J Insect Physiol. 2008; 54(12):1447-1445.
[228]. Umesono K., Evans R.M. Detenninants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors [J]. Cell.1989; 57:1139-1146.
[229]. Valcourt JR, Lemons J M, Haley EM, Kojima M, Demuren 00, Coller HA. Staying alive: metabolic adaptations to quiescence [J]. Cell Cycle.2012; 11(9):1680-1696.
[230]. Verlinden H, Badisco L, Marchal E, Van Wielendaele P, Vanden Broeck J. Endocrinology of reproduction and phase transition in locusts [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2009; 162:79-92.
[231]. Walker AN, Bush P, Puritz J, Wilson T, Chang ES, Miller T, Holloway K, Horst MN. Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of the endocrine disruptor methoprene in the lobster, Homarus americanus [J]. Integr Comp Biol.2005; 45(1):118-126
[232]. Walkiewicz MA, Stern M. Increased insulin/insulin growth factor signaling advances the onset of metamorphosis in Drosophila [J].2009; 4(4):1-6.
[233]. Warren JT, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Studies on the black box:incorporation of 3-oxo-7-dehydrocholesterol into ecdysteroids by Drosophila melanogasler and Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39(10):677-687.
[234]. Warren JT, Petryk A, Marques G, Jarcho M, Parvy JP, Dauphin-Villemant C, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Molecular and biochemical characterization of two P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway of Drosophila melunogaster [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99(17):11043-11048.
[235].Warren JT, Petryk A, Marques G, Parvy JP, Shinoda T, Itoyama K, Kobayashi J, Jarcho M, Li Y, O'Connor MB, Dauphin-Villemant C, Gilbert LI. Phantom encodes the 25-hydroxylase of Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori:a P450 enzyme critical in ecdysone biosynthesis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2004; 34(9):991-1010.
[236]. Warren JT, Yerukshalmi Y. Shimell MJ, O'Connor MB, Restifo LL, Giilbert LI. Discrete pulses of molting hormone,20-hydroxyecdysone, during late larval development of Drosophila melanogasler:correlations with changes in gene activity [J]. Dcv Dyn.2006; 235(2):315-326.
[237]. Weller J, Sun GC, Zhou B, Lan Q, Hiruma K, Riddiford LM. Isolation and developmental expression of two nuclear receptors, MIIR4 and betaFTZ-FI. in the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2001; 31:827-837.
[238]. Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Rapid quantification of juvenile hormones and their metabolites in insect haemolymph by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [J]. Anal Bioanal Chem.2004; 379(3):540-543.
[239]. White KP, Hurban P, Watanabe T, Hogness DS. Coordination of Drosophila metamorphosis by two ecdysone-induced nuclear receptors [J]. Science.1997; 276 (5309): 114-117.
[240]. Williams CM. Physiology of insect diapause Ⅳ the brain and prothoracic glands as an endocrine system in the cecropia silkworm [J].1952; 103(1):120-138.
[241]. Wing KD. RH 5849, a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist:effects on a Drosophila cell line [J]. Science.1988; 241:467-469.
[242]. Wolfgang WJ, Riddifor LM. Larval cuticular morphogenesis in the tobacco hormone, Manduca sexta, and its hormonal regulation [J]. Dev Biol.1986;113(2):305-316.
[243]. Wyatt GR, Davey KG. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone. Ⅱ. Roles of juvenile in adult insects [J]. Adv Insect Physiol.1996; 26:1-155.
[244]. Xie J, Nair A, Hermiston TW. A comparative study examining the cytotoxicity of inducible gene expression system ligands in different cell types [J]. Toxicol In Vitro.2008; 22: 261-266.
[245]. Xu L, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function [J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev.1999; 9:140-147.
[246]. Xu WH, Lu YX, Denlinger DL. Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2012; 109:14687-14692.
[247]. Yaginuma T, Kobayashi M, Yamashita O. Distinct effects of different low temperatures on the induction of NAD-sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. J Comp Physiol B.1990; 160:277-286.
[248]. Yamanaka N, Honda N, Osato N, Niwa R, Mizoguchi A, Kataoka H. Differential Regulation of Ecdysteroidogenic P450 Gene Expression in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.2007; 71(11):2808-2814.
[249]. Yamanaka N, Hua Y-J, Mizoguchi A, Watanabe K, Niwa R, Tanaka Y, et al. Identification of a novel prothoracicostatic hormone and its receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. J Biol Chem.2005; 208:14684-14690.
[250]. Yamashita O. Diapause hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori:Structure, gene expression and function [J]. J Insect Physiol.1996; 42:669-679.
[251]. Yamanaka N, Rewitz KF, O'Connor MB. Ecdysone control of developmental transitions: lessons from Drosophila research [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2013; 58:498-516.
[252]. Yibin He, Toshiharu Tanaka, Tadashi Miyata. Eupyrene and apyrene sperm and their numerical fluctuations inside the female reproductive tract of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separate [J]. J Insect Physiol.1995; 41(8):689-694.
[253]. Yao TP, Forman BM, Jiang Z, Cherbas L, Chen JD, McKeown M, Cherbas P, Evans RM. Functional ecdysone receptor is the product of EcR and Ultraspiracle genes [J]. Nature.1993; 366(6454):476-479.
[254]. Yoshiyama T, Namiki T, Mita K, Kataoka H, Niwa R. Neverland is an evolutionally conserved Rieske-domain protein that is essential for ecdysone synthesis and insect growth [J]. Development.2006; 133(13):2565-2574.
[255].Zhang QR, Denlinger DL. Dynamics of diapauses hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone transcript expression at diapauses termination in pupae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea [J]. Peptides.2012; 34:120-126.
[256]. Zhou J, Qi Y, Hou Y, Zhao J, Li Y, Xue X, Wu L, Zhang J, Chen F. Quantitative determination of juvenile hormone III and 20-hydroxyecdysone in queen larvae and drone pupae of Apis mellifera by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass [J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011; 879(25):2533-2541.
[257]. Zhu J, Chen L, Raikhel AS. Posttranscriptional control of the competence factor betaFTZ-F1 by juvenile hormone in the mosquito Andes aegvpti [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100:13338-13343.
[258]. Zhu J, Miura K., Chen L, Raikhel AS. Cyclicity of mosquito vitellogenic ecdysteroid-mediated signaling is modulated by alternative dimerization of the RXR homologue Ultraspiracle [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2003;100:544-549.
[2].成小芳,王金明,张金桐.沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验[J].林业科学.2007；43(5)：74-77.
[3].花保祯,周尧,方德齐等.中国木蠹蛾志(鳞翅目：木蠹蛾科)[M].陕西杨凌：天则出版社.1990；56-57.
[4].李康,李胜,曹阳.蜕皮激素与其受体EcR-USP的转录调控机制[J].昆虫学报.2011；54(8)：933-937.
[5].李照会,郑方强,宋东苓.天蛾科雌性生殖系统形态解剖研究[J].山东农业大学学报.1993；24(2)：160-168.
[6].卢中建,王荫长,尤子平.小地老虎真核和无核精子在生殖道中的后期变化[J].南京农业大学学报.1992;15(4)：45-49.
[7].卢中建,王荫长,尤子平.小地老虎真核和无核精子的超微结构[J].南京农业大学学报.1993；16(3)：38-43.
[8].路常宽,宗世祥,骆有庆.沙棘木蠹蛾成虫行为学特征及性引诱效果研究[J].北京林业大学学报.2004；26(2)：280-282.
[9].路常宽.沙棘木蠹蛾灾害监测和综合管理策略研究[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2005.
[10].骆有庆,路长宽,许志春.爆发性新害虫沙棘木蠹蛾的控制技术[J].国际沙棘研究与开发.2003a；1(1)：31-33.
[11].骆有庆,路常宽,许志春.林木新害虫沙棘木蠹蛾的控制策略[J].中国森林病虫.2003b:22(5)： 25-28.
[12].司胜利,许少甫,王梅珍,杜家纬,任应党,马继盛.烟草夜蛾信息素组分及体内合成的变动节律[J].生命科学.1999；111(1)：41-44.
[13].孙雅杰,陈瑞鹿,王素云,暴祥致.草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化[J].昆虫学报.1991；34(2)：248-249.
[14].田润刚,袁锋,张雅林.同翅类昆虫的雄性生殖系统及精子发生[J].昆虫分类学.2006;28(4)：241-254.
[15].王升,李胜.昆虫蜕皮激素生物合成及其神经肽调控[J].应用昆虫学报.2012；49(3):573-577.
[16].王建伟.沙蒿灌木林钻蛀性害虫生物生态学与生态调控体系构建[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2011.
[17].于亚玲,田新华,卢慧颖.沙棘产业开发的意义[J].林业科技.2008；33(3):59-60.
[18].赵小凡.昆虫蜕皮激素信号转导途径研究进展[J].生命科学.2010;22(12):1028-1034.
[19].宗世祥,骆有庆,路常宽,许志春,张连生.沙棘木蠹蛾生物学特性的初步研究[J].林业科学.2006a;41：79-84.
[20].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,王涛.沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫龄期的初步研究[J].昆虫知识.2006b;43：626-631.
[21].宗世祥.沙棘木蠹蛾生物生态学特性研究[D].博士论文.北京林业大学,2006c.
[22].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,王涛,宗英飞.当前沙棘木蠹蛾研究中存在的主要问题[J].中国森林病虫.2006d；25(2)：29-32.
[23].宗世祥,骆有庆,许志春,张金桐,成小芳,张连生,梁树军,姚国龙.沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素林间诱蛾活性试验[J].北京林业大学学报.2006e；28(6):109-112.
[24].周娇,翁强,骆有庆,李娟.沙棘木蠹蛾生殖系统形态学和组织学观察[J].应用昆虫学报.2012：49(6)：1629-1635.
[25]. Aranda A, Pascual A. Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression [J]. Physiol Rev.2001; 81:1269-1304.
[26], Badenhorst P, Xiao H, Cherbas L, Kwon SY, Voas M, Rebay I, Cherbas P, Wu C. The Drosophila nucleosome remodeling factor NURF is required for ecdysteroid signaling and metamorphosis [J]. Gene Dev.2005;19:2540-2545.
[27]. Bai J, Uehara Y, Montell DJ. Regulation of invasive cell behavior by taiman, a Drosophila protein related to AIB1, a steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast cancer [J]. Cell. 2000; 103:1047-1058.
[28]. Baker KD, Shewchuk LM, Kozlova T, Makishima M, Hassell A,Wisely B, Caravella JA, Lambert MH, Reinking JL, Krause H,Thummel CS, Willson TM, Mangelsdorf DJ. The Drosophila orphan nuclear receptor DHR38 mediates an atypical ecdysteroid signaling pathway [J]. Cell.2003; 113:731-742.
[29]. Beatty JM, Smagghe G, Ogura T, Nakagawa Y, Spindler-Barth M, Heinrich VC. Properties of ecdysteroid receptors from diverse insect species in a heterologous cell culture system-a basis for screening novel insecticidal candidates [J]. FEBS J.2009; 276:3087-3098.
[30]. Beckstead R, Lam G, Thummel C. The genomic response to 20-hydroxyecdysone at the onset of Drosophila metamorphosis [J]. Genome Biol.2005; 6:99.
[31]. Bctanska K, Nieva C, Spindler-Barth M, Spindler K-D. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and of ultraspiracle (Usp) from Drosophila melanogaster in mammalian cells:energy requirement and interaction with exportin [J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.2007; 65:134-142.
[32]. Biggers WJ, Laufer H. Identification of juvenile hormone-active alkylphenols in the lobster Homarus americanus and in marine sediments|J]. Biol Bull.2004; 206(1):13-24.
[33]. Billas IMI, Browning C, Lawrence MC,Graham LD, Moras D, Hill RJ. The structure and function of ecdysone receptors. In:G. Smagghe (eds.). Ecdysone:structures and functions [A]. Springer:Dordrecht,2009; 335-360.
[34]. Birru W, Fernley RT, Graham LD, Grusovin J, Hill RJ, Hofmann A, Howell L, James PJ, Jarvis KE, Johnson WM, Jones DA, Leitner C, Liepa AJ, Lovrecz GO, Lu L, Nearn RH, O'Driscoll BJ, Phan T, Pollard M, Turner KA, Winkler DA. Synthesis, binding and bioactivity of gamma-methylene gamma-lactam ecdysone receptor ligands:advantages of QSAR models for flexible receptors [M]. Bioorg Med Chem.2010; 18:5647-5660.
[35]. Blais C, Blasco T, Maria A, Dauphin-Villemant C, Lafont R. Characterization of ecdysteroids in Drosophila melanogaster by enzyme immunoassay and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.2010; 878(13-14):925-932.
[36]. Bodnaryk RP. Feedback inbibition of ecdysone production by 20-hydroxyecdysone during pupal-adult metamorphosis of Mamestra configurata [J]. Mol Cell.1986; 3(1):53-60.
[37]. Bollenbacher WE, Smith SL, Goodman W, Gilbert LI. Ecdysteroid titer during larval, pupal, adult development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1981; 44(3):302-306.
[38]. Broadus J, McCabe JR, Endrizzi B, ThummelCS, Woodard CT. The Drosophila (3FTZ-F1 orphan nuclear receptor provides competence for stage-specific responses to the steroid hormone ecdysone [J]. Mol Cell.1999; 3:143-149.
[39]. Buszczak M, Freeman MR, Carlson JR, Bender M, Cooley L, Segraves WA. Ecdysone response genes govern egg chamber development during mid-oogenesis in Drosophila [J]. Development.1999; 126:4581-4589.
[40]. Buszczak M, Segraves WA. Insect metamorphosis:out with the old, in with the new [J]. Curr Biol.2000; 10:830-833.
[41]. Cakouros D, Daish TJ, Mills K, Kumar S. An arginine-histone methyltransferase, CARMER, coordinates ecdysone-mediated apoptosis in Drosophila cells [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279: 18467-18471.
[42]. Carmichael JA, Lawrence MC, Graham LD, Pilling PA, Epa VC, Noyce L, Lovrecz G, Winkler DA, Pawlak-Skrzecz A, Eaton RE, Hannan GN, Hill RJ. The X-ray structure of a hemipteran ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain:comparison with a lepidopteran ecdysone receptor ligand-binding domain and implications for insecticide design [J]. J Biol Chem.2005; 280:22258-22269.
[43]. Carney GE, Bender M. The Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene is required maternally for normal oogenesis [J]. Genetics.2000; 154(3):1203-1211.
[44]. Cazzamali G, Torp M, Hauser F, Williamson M, Grimmelikhui jzen CJ. The Drosophila gene CG9918 codes for a pyrokinin-1 receptor [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005; 335(1): 14-19.
[45]. Chen Z, Linse KD, Taub-Montemayor TE, Rankin MA. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for detennination of juvenile hormone titers [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37(8):799-807.
[46]. Chen SL, Lin CP, Lu K.H. cDNA isolation, expression, and hormonal regulation of yolk protein genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsulis (Hendel) (Diptera:Tephritidae)[J]. J Insect Physiol.2012; 58(6):763-770.
[47]. Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files [J]. Science.2001; 294:1866-1870.
[48]. Choi MY, Fuerst EJ, Rafaeli A, Jurenka R. Identification of a G protein-coupled receptor for pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from pheromone glands of the moth Helicoverpa zea [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2003; 100(17):9721-9726.
[49]. Christiaens O, Iga M, Velarde RA, Rouge P, Smagghe G. Halloween genes and nuclear receptors in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and signalling in the pea aphid [J]. Insect Mol Biol. 2010; 19(2):187-200.
[50]. Colombani J, Raisin S, Pantalacci S, Radimerski T, Montague J, Leopold P. A nutrient sensor mechanism controls Drosophila growth [J]. Cell.2003; 114(6):739-749.
[51]. Colombani J, Bianchini L, Layalle S, Pondeville E,Dauphin-Villemant C, Antoniewski C, Carre C, Noselli S, Leopold P. Antagonistic actions of ecdysone and insulins determine final size in Drosophila [J]. Science.2005; 310:667-670.
[52]. Danks HV. The range of insect dormancy responses [J]. Eur J Entomol.2002; 99:127-142.
[53]. Danks HV. The wider integration of studies on insect cold hardiness[J]. Eur J Entomol. 1996; 93:383-403.
[54]. Dedos SG, Birkenbeil H. Inhibition of Camp signaling cascade-mediated Ca2+ influx by a prothoracicostatic peptide (Mas-MIP I) via dihydropyridine-senstive Ca2+ channels in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33(2): 219-228.
[55]. Dedos SG, Fugo H, Kataoka H. A new cerebral factor stimulates IP3 levels in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx mori [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1998; 28:767-774.
[56]. Dedos SG, Fugo H, Nagata S, Takamiya M, Kataoka H. Differences between recombinant PTTH and crude brain extracts in cAMP-mediated ecdysteroid secretion from the prothoracic glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]..1 Insect Physiol.1999; 45:415-422.
[57]. Deitsch K.W, Chen JS, Raikhel AS. Indirect control of yolk protein genes by 20-hydroxyecdysone in fat body of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1995; 25:449-454.
[58]. De Loof A. Ecdysteroids, juvenile hrmone and insect neuropeptides:Recent successes and remaining major challenges [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2008; 155:3-13.
[59]. Delbecque JP, Weidner K, HoVmann K.H. Alternative sites for ecdysteroid production in insects [J]. Invertebr Repr Dev.1990; 18:29-42.
[60]. Denlinger DL, Yocum GD, Rinehart JP. Comprehensive Insect Molecular Science [M]. In: Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill SS (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam.2005a; 615-650.
[61]. Denlinger DL, Lee JrRE. Low Temperature Biology of Insects [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2010; 390.
[62]. Denlinger DL, Yocum GD, Rinehart JL. Hormonal control of diapauses. In:Gilbert, L.I., Iatrou, K., Gill, S.S. (Eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science [A], vol.3. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.2005b; 615-650.
[63]. Destrez B, Pinel G, Bichon E, Monteau F, Lafont R, Le Bizec B. Detection of 20-hydroxyecdysone in calf urine by comparative liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry measurements: application to the control of the potential misuse of ecdysteroids in cattle [J]. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.2008; 22(24):4073-4080.
[64]. Destrez B, Pinel G, Monteau F, Lafont R, Le Bizec B. Detection and identification of 20-hydroxyecdysone metabolites in calf urine by liquid chromatography-high resolution or tandem mass spectrometry measurements and establishment of their kinetics of elimination after 20-hydroxyecdysone administration [J]. Anal Chim Acta.2009; 637(1-2):178-184.
[65]. Dhadialla TS, Carlson GR, Le DP. New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1998; 43:545-569.
[66]. Dolez al P, Sehnal F. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the development and diapause of the bark beetle Ips typographus [J]. J Appl Entomol.2007; 131:165-173.
[67]. Dominick OS, Truman JW. The physiology of wandering behavior in Manduca sext [J]. J Exp Biol.1985; 117:45-68.
[68]. Dubrovsky EB. Hormonal cross talk in insect development [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metabol. 2005; 16:6-11.
[69]. Elmogy M, Terashima J, Iga M, Iwami M, Sakurai SA. Rapid increase in cAMP in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the anterior silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. Zool Sci. 2006,23:715-719.
[70]. Escriva H, Bertrand S, Laudet V. The evolution of the nuclear receptor superfamily [J]. Essays Biochem.2004; 40:11-26.
[71]. Evans RM. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily [J]. Science.1988; 240(4854):889-895.
[72]. Evans PD, Srivastava DP, Reale V. Rapid, nongenomic tresponses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor. In:Sinagghe G (ed) Ecdysteroids, structures and functions [A]. Springer, Berlin.2009; 425-443.
[73]. Evershed RP, Mercer JG, Rees HH. Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of ecdysteroids [J]. J Chromatogr.1987; 390:357-369.
[74]. Feyereisen R, Durst F. Ecdysterone biosynthesis:A microsomal cytochrome P-450-linked ecdysone 20-monooxygenase from tissues of the African migratory locust [J]. Eur J Biochem. 1978; 88:37-47.
[75]. Fellner SK, Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Ca2+ signaling in prothoracicotropic hormone stimulated prothoracic gland cells of Manduca sexta: evidence for mobilization and entry mechanisms [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2005; 35:263-275.
[76]. Feyereisen R, Tobe SS. A rapid partition assay for routine analysis of juvenile hormone release by insect corpora allata [J]. Anal Biochem.1981; 111(2):372-375.
[77]. Feyereisen R. Insect P450 enzymes [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1999; 44:507-533.
[78]. Flatt T, Heyland A, Rus F, Porpiglia E, Sherlock C, Yamamoto R, Garbuzov A, Palli SR, Tatar M, Silvennan N. Hormonal regulation of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. J Exp Biol.2008b; 211:2712-2724.
[79]. Flatt T, Kawecki TJ. Juvenile hormone as a regulator of the trade-off between reproduction and life span in Drosophila melanogaster[J]. Evolution.2007; 61:1980-1991.
[80]. Flatt T, Min KJ, D'Alterio C, Villa-Cuesta E, Cumbers J, Lehmann R, Jones DL, Tatar M. Drosophila germ-line modulation of insulin signaling and lifespan [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2008a; 105:6368-6373.
[81]. Flatt T, Moroz LL, Tatar M, Heyland A. Comparing thyroid and insect hormone signaling [J]. Integr Comp Biol.2006; 46:777-794.
[82]. Francis VA, Zorzano A, Teleman AA. dDOR is an EcR coactivator that forms a feed-forward loop connecting insulin and ecdysone signaling [J]. Curr Biol.2010; 20: 1799-1808.
[83]. Francis GA, Fayard E, Picard F, Auwerx J. Nuclear receptors and the control of metabolism [J]. Annu Rev Physiol.2003; 65:261-311.
[84]. Freitas SP, Goncalves TC, Serrao JE, Costa J, Santos-Mallet JR. Male reproductive system structure and accessory glands ultrastrueture of two species of Triatoma (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) [J]. J Micron.2010; 41 (5):518-525.
[85]. Galikova M, Klepsatel P, Senti Ciabriele, Flatt T. Steroid hormone regulation of C. elegans and Drosophila aging and life history [J]. Exp Gerontol.2011; 46(2-3):141-147.
[86]. Gerisch B, Rottiers V, Li D, Motola DL, Cummins CL, Lehrach H, Mangelsdorf DJ, Antebi A. A bile acid-like steroid modulates Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan through nuclear receptor signaling [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2007; 104:5014-5019.
[87]. Gerisch B, Weitzel C, Kober-Eisermann C, Rottiers V, Antebi A. A hormonal signaling pathway influencing C. elegans metabolism, reproductive development, and life span [J]. Dev Cell.2001; 1:841-851.
[88]. Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2002; 47:883-916.
[89]. Gilbert LI, Rybczynski R, Warren JT. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2002; 47:883-916.
[90]. Gilbert LI, Warren JT. A molecular genetic approach to the biosynthesis of the insect steroid molting hormone [J]. Vitam Horm.2005; 73:31-57.
[91]. Gilbert LI. Halloween genes encode P450 enzymes that mediate steroid hormone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2004; 215(1-2):1-10.
[92]. Gilbert LI, Schneiderman H. The development of a bioassay for the juvenile hormone of insects [J]. Trans Am Microsc Soc.1960; 79:38-67.
[93]. Graham LD, Moras D, Hill RJ, Billas ILM, BrowingC, LawrenceMC. The structure and function of ecdysone receptors. In:G Smagghe (eds.), Ecdysone:Structures and Functions [A]. Dordrecht:Springer-Verlag.2009; 335-360.
[94]. Gu SH, Lin JL, Lin PL, Chen CH. Insulin stimulates ecdysteroidogenesis by prothoracic glands in the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Insec Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39(3):171-179.
[95]. Hammock BD, Sparks TC. A rapid assay for insect juvenile hormone esterase activity [J]. Anal Biochem.1977; 82(2):573-579.
[96]. Haunerland NH, Shirk PD. Regional and functional differentiation in the insect fat body [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.1995; 40:121-145.
[97]. Hatt PJ, Liebon C, Morinie're M, Porcheron P. Roles for insulin and ecdysteroids in differentiation on an insect cell line of epidermal origin [J]. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim.1994; 30(10):717-720.
[98]. Held JM, White MP, Fisher AL, Gibson BW, Lithgow GJ, Gill MS. DAF-12-dependent rescue of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans by (25S)-cholestenoic acid [J]. Aging Cell.2006; 5:283-291.
[99]. He HJ, Wang Q, Zheng WW, Wang JX, Song QS, Zhao XF. Function of nuclear transport factor 2 and Ran in the 20E signal transduction pathway in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera [J]. BMC Cell Biol.2010; 11:1.
[100]. Henrich VC, Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and puffs: mechanisms and models in insect development. In:Litwack, G. (eds.), Vitamins and Hormones [A]. Academic Press,1999; 73-125.
[101]. Hewes RS, Taghert PH. Neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Genome Res.2001; 11(6):1126-1142.
[102]. Hirai M, Shinoda T, Kamimura M, Tomita S, Shiotsuki T. Bombyx mori orphan receptor, BmHR78:cDNA cloning, testis abundant expression and putative dimerization partner for Bombyx ultraspiracle [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2002; 189:201-211.
[103]. Hiruma K. Regulation of prothoracicotropic hormone release by juvenile hormone in the penultimate and last instar larvae of Mamestra brassicae [J].Gen Comp Endocrinol.1986; 63: 201-211.
[104]. Holman GM, Cook BJ, Nachman RJ. Primary structure and synthesis of a blocked myotropic neuropeptide isolated from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol C.1986; 85:219-224.
[105]. Momma T, Watanabe K., Tsurumaru S, Kataoka H, Imai K, Kamba M, Niimi T, Yamashita O, Yaginuma T. G protein-coupled receptor for diapause hormone, an inducer of Bombyx embryonic diapauses [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2006; 344:386-393.
[106]. Hormann RE, Dinan L,Whiting P. Superimposition evaluation of ecdysteroid agonist chemotypes through multidimensional QSAR [J]. J Comput Aided Mol.2003; 17:135-153.
[107]. Horner MA, Chen T, Thummel CS. Ecdysteroid regulation and DNA-binding properties of Drosophila nuclear hormone receptor superfamily members. Dev Biol.1995; 168(2): 490-502.
[108]. Hua YJ, Tanaka Y, Nakamura K, Sakakibara M, Nagata S, Kataoka H. Identification of a prothoracicostatic peptide in the larval brain of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J].1999; 274(29):3169-3173.
[109]. Huang X, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. New players in the regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis [J]. J Genet Genomics.2008; 35:1-10.
[110]. Hull JJ, Ohnishi A, Moto K, Kawasaki Y, Kurata R, Suzuki MG, Matsumoto S. Cloning and characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori:significance of the carboxyl terminus in receptor internalization[J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279(49):51500-51507.
[111]. Ichikawa A, Ono H,Furuta K, Shiotsuki T, Shinoda T. Enantioselective separation of racemic juvenile hormone Ⅲ by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and preparation of [(2)H(3)]juvenile hormone Ⅲ as an internal standard for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification [J].J Chromatogr A.2007; 1161(1-2): 252-260.
[112]. Iga M, Smagghe G. Identification and expression profile of Halloween genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis [J]. Peptides.2010; 31(3):456-467.
[113]. Ishibashi J, Kataoka H, Isogai A, Kawakami A, Saegusa H, Yagi Y, Mizoguchi A, Ishizaki H, Suzuki A. Assignment of disulfide bond location in prothoracicotropic hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori:a homodimeric peptide [J]. Biochemistry.1994; 33:5912-5919.
[114]. Jarvis TD, Earley FGP, Rees HH. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis in larval testes of Spodoptera littoralis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1993; 24:531-537.
[115]. Kapitskaya MZ, LiC, Miura K, Segraves W, RaikhelAS. Expression of the early-late gene encoding the nuclear receptor Hr3 suggests its involvement in regulating the vitellogenic response to ecdysone in the adult mosquito [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2000; 160:25-37.
[116]. Kaplan DD, Zimmermann G, Suyama K, Meyer T, Scott MP. A nucleostemin family GTPase, NS3, acts in serotinergic neurons to regulate insulin signalling and controll body size [J]. Genes Dev.2008; 22(14):1877-1893.
[117]. Kataoka H, Nagasawa H, Isogai A, Ishizaki H, Suzuki A. Prothoracicoreopic hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori:amino acid sequence and dimeric structure [J].1991; 55(1): 73-86.
[118]. Katsuno S. Studies on eupyrene and apyrene spermatozoa in the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae) [J]. J Appl Entomol Zool.1997a; 12(2):352-359.
[119]. King-Jones K, Horner MA, Lam G, Thummel CS. The DHR96 nuclear receptor regulates xenobiotic responses in Drosophila [J]. Cell Metab.2006; 4:37-48.
[120]. King-Jones K, Thummel CS. Nuclear receptors-a perspective from Drosophila [J]. Nat Rev Genet.2005a; 6:311-323.
[121]. Kiriishi S, Nagasawa H, Kataoka H, Suzuki A, Sakurai S. Comparison of the in vivo and in votro effects of bombyxin and prothoracicotropic hormone on prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J].1992; 9(1):149-155.
[122]. Kitamura A, Nagasawa H, Kataoka H, Inoue T, Matsumoto S, Ando T, Suzuki A. Amino acid sequence of pheromone-biosynthesisactivating neuropeptide (PBAN) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1989; 163:520-526.
[123]. Kozlova T, Thummel CS. Steroid regulation of postembryonic development and reproduction in Drosophila [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab.2000; 11:276-280.
[124]. Kumar MB, Fujimoto T, Potter DW, Deng Q, Palli SR. A single point mutation in ecdysone receptor leads to increased ligand specificity:implications for gene switch applications [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99:14710-14715.
[125]. Kumar MB, Potter DW, Hormann RE, Edwards A, Tice CM, Smith HC, Dipietro MA, Polley M, Lawless M, Wolohan PR, Kethidi DR, Palli SR. Highly flexible ligand binding pocket of ecdysone receptor:a single amino acid change leads to discrimination between two groups of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279(26):27211-27218.
[126]. Kwon HB, Kim SM, Kim SB, Jang IH, Ahn Y. Drosophila extracellular signal-regulated kinase involves the insulin-mediated proliferation of Schneider cell. J Biol Chem [J].2002; 277:14853-14858.
[127]. Lafont R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Warren JT, Rees HH. Ecdysteroid chemistry and biochemistry, in:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill SS (Eds.), Comprehensive molecular insect science [M]. Oxford:Elsevier.2005; 125-195.
[128]. Lafont R, Pennetier JL, Andrianja-Wntrimo M, Claret J, Modde JF, Blais C. Sample processing for high-performance liquid chromatography of ecdysteroids [J]. J Chromatogr. 1982; 236:137-149.
[129]. Lam G, Hall BL, Bender M, Thummel CS. DHR3 is required for the prepupal-pupal transition and differentiation of adult structures during Drosophila metamorphosis [J]. Dev. Biol.1999; 212:204-216.
[130]. Lanot R, Thiebold J, Costet-Corio MF, Benveniste P, Hoffmann JA. Further experimental evidence for the involvement of ecdysone in the control of meiotic reinitiation in oocytes of Locusla migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera) [J]. Dev Biol.1988; 126:212-214.
[131]. Lee Jr RH. A primer on insect cold-tolerance. In:Denlinger DL, Lee JrRE(Eds), Low Temperature Biology of Insects [M].Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.2010; 3-34.
[132]. Lemos WP, Serrao JE, Ramalho FS, Cola Zanuincio JC, Lacerda MC. Effect of diet on male reproductive tract of Poclisus nigrispinus (Heteroptcra:Pentatomidae). J Braz J Biol. 2005;65(1):91-96.
[133]. Lessard J, Aicha SB, Fournier A, Calvo E, Lavergne E, Pelletier M, Labrie C. Characterization of the RSL1-dependent conditional expression system in LNCap prostate cancer cells and development of a single vector format [J]. Prostate.2007; 67:808-819.
[134]. Lezzi M, Bergman T, Henrich VC, V'ogtli M, Fr'omel C. Ligand-induced heterodimerization between the ligand binding domains of the Drosophila ecdysteroid receptor and ultraspiracle [J]. Eur J Biochem.2002; 269:3237-3245.
[135]. Lonard DM, Bhaskaran G, Dahm KH. Control of prothoracic gland activity by juvenile hormone in fourth instar Manduca sexta larvae [J]. Insect Physiol.1996; 42:205-213.
[136]. Maeda S, Nakashima A, Yamada R, Hara N, Fujimoto Y, Ito Y, Sonobe H. Molecular cloning of ecdysone 20-hydroxylase and expression pattern of the enzyme during embryonic development of silkworm Bonthyx mori [J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2008; 149(3):507-516.
[137]. Magnenat L, Schwimmer LJ, Barbas CF Ⅲ. Druginducible and simultaneous regulation of endogenous genes by single-chain nuclear receptor-based zinc-finger transcription factor gene switches [J]. Gene Ther.2008; 15:1223-1232.
[138]. Magner DB, Antebi A. Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear receptors:insights into life traits [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab.2008; 19:153-160.
[139]. Marchal E, Badisco L, Verlinden H, Vandersmissen T, Soest SV, Wielendaele PV, Broeck JV. Role of the Halloween genes, Spook and Phantom in ecdysteroidogenesis in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria [J]. J Insect Physiol.2011; 57(9):1240-1248.
[140]. Marchal E, Vandersmissen HP, Badisco L, Van de Velde S, Verlinden H, Iga M, Van Wielendaele P, Huybrechts R, Simonet G, Smagghe G, Vanden Broeck J. Control of ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of insects:A review [J]. Pepetides.2010; 31(3): 506-519.
[141]. Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V. Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2009; 106:11913-11918.
[142]. Martin-Creuzburg D, Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Ecdysteroid levels in Daphnia magna during a molt cycle:Determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2007; 151(1): 66-71.
[143]. McBrayer Z, Ono H, Shimell MJ, Parvy JP, Beckstead RB, Warren JT, Thummel CS, Dauphin-Villemant C, Gilbert LI, O'Connor MB. Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates developmental timing and body size in Drosophila [J]. Dev Cell.2007; 13:857-871.
[144]. McCulloch D, Gems D. Sex-specific effects of the DAF-12 steroid receptor on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci.2007; 1119:253-259.
[145]. Mirth CK, Riddiford LM. Size assessment and growth control:how adult size is determined in insect [J]. Bioessays.2007; 29:344-355.
[146]. Mikitani K. A new nonsteroidal chemical class of ligand for the ecdysteroid receptor 3, 5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-N-isobutyl-benzamide shows apparent insect molting hormone activities at molecular and cellular levels [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1996; 227: 427-432.
[147]. Mirth CK, Truman JW, Riddiford LM. The role of the prothoracic gland in determining critical weight for metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Curr Biol.2005; 15:1796-1807.
[148]. Miura K, Zhu J, Dittmer NT, Chen L, Raikhel AS. A COUP-TF/Svp homolog is highly expressed during vitellogenesis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti [J]. J Mol Endocrinol.2002; 29:223-238.
[149]. Montell DJ. Command and control:regulatory pathways controlling invasive behavior of the border cells [J]. Mech Dev.2001; 105:19-25.
[150]. Nakagawa Y. Nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists [J]. Vitam Horm.2005; 73:131-173.
[151]. Namiki T, Niwa R, Sakudoh T, Shirai K, Takeuchi H, Kataoka H. C'ytochrome P450 CYP307A1/Spook:a regulator for ecdysone synthesis in insects [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2005; 337(1):367-374.
[152]. Niwa R, Matsuda T, Yoshiyama T, Namiki T, Mita K, Fujimoto Y, Kataika H. CYP306A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic glands of Bombyx and Drosophila [J]. J Biol Chem.2004; 279:35942-35949.
[153]. Niwa R, Sakudoh T, Namiki T, Saida K, Fujimoto Y, Kataoka H. The ecdysteroidogenic P450 CYP302A1/disembodied from the silkworm, Bomhyx mori, is transcriptionally regulated by prothoracicotropic hormone [J]. Insect Mol Biol.2005; 14:563-571.
[154]. Ohnishi A, Hull JJ, Matsumoto S. Targeted disruption of genes in the Bombyx mori sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2006; 103:4398-4403.
[155]. Ono H, Rewitz KF, Shinoda T, Itoyama K, Petryk A, Rybczynski R, Jarcho M, Warren JT, Marques G, Shimell MJ, Gilbert LI, O'Connor MB. Spook and Spookier code for stage-specific components of the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway in Diptera[J]. Dev Biol. 2006; 298:555-570.
[156]. Orme MH, Leevers SJ. Flies on steroids:The interplay between ecdysone and insulin signaling [J]. Cell Metab.2005; 277-278.
[157]. Palli SR, Ilonnann RE, Schlattner U, Lezzi M. Ecdysteroid receptors and their applications in agriculture and medicine [J]. Vitam Honn.2005; 73:59-100.
[158]. Panguluri SK, Kumar P, Palli SR. Functional characterization of ecdysone receptor gene switches in mammalian cells [J]. FEBS J.2006; 273:5550-5563.
[159]. Park Y, Kim YJ, Adams ME. Identification of G protein-coupled receptors for Drosophila PRXamide peptides, CCAP, corazonin, and AKH supports a theory of ligand-receptor coevolution[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99(17):11423-11428.
[160]. Paschal BM, Gerace L. Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62[J]. J Cell Biol.1995; 129:925-937.
[161]. Pascual N, Cerda X, Benito B, Tomas J, Piulachs MD, Belles X. Ovarian ecdysteroid levels and basal oocyte development during maturation in the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) [J]. J Insect Physiol.1992; 38:339-348.
[162]. Penny AC, Nina W. Non-fertile sperm delay female remating [J]. Nature.1999; 11: 397-486.
[163]. Petryk A, Warren JT, Marques G, Jarcho MP, Gilbert LI, Kahler J, Parvy JP, Li Y, Dauphin-Villemant C, O'Connor MB. Shade is the Drosophila P450 enzyme that mediates the hydroxylation of ecdysone to the steroid insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2003; 100:13773-13778.
[164]. Pierceall WE, Li C, Biran A, Miura K, Raikhel AS, Segraves WA. E75 expression in mosquito ovary and fat body suggests reiterative use of ecdysone-regulated hierarchies in development and reproduction [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.1999; 150:73-89.
[165]. Pruell RJ, Taplin BK, McGovern DG, McKinney R, Norton SB. Organic contaminant distributions in sediments, polychaetes (Nereis virens) and American lobster (Homarus americanus) from a laboratory food chain experiment [J]. Mar Environ Res.2000; 49(1): 19-36.
[166]. Raikhel AS, Brown MR, Belles X. Hormone control of reproductive processed, in:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill S (Eds.), Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science [M]. Elsevier:Oxford. 2005; 433-491.
[167]. Ravi M, Hopfinger AJ, Hormann RE, Dinan L.4D-QSAR analysis of a set of ecdysteroids and a comparison to CoMFA modeling [J]. J Chem Inf Comput Sci.2001; 41:1587-1604.
[168]. Reinking J, Lam MM, Pardee K, Sampson HM, Liu S, Yang P, Williams S, White W, Lajoie G, Edwards A, Krause HM. The Drosophila nuclear receptor E75 contains heme and is gas responsive [J]. Cell.2005; 122(2):195-207.
[169]. Rewitz KF, Gilber LI. Daphnia Halloween genes that encode cytochrome P450s mediating the synthesis of the arthropod molting hormone:Evolutionary implications [J]. BMC Evol Biol.2008; 8:1-8.
[170]. Rewitz KF, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Molecular evolution of the insect Halloween family of cytochrome P450s:phylogeny, gene organization and functional conservation [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37:741-753.
[171]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. Developmental expression of Manduca shade, the P450 mediating the final step in molting hormone synthesis [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2006a; 247:166-174.
[172]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. Identification, characterization and developmental expression of Halloween genes encoding P450 enzymes mediating ecdysone biosynthesis in the tobacco hornwonn, Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2006b; 36:188-199.
[173]. Rewitz KF, Rybczynski R, Warren JT, Gilbert LI. The Halloween genes code for cytochrome P450 enzymes mediating synthesis of the insect moulting hormone [J]. Biochem Soc Trans.2006c; 34:1256-1260.
[174]. Riddiford LM, Cherbas P, Truman JW. Ecdysone receptors and their biological actions [M]. Vitamins & Hormones. Academic Press.2000.
[175]. Riddiford LM. Hormones and Drosophila development. In:Bate M, Martinez Arias A (Eds.), The development of Drosophila mclanogaster[A]. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor.1993.
[176]. Riddiford LM, Hewes RS, Truman JW. Dynamics and metamorphosis of an identifiable peptidergic neuron in an insect [J]. J Neurobiol.1994; 25(7):819-830.
[177]. Riddiford LM, Hiruma K, Zhou X, Nelson CA. Insights into the molecular basis of the hormonal control of molting and metamorphosis from Manducu sexta and Drosophila melanogaster [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33:1327-1338.
[178]. Riddiford LM. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone I. General considerations and premetamorphic actions [J]. Adv Insect Physiol.1994; 24:213-274.
[179]. Riddiford LM. Juvenile hormone:The status of its "status quo" action [J]. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.1996; 32(3-4):271-286.
[180]. Riemann JG, Gassner G. Ultrastructure of Lepidopteran sperm from spermatheca [J]. J Ann Entomol Soc Am.1973b;66(1):154-159.
[181]. Rosenkilde C, Cazzamali G, Williamson M, Hauser F, Sondergaard L, DeLotto R, Grimmelikhuijzen CJ. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and gene silencing of two Drosophila receptors for the Drosophila neuropeptide pyrokinin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [J].2003; 309(2):485-494.
[182]. Rozen S, Skaletsky H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In:Krawetz S, Misener S (Eds.). Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. In the series:Methods in Molecular Biology [A].2000; 132:365-386. Humana Press. Code available at URL:http://fokker.wi.mit.edu/primer3.
[183]. Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI. Changes in general and specific protein synthesis that accompany ecdysteroid synthesis in stimulated prothoracic glands of Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.1994; 24:175-189.
[184]. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees [J]. Mol Biol Evol.1987; 4:406-425.
[185]. Sakurai S, Okuda M, Ohtaki T. Juvenile hormone inhibits ecdysone secretion and responsiveness to prothoracicotropic hormonein prothoracic glands of Homhyx mori[J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.1989; 75:222-230.
[186]. Sakurpi S. Feedback regulation of prothoracic gland activity. In:Gilbert LI, Iatrou K, Gill S S (Eds.). Comprehensive molecular insect science[M]. Oxford:Elsevier Press.2005; 409-431.
[187]. Sawatsubashi S, Maki A, Ito S, Shirode Y, Suzuki E, Zhao Y, Yamagata K, Kouzmenko A, Schlattner U, Vafopoulo X, Steel CGH, Hormann RE, Lezzi M. Non-genomic ecdysone effects and the invertebrate nuclear steroid hormone receptor EcR-new role for an "old" receptor [J]. Mol Cell Endocrinol.2006; 247:64-72.
[188]. Segraves WA, Hogness DS. The E75 ecdysone-inducible gene responsible for the 75B early puff in Drosophila encodes two new members of the steroid receptor superfamily [J]. Genes Dev.1990; 4:204-219.
[189]. Spindler KD, Betanska K, Nieva C, Gwozdz T, Dutko-Gwozdz J, Ozyhar A, Spindler-Barth M. Intracellular localization of the ecdysteroid receptor. In:Smagghe G (Eds.). Ecdysteroids, structures and functions [A]. Springer, Berlin.2009; 389-409.
[190]. Spindler KD, Honl C, Tremmel C, Braun S, Ruff H, Spindler-Barth M. Ecdysteroid hormone action [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci.2009; 66:3837-3850.
[191]. Spurgeon DW, Raulston JR, Lingren PD. Temporal Aspects of Sperm Transfer and Spermatophore Condition in Mexican Rice Borers (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) [J]. J Econ Entomol.1992; 87(2):371-376.
[192]. Steward R. Relocalization of the dorsal protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus correlates with its function [J]. Cell.1998; 59:1179-1188.
[193]. Sugai E. Formation of sperm dimorphism and glycogen of the testicular membrane in the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. J Zoological magazine.1965; 74:276-282.
[194]. Sullivan AA, Thummel CS. Temporal profiles of nuclear receptor gene expression reveal coordinate transcriptional responses during Drosophila development [J]. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:2125-2137.
[195]. Takeyama K, Kato S. Ecdysone receptor-dependent gene regulation mediates histone poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2004; 320:268-272.
[196]. Tatar M, Yin CM. Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause:why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms [J]. Exp Gerontol.2001; 36:723-738.
[197].Tavva VS, Dinkins RD, Palli SR, Collins GB. Development of a methoxyfenozide-responsive gene switch for applications in plants [J]. Plant J.2006; 45:457-469.
[198]. Tavva VS, Dinkins RD, Palli SR, Collins GB. Development of a tightly regulated and highly inducible ecdysone receptor gene switch for plants through the use of retinoid X receptor chimeras [J]. Transgenic Res.2007; 16:599-612.
[199]. Tavva VS, Palli SR, Dinkins RD, Collins GB. Improvement of a monopartite ecdysone receptor gene switch and demonstration of its utility in regulation of transgene expression in plants [J]. FEBS J.2008; 275:2161-2176.
[200]. Thummel CS. Flies on steroids:Drosophila metamorphosis and the mechanisms of steroid hormone action [J]. Trends Genet.1996; 12:306-310.
[201]. Thummel CS. Molecular mechanisms of developmental timing in C. elegans and Drosophila [J]. Dev Cell.2001a; I:453-465.
[202]. Thummel CS. Steroid-triggered death by autophagy [J]. Bioessays.2001b; 23:677-682.
[203]. Truman JW, Hiruma K, Allee JP, MacWhinnie SBG, Champlin D, Riddiford L. Juvenile hormone is required to couple imaginal disc formation with nutrition in insects [J]. Science. 2006; 310:667-670.
[204]. Sawatsubashi S, Murata T, Lim J, Fujiki R, Ito S, Suzuki E, Tanabe M, Zhao Y, Kimura S, Fujiyama S, Ueda T, Umetsu D, Ito T, Takeyama K, Kato S. A histone chaperone, DEK, transcriptionally coactivates a nuclear receptor [J]. Genes Dev.2009; 24:159-170.
[205]. Sedkov Y, Cho E, Petruk S, Cherbas L, Smith ST, Jones RS, Cherbas P, Canaani E, Jaynes JB, Mazo A. Methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 in ecdysone-dependent development of Drosophila [J]. Nature.2003; 426:78-83.
[206]. Sevala VM, Sevala VL, Loughton BG, Davey KG. Insulin-like immunoreactivity and molting in Rhdnius prolixus [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.1992; 86:231-238
1207]. Sfonno T, Kohl F, McIntyre J, Kerr P, Duman JG, Barnes BM. Simultaneous freeze tolerance and avoidance in individual fungus gnats, Exechia nugatoria [J]. J Comp Physiol B. 2009; 179:897-902.
[208]. Sfonno T, Walters K, Jeannet K, Wowk B, Fahy GM, Barnes BM, Duman JG. Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited survival to-100C in the Alaskan beetle Cucujus clavipes pumiceus (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) larvae [J]. J Exp Biol.2010; 213(3):502-509.
[209]. Sieglaff DH, Duncan KA, Brown MR. Expression of genes encoding proteins involved in ecdysteroidogenesis in the female mosquito, Aedes aegypti [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2005; 35(5):471-490.
[210]. Simonet G, Poels J, Claeys I, Van Loy T, Franssens V, De Loof A, Broeck JV. Neuroendocrinological and molecular aspects of insect reproduction [J]. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 16:649-659.
[211]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Action of a novel nonsteroidal ecdysteroid mimic, tebufenozide (RH-5992), on insects of different orders [J]. Pesticide Sci.1994; 42:85-92.
[212]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Biological activity and receptor-binding of ecdysteroids and the ecdysteroid agonists RH-5849 and RH-5992 in imaginal wing discs of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) [J]. Eur J Entomol.1995a; 92:333-340.
[213]. Smagghe G, Degheele D. Selectivity of nonsteroidal agonists RH5849 and RH5992 to nymphs and adults of the predatory soldier bugs, Podisus nigrispimus and P. maculiventris (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) [J]. J Econ Entomol.1995b; 88:40-45.
[214]. Smagghe G, Vanhassel W, Moeremans C, De Wilde D, Goto S, Loeb MJ, Blackburn MB, Hakim RS. Stimulation of midgut stem cell proliferation and differentiation by insect hormones and peptides [J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2005; 1040:472-475.
[215]. Soin T, IgaM, Swevers L, Roug'e P, Janssen CR, Smagghe G. Towards Coleoptera-specific highthroughput screening systems for compounds with ecdysone activity: development of EcR reporter assaysusing weevil (Anthonomus grandis)-derived cell lines and in silico analysis of ligand binding to A. grandis EcR ligand-binding pocket [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39:523-534.
[216]. Soin T, Swevers L, Kotzia G, Iatrou K, Janssen CR, Rouge P, Harada T, Nakagawa Y, Smagghe G. Comparison of the activity of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists between dipteran and lepidopteran insects, using cell-based EcR reporter assays [J]. Pest Manag Sci.2010; 66(11):1215-1129.
[217]. Sousa-Nunes R, Yee LL, Gould AP. Fat cells reactivate quiescent neuroblasts via TOR and glial insulin relays in Drosophila [J]. Nature.2011; 471:508-512.
[218]. Spindler KD, Honl C, Tremmel Ch, Braun S, Ruff H, Spindler-Barth M. Ecdysteroid hormone action [J]. Cell Mol Life Sci.2009; 66:3837-3850.
[219]. Swevers L, Cherbas L, Cherbas P, Iatrou K. Bombyx EcR (BmEcR) and Bombyx USP (BmCF1) combine to form a functional ecdysone receptor [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1996; 26:217-221.
[220]. Swevers L, Kravariti L, Ciolfi S, Xenou-Kokoletsi M, Ragoussis N, Smagghe G, Nakagawa Y, Mazomenos B, Iatrou K. A cell-based highthroughput screening system for detecting ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists in plant extracts and libraries of synthetic compounds [J]. FASEB J.2004; 18(1):134-136.
[221]. Sztal T, Chung H, Gramzow L, Daborn PJ, Batterham P, Robin C. Two independent duplications forming the Cyp307a genes in Drosophila [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37:1044-1053.
[222]. Takaki K, Sakurai S. Regulation of prothoracic gland ecdysteroidogenic activity leading to pupal metamorphosis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2003; 33:1189-1199.
[223]. Tan A, Palli SR. Identification and characterization of nuclear receptors from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2008; 38:430-439.
[224]. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools [J]. Nucleic Acids Res.1997; 25:4876-4882.
[225]. Truman JW, Riddiford LM. The morphostatic actions of juvenile hormone [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2007; 37(8):761-770.
[226]. Tsai CC, Kao HY, Yao TP, McKeown M, Evans RM. SMRTER, a Drosophila nuclear receptor coregulator, reveals that EcR-mediated repression is critical for development [J]. Mol Cell.1999; 4:175-186.
[227]. Tufail M, Takeda M. Molecular characteristics of insect vitellogenins [J]. J Insect Physiol. 2008; 54(12):1447-1445.
[228]. Umesono K., Evans R.M. Detenninants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors [J]. Cell.1989; 57:1139-1146.
[229]. Valcourt JR, Lemons J M, Haley EM, Kojima M, Demuren 00, Coller HA. Staying alive: metabolic adaptations to quiescence [J]. Cell Cycle.2012; 11(9):1680-1696.
[230]. Verlinden H, Badisco L, Marchal E, Van Wielendaele P, Vanden Broeck J. Endocrinology of reproduction and phase transition in locusts [J]. Gen Comp Endocrinol.2009; 162:79-92.
[231]. Walker AN, Bush P, Puritz J, Wilson T, Chang ES, Miller T, Holloway K, Horst MN. Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of the endocrine disruptor methoprene in the lobster, Homarus americanus [J]. Integr Comp Biol.2005; 45(1):118-126
[232]. Walkiewicz MA, Stern M. Increased insulin/insulin growth factor signaling advances the onset of metamorphosis in Drosophila [J].2009; 4(4):1-6.
[233]. Warren JT, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Studies on the black box:incorporation of 3-oxo-7-dehydrocholesterol into ecdysteroids by Drosophila melanogasler and Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2009; 39(10):677-687.
[234]. Warren JT, Petryk A, Marques G, Jarcho M, Parvy JP, Dauphin-Villemant C, O'Connor MB, Gilbert LI. Molecular and biochemical characterization of two P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway of Drosophila melunogaster [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2002; 99(17):11043-11048.
[235].Warren JT, Petryk A, Marques G, Parvy JP, Shinoda T, Itoyama K, Kobayashi J, Jarcho M, Li Y, O'Connor MB, Dauphin-Villemant C, Gilbert LI. Phantom encodes the 25-hydroxylase of Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori:a P450 enzyme critical in ecdysone biosynthesis [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2004; 34(9):991-1010.
[236]. Warren JT, Yerukshalmi Y. Shimell MJ, O'Connor MB, Restifo LL, Giilbert LI. Discrete pulses of molting hormone,20-hydroxyecdysone, during late larval development of Drosophila melanogasler:correlations with changes in gene activity [J]. Dcv Dyn.2006; 235(2):315-326.
[237]. Weller J, Sun GC, Zhou B, Lan Q, Hiruma K, Riddiford LM. Isolation and developmental expression of two nuclear receptors, MIIR4 and betaFTZ-FI. in the tobacco horn worm, Manduca sexta [J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.2001; 31:827-837.
[238]. Westerlund SA, Hoffmann KH. Rapid quantification of juvenile hormones and their metabolites in insect haemolymph by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [J]. Anal Bioanal Chem.2004; 379(3):540-543.
[239]. White KP, Hurban P, Watanabe T, Hogness DS. Coordination of Drosophila metamorphosis by two ecdysone-induced nuclear receptors [J]. Science.1997; 276 (5309): 114-117.
[240]. Williams CM. Physiology of insect diapause Ⅳ the brain and prothoracic glands as an endocrine system in the cecropia silkworm [J].1952; 103(1):120-138.
[241]. Wing KD. RH 5849, a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist:effects on a Drosophila cell line [J]. Science.1988; 241:467-469.
[242]. Wolfgang WJ, Riddifor LM. Larval cuticular morphogenesis in the tobacco hormone, Manduca sexta, and its hormonal regulation [J]. Dev Biol.1986;113(2):305-316.
[243]. Wyatt GR, Davey KG. Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone. Ⅱ. Roles of juvenile in adult insects [J]. Adv Insect Physiol.1996; 26:1-155.
[244]. Xie J, Nair A, Hermiston TW. A comparative study examining the cytotoxicity of inducible gene expression system ligands in different cell types [J]. Toxicol In Vitro.2008; 22: 261-266.
[245]. Xu L, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function [J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev.1999; 9:140-147.
[246]. Xu WH, Lu YX, Denlinger DL. Cross-talk between the fat body and brain regulates insect developmental arrest [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2012; 109:14687-14692.
[247]. Yaginuma T, Kobayashi M, Yamashita O. Distinct effects of different low temperatures on the induction of NAD-sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. J Comp Physiol B.1990; 160:277-286.
[248]. Yamanaka N, Honda N, Osato N, Niwa R, Mizoguchi A, Kataoka H. Differential Regulation of Ecdysteroidogenic P450 Gene Expression in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.2007; 71(11):2808-2814.
[249]. Yamanaka N, Hua Y-J, Mizoguchi A, Watanabe K, Niwa R, Tanaka Y, et al. Identification of a novel prothoracicostatic hormone and its receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori [J]. J Biol Chem.2005; 208:14684-14690.
[250]. Yamashita O. Diapause hormone of the silkworm, Bombyx mori:Structure, gene expression and function [J]. J Insect Physiol.1996; 42:669-679.
[251]. Yamanaka N, Rewitz KF, O'Connor MB. Ecdysone control of developmental transitions: lessons from Drosophila research [J]. Annu Rev Entomol.2013; 58:498-516.
[252]. Yibin He, Toshiharu Tanaka, Tadashi Miyata. Eupyrene and apyrene sperm and their numerical fluctuations inside the female reproductive tract of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separate [J]. J Insect Physiol.1995; 41(8):689-694.
[253]. Yao TP, Forman BM, Jiang Z, Cherbas L, Chen JD, McKeown M, Cherbas P, Evans RM. Functional ecdysone receptor is the product of EcR and Ultraspiracle genes [J]. Nature.1993; 366(6454):476-479.
[254]. Yoshiyama T, Namiki T, Mita K, Kataoka H, Niwa R. Neverland is an evolutionally conserved Rieske-domain protein that is essential for ecdysone synthesis and insect growth [J]. Development.2006; 133(13):2565-2574.
[255].Zhang QR, Denlinger DL. Dynamics of diapauses hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone transcript expression at diapauses termination in pupae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea [J]. Peptides.2012; 34:120-126.
[256]. Zhou J, Qi Y, Hou Y, Zhao J, Li Y, Xue X, Wu L, Zhang J, Chen F. Quantitative determination of juvenile hormone III and 20-hydroxyecdysone in queen larvae and drone pupae of Apis mellifera by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass [J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011; 879(25):2533-2541.
[257]. Zhu J, Chen L, Raikhel AS. Posttranscriptional control of the competence factor betaFTZ-F1 by juvenile hormone in the mosquito Andes aegvpti [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100:13338-13343.
[258]. Zhu J, Miura K., Chen L, Raikhel AS. Cyclicity of mosquito vitellogenic ecdysteroid-mediated signaling is modulated by alternative dimerization of the RXR homologue Ultraspiracle [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2003;100:544-549.