梅花鹿的行为学及其分子标记研究
|
摘要
本项研究以扬州市动物园及扬州平山堂养殖场梅花鹿为研究,采用扫描取样法、目标动物取样法研究了梅花鹿的昼间行为格局,分析了不同饲养条件下梅花鹿的行为差异以及对母性行为的影响,并探讨了游客密度对梅花鹿行为的影响;在分析不同饲养条件下梅花鹿行为格局的基础上,选择14个微卫星位点,研究了两个梅花鹿群体遗传多样性,并与梅花鹿行为性状进行关联分析;以与行为性状相关的BDNF和OPRK1两个基因为候选基因,利用PCR-SSCP技术研究了BDNF和OPRK1基因不同区段的SNP;并分析了SNP与梅花鹿群体行为性状之间的关系。研究结果如下:
(1)梅花鹿昼间取食行为有2个高峰期,分别在7:30-9:30hr和16:30-17:30hr,其频次为7.35-10.10次/h之间;卧息行为高峰期在11:30-13:30hr,达到5.52-7.55次/h;观望行为主要发生在7:30-9:30及13:30-16:30hr之间;两地梅花鹿群体修饰行为和其它行为(排粪、排尿、饮水等)频次均较低。
(2)不同饲养条件下行为比较表明,在7:30-8:30hr,鹿场公鹿取食行为极显著高于动物园(P=0.011),且在12:30-14:30和15:30-16:30hr公鹿取食行为频次也存在显著差异(P=0.002);公鹿的反刍行为除8:30-10:30hr不存在显著差异之外,其它时段均存在显著差异。鹿场公鹿在8:30-9:30hr卧息频次极显著高于动物园(P=0.002),在13:30-14:30及14:30-15:30hr存在显著差异(P=0.028, P=0.045),在10:30-11:30hr鹿场公鹿观望频次显著高于动物园(P=0.009),在12:30-16:30hr两群体观望频次一直表现为显著或极显著差异(P=0.002, P=0.044, P=0.046, P=0.000)。
(3)两地母鹿取食行为频次在7:30-9:30hr显著差异,在12:30-15:30hr动物园母鹿取食频次上升,而鹿场母鹿取食频次下降,二者表现为显著差异(P=0.000, P=0.008, P=0.001)。鹿场母鹿反刍行为在9个时段均显著或极显著高于动物园。动物园梅花鹿在7:30-8:30hr观望频次较高,且和鹿场母鹿观望行为呈极显著差异(P=0.000)。
(4)两地幼鹿取食行为频次在7:30-8:30hr呈现显著差异(P=0.038),在13:30-17:30hr鹿场幼鹿取食频次上升,而动物园幼鹿取食频次下降,二者表现为极显著差异(P=0.000, P=0.005, P=0.006)。幼鹿反刍频次集中在8:30-13:30hr,其中动物园幼鹿反刍行为主要集中在7:30-10:30hr,并有8个时段表现为显著或极显著差异。卧息行为有9个时段均呈显著或极显著差异,且鹿场幼鹿卧息行为频次一直低于动物园。
(5)R型聚类分析表明,动物园梅花鹿行为性状简化为卧息和移动行为就基本能够判定个体的行为状态。而鹿场梅花鹿行为性状可以简化为卧息和修饰行为。
(6)圈养条件下,仔鹿1-7日龄时母鹿的平均授乳时间约19min,且与其它两个时段的差异均达到显著水平;仔鹿1-7日龄和母鹿跟随相处时间平均达80min,且随日龄增加而下降,仔鹿跟随行为在三个日龄段的分析表明,两两之间都存在显著差异;母鹿对仔鹿的舔舐和修饰行为随日龄增加呈下降趋势,母鹿对仔鹿的寻找张望从最长每天4次左右下降到15-35日龄的每天不足1次。半散放条件下1-7日龄母鹿授乳时间平均为24min,且与其他两个时段的差异均达到显著水平;仔鹿1-7日龄和母鹿跟随相处时间为120min,跟随行为在三个日龄段两两之间都存在显著差异;分析表明不同饲养条件下仔鹿跟随行为以及母鹿对仔鹿的舔舐和修饰行为差异显著。
(7)对公鹿、母鹿和幼鹿之间进行日行为差异分析表明,在游客高峰期,公鹿和母鹿的取食、卧息之间差异达到极显著水平(P<0.05),和母鹿的观望行为差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);母鹿和幼鹿的卧息、观望、移动行为之间差异都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),和幼鹿的取食行为差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。统计5个游客密度梯度条件下公鹿、母鹿和幼鹿行为时间分配结果表明当游客密度对公鹿取食和观望行为产生显著或极显著影响,并随游客密度增加保持显著差异。游客密度也对母鹿观望行为产生显著影响(P<0.05),不同游客密度对幼鹿的行为的取食、观望、修饰行为产生显著或极显著影响(P<0.05)。
(8)动物园梅花鹿群体14对微卫星位点的平均期望杂合度为0.441,观察杂合度为0.354,平均多态信息含量为0.332,各位点基因分化系数平均为0.231。鹿场梅花鹿14对微卫星位点分析表明,该群体平均期望杂合度为0.372,观察杂合度为0.300,平均多态信息含量为0.303,各位点基因分化系数平均为0.149。所检测位点为中度多态位点。
(9)微卫星位点和梅花鹿行为性状进行最小二乘分析表明,TGLA53和BM4107位点与修饰行为显著相关;2AL2位点与观望行为有显著相关;2AL13和Mber14位点对卧息行为有极显著影响;BM6506位点对反刍和其它行为有显著影响;BL42位点对取食和卧息行为有显著影响。
(10)在BDNF基因引物P11产物中检测到在其155bp发生C→T的突变;引物P12产物在其128bp处发生G→A的突变。OPRK1基因引物P21扩增片段在DNA序列72bp处发生G→A突变;P22扩增产物在132bp处发生T→A的突变。独立性χ2分析表明四对引物SSCP基因型均处于不平衡状态。
(11)对BDNF基因SNP位点基因型与梅花鹿行为性状进行最小二乘分析表明,P11引物基因型对梅花鹿卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05)。对移动行为有极显著影响(P<0.01);引物P12产物获得各基因型对卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05),对观望行为性状有极显著的影响(P<0.01); P21引物基因型对梅花鹿修饰行为有极显著影响(P<0.01),引物P22各基因型对观望、卧息和修饰行为有极显著影响(P<0.01)。
(12)综上所述,鹿场梅花鹿取食行为频次低于动物园,但其反刍和观望行为均显著高于动物园梅花鹿;综合分析认为动物园母鹿母性行为优于鹿场母鹿;游客密度对动物园梅花鹿的取食和观望行为产生显著影响;本研究所检测的14对微卫星位点均为中度多态位点,两地梅花鹿群体遗传多样性较丰富,分析表明有7个位点和行为性状存在显著相关;对BDNF和OPRK1基因的分析表明,4对引物的SSCP基因型均处于不平衡状态,初步确定BDNF和OPRK1基因可作为影响梅花鹿观望、卧息和修饰行为的候选基因,有待于进一步研究。
The systematic investigation was conducted on the sika deer in the Yangzhou zoo and Pingshantang farm with scan sampling and focal animal sampling. The study observed the behaviour of sika deer, compared the behaviour rhythm and maternal behaviour among the male, female and young sika deer, compared the effect of visitor density on the behaviour in the two populations. The study also assayed the genetic diversity with 14 microsatellite loci in two populations, analyzed the correlation between the microsatellite locus and behaviour traits. The BDNF(Brain drive neuro-factor) and OPRK1(Kappa Opoioid Receptor 1) was detected as candidate gene which had correlation with behaviour traits. With the PCR-SSCP method to find the SNP of BDNF and OPRK1 in the different length, we analyzed the correlations between SNP and behaviour traits in the sika deer populations. The results were as follows:
(1) The eating behaviour of sika deer had two peak periods, it was 7:30-9:30 and 16:30-17:30, and its frequency was 7.35-10.10 per hour in the peak time. The peak of relaxing behaviour was 11:30-13:30, the frequency was 5.52-7.55 per hour. The observing peak was 7:30-9:30 and 13:30-16:30, but the frequency of grooming and others was very low in all of the time.
(2)The eating behaviour of farm male sika deer was different significantly from that of the zoo sika deer during 7:30-8:30, 12:30-14:30 and 15:30-16:30(P=0.002). The relaxing behaviour of farm male sika deer had higher significant difference than zoo. And during 13:30-15:30, there was significant difference(P=0.028, 0.045). The observing frequency behaviour of farm sika deer had higher than that of zoo sika deer. And the 12:30-16:30 periods, the observing behaviour had significant difference all the time(P=0.002, 0.044, 0.000).
(3)The eating behaviour of female sika deer in the two populations had significant difference at the 7:30-9:30. The farm sike deer eating frequency in the zoo raised at the time of 12:30-15:30, but descended in the farm at same time(P=0.000, 0.008, 0.001). The ruminating behaviour of farm female sika deer had significant difference among 9 periods with the zoo population. The observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo frequency was high and had high significant difference with farm female sika deer(P=0.000).
(4)The eating behaviour of young sika deer had significant difference at 7:30-8:30 in two populations(P=0.038). At 13:30-17:30, the eating frequency of young sika deer in the farm ascended and the zoo descended(P=0.000, 0.005, 0.006). The ruminating frequency main happened at 8:30-13:30, and the young sika deer of zoo mainly happened at 7:30-10:30, there had significant difference among 8 periods. There were 9 periods that the ruminating frequency of young sika deer in the farm had higher than the zoo. There were 9 periods that the relaxing behaviour had significant difference, and the relaxing behaviour of young in the farm always was less than the zoo.
(5) The R cluster results showed that the behaviour character of zoo sika deer can be summed with relaxing and moving, and the sika deer in the farm can be summed with relaxing and grooming.
(6) The lactating time was about 19 minutes when the young sika was 1-7 days old in the farm, and the lactating time had significant difference with the other two periods. The young sika deer following behaviour was about 80 minutes at the age of 1-7 days, there had significant difference among the three periods. The time of female licking and grooming the young descended with the age of young sika deer ascended. The female searching and looking frequency was about 4 times at the young was 1-7 days old, but it was only below 1 times when the young was 15-35 days old. The lactating behaviour was about 24 minutes when the young was 1-7 days old in the zoo. And there was significant difference among three periods. The young following behaviour was about 120 minutes at the age of 1-7 day, and there was had significant difference among three periods. There was had significant difference with the following behaviour, grooming and licking behaviour with the different feeding conditions.
(7)We compared the behaviours among male, female and young in two phase times, Male and female had a high significant difference of eating, relaxing behaviour in high visitor density(P<0.05), the result between male and young of observing behaviour were significant difference(P<0.05), female and male showed high significant difference of relaxing, observing and locomotion behaviour(P<0.01) and results between female and young of eating behaviour are similar(P<0.05). The results showed significant effect on male’s observing behaviour when visitor density reached 6 per minute, and with the visitor density ascended, the highly significant effect always had on the male. The visitor density had significant effect on the observing behaviour of female (P<0.05). The different visitor density had significant effect on the behaviour of eating, observing, grooming with the young(P<0.05).
(8) The average of expected H (Heterozygosity) and PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) in the zoo of sika deer were 0.441 and 0.332 respectively, and the values of observed H was 0.354. The gene differentiation value was 0.231. For the sika deer in the farm, the average of expected H and PIC were 0.372 and 0.303 respectively, and observed H was 0.300. The gene differentiation was 0.149.
(9) The loci of TGLA53, BM4107 had significant or highly significant effect on the grooming behaviour, as well as 2AL2 locus on the observing behaviour, 2AL13 on the relaxing behaviour, BM6506 locus on the behaviour of ruminating and others, BL42 on the eating and relaxing and Mber14 on the behaviour of relaxing.
(10)We detected the mutation of C→T at the 155bp site with primer P11 of BDNF, and mutation of G→A was founded at the site of 128bp with P12 primer. With the primer P21 of OPRK1 gene, the mutation of G→A was discovered at the site of 72bp and T→A at the 132bp site was taken out with the primer of P22.
(11)The results showed that the SNP loci of BDNF gene had significant or high significant effect on the relaxing and moving(P<0.05, 0.01) with the primer P11. In the primer P12, the gene type of SNP had significant effect on the relaxing and observing(P<0.05). The results showed that the gene type of primer P21 had high significant effect on the grooming behaviour(P<0.01), and there had significant effect on the observing, relaxing and grooming behaviour with the primer of P22(P<0.01).
(12)The eating frequency of farm was less than the zoo sika deer, but the ruminating and observing was more than the zoo. The maternal behaviour of zoo sika deer overmatched the farm. The visitor density had significant effect on the eating and observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo. The 14 microsatellite loci were all in middle polymorphism, and the genetic diversity was just in high, 7 loci was significant correlation with the behaviour traits. The four primers of the BDNF and OPRK1 gene were all in disequilibrium state in the sika deer. We suggest that the BDNF and OPRK1 gene are worthy of being further studies as candidate genes having effects on the behaviour traits.
(1)梅花鹿昼间取食行为有2个高峰期,分别在7:30-9:30hr和16:30-17:30hr,其频次为7.35-10.10次/h之间;卧息行为高峰期在11:30-13:30hr,达到5.52-7.55次/h;观望行为主要发生在7:30-9:30及13:30-16:30hr之间;两地梅花鹿群体修饰行为和其它行为(排粪、排尿、饮水等)频次均较低。
(2)不同饲养条件下行为比较表明,在7:30-8:30hr,鹿场公鹿取食行为极显著高于动物园(P=0.011),且在12:30-14:30和15:30-16:30hr公鹿取食行为频次也存在显著差异(P=0.002);公鹿的反刍行为除8:30-10:30hr不存在显著差异之外,其它时段均存在显著差异。鹿场公鹿在8:30-9:30hr卧息频次极显著高于动物园(P=0.002),在13:30-14:30及14:30-15:30hr存在显著差异(P=0.028, P=0.045),在10:30-11:30hr鹿场公鹿观望频次显著高于动物园(P=0.009),在12:30-16:30hr两群体观望频次一直表现为显著或极显著差异(P=0.002, P=0.044, P=0.046, P=0.000)。
(3)两地母鹿取食行为频次在7:30-9:30hr显著差异,在12:30-15:30hr动物园母鹿取食频次上升,而鹿场母鹿取食频次下降,二者表现为显著差异(P=0.000, P=0.008, P=0.001)。鹿场母鹿反刍行为在9个时段均显著或极显著高于动物园。动物园梅花鹿在7:30-8:30hr观望频次较高,且和鹿场母鹿观望行为呈极显著差异(P=0.000)。
(4)两地幼鹿取食行为频次在7:30-8:30hr呈现显著差异(P=0.038),在13:30-17:30hr鹿场幼鹿取食频次上升,而动物园幼鹿取食频次下降,二者表现为极显著差异(P=0.000, P=0.005, P=0.006)。幼鹿反刍频次集中在8:30-13:30hr,其中动物园幼鹿反刍行为主要集中在7:30-10:30hr,并有8个时段表现为显著或极显著差异。卧息行为有9个时段均呈显著或极显著差异,且鹿场幼鹿卧息行为频次一直低于动物园。
(5)R型聚类分析表明,动物园梅花鹿行为性状简化为卧息和移动行为就基本能够判定个体的行为状态。而鹿场梅花鹿行为性状可以简化为卧息和修饰行为。
(6)圈养条件下,仔鹿1-7日龄时母鹿的平均授乳时间约19min,且与其它两个时段的差异均达到显著水平;仔鹿1-7日龄和母鹿跟随相处时间平均达80min,且随日龄增加而下降,仔鹿跟随行为在三个日龄段的分析表明,两两之间都存在显著差异;母鹿对仔鹿的舔舐和修饰行为随日龄增加呈下降趋势,母鹿对仔鹿的寻找张望从最长每天4次左右下降到15-35日龄的每天不足1次。半散放条件下1-7日龄母鹿授乳时间平均为24min,且与其他两个时段的差异均达到显著水平;仔鹿1-7日龄和母鹿跟随相处时间为120min,跟随行为在三个日龄段两两之间都存在显著差异;分析表明不同饲养条件下仔鹿跟随行为以及母鹿对仔鹿的舔舐和修饰行为差异显著。
(7)对公鹿、母鹿和幼鹿之间进行日行为差异分析表明,在游客高峰期,公鹿和母鹿的取食、卧息之间差异达到极显著水平(P<0.05),和母鹿的观望行为差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);母鹿和幼鹿的卧息、观望、移动行为之间差异都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),和幼鹿的取食行为差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。统计5个游客密度梯度条件下公鹿、母鹿和幼鹿行为时间分配结果表明当游客密度对公鹿取食和观望行为产生显著或极显著影响,并随游客密度增加保持显著差异。游客密度也对母鹿观望行为产生显著影响(P<0.05),不同游客密度对幼鹿的行为的取食、观望、修饰行为产生显著或极显著影响(P<0.05)。
(8)动物园梅花鹿群体14对微卫星位点的平均期望杂合度为0.441,观察杂合度为0.354,平均多态信息含量为0.332,各位点基因分化系数平均为0.231。鹿场梅花鹿14对微卫星位点分析表明,该群体平均期望杂合度为0.372,观察杂合度为0.300,平均多态信息含量为0.303,各位点基因分化系数平均为0.149。所检测位点为中度多态位点。
(9)微卫星位点和梅花鹿行为性状进行最小二乘分析表明,TGLA53和BM4107位点与修饰行为显著相关;2AL2位点与观望行为有显著相关;2AL13和Mber14位点对卧息行为有极显著影响;BM6506位点对反刍和其它行为有显著影响;BL42位点对取食和卧息行为有显著影响。
(10)在BDNF基因引物P11产物中检测到在其155bp发生C→T的突变;引物P12产物在其128bp处发生G→A的突变。OPRK1基因引物P21扩增片段在DNA序列72bp处发生G→A突变;P22扩增产物在132bp处发生T→A的突变。独立性χ2分析表明四对引物SSCP基因型均处于不平衡状态。
(11)对BDNF基因SNP位点基因型与梅花鹿行为性状进行最小二乘分析表明,P11引物基因型对梅花鹿卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05)。对移动行为有极显著影响(P<0.01);引物P12产物获得各基因型对卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05),对观望行为性状有极显著的影响(P<0.01); P21引物基因型对梅花鹿修饰行为有极显著影响(P<0.01),引物P22各基因型对观望、卧息和修饰行为有极显著影响(P<0.01)。
(12)综上所述,鹿场梅花鹿取食行为频次低于动物园,但其反刍和观望行为均显著高于动物园梅花鹿;综合分析认为动物园母鹿母性行为优于鹿场母鹿;游客密度对动物园梅花鹿的取食和观望行为产生显著影响;本研究所检测的14对微卫星位点均为中度多态位点,两地梅花鹿群体遗传多样性较丰富,分析表明有7个位点和行为性状存在显著相关;对BDNF和OPRK1基因的分析表明,4对引物的SSCP基因型均处于不平衡状态,初步确定BDNF和OPRK1基因可作为影响梅花鹿观望、卧息和修饰行为的候选基因,有待于进一步研究。
The systematic investigation was conducted on the sika deer in the Yangzhou zoo and Pingshantang farm with scan sampling and focal animal sampling. The study observed the behaviour of sika deer, compared the behaviour rhythm and maternal behaviour among the male, female and young sika deer, compared the effect of visitor density on the behaviour in the two populations. The study also assayed the genetic diversity with 14 microsatellite loci in two populations, analyzed the correlation between the microsatellite locus and behaviour traits. The BDNF(Brain drive neuro-factor) and OPRK1(Kappa Opoioid Receptor 1) was detected as candidate gene which had correlation with behaviour traits. With the PCR-SSCP method to find the SNP of BDNF and OPRK1 in the different length, we analyzed the correlations between SNP and behaviour traits in the sika deer populations. The results were as follows:
(1) The eating behaviour of sika deer had two peak periods, it was 7:30-9:30 and 16:30-17:30, and its frequency was 7.35-10.10 per hour in the peak time. The peak of relaxing behaviour was 11:30-13:30, the frequency was 5.52-7.55 per hour. The observing peak was 7:30-9:30 and 13:30-16:30, but the frequency of grooming and others was very low in all of the time.
(2)The eating behaviour of farm male sika deer was different significantly from that of the zoo sika deer during 7:30-8:30, 12:30-14:30 and 15:30-16:30(P=0.002). The relaxing behaviour of farm male sika deer had higher significant difference than zoo. And during 13:30-15:30, there was significant difference(P=0.028, 0.045). The observing frequency behaviour of farm sika deer had higher than that of zoo sika deer. And the 12:30-16:30 periods, the observing behaviour had significant difference all the time(P=0.002, 0.044, 0.000).
(3)The eating behaviour of female sika deer in the two populations had significant difference at the 7:30-9:30. The farm sike deer eating frequency in the zoo raised at the time of 12:30-15:30, but descended in the farm at same time(P=0.000, 0.008, 0.001). The ruminating behaviour of farm female sika deer had significant difference among 9 periods with the zoo population. The observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo frequency was high and had high significant difference with farm female sika deer(P=0.000).
(4)The eating behaviour of young sika deer had significant difference at 7:30-8:30 in two populations(P=0.038). At 13:30-17:30, the eating frequency of young sika deer in the farm ascended and the zoo descended(P=0.000, 0.005, 0.006). The ruminating frequency main happened at 8:30-13:30, and the young sika deer of zoo mainly happened at 7:30-10:30, there had significant difference among 8 periods. There were 9 periods that the ruminating frequency of young sika deer in the farm had higher than the zoo. There were 9 periods that the relaxing behaviour had significant difference, and the relaxing behaviour of young in the farm always was less than the zoo.
(5) The R cluster results showed that the behaviour character of zoo sika deer can be summed with relaxing and moving, and the sika deer in the farm can be summed with relaxing and grooming.
(6) The lactating time was about 19 minutes when the young sika was 1-7 days old in the farm, and the lactating time had significant difference with the other two periods. The young sika deer following behaviour was about 80 minutes at the age of 1-7 days, there had significant difference among the three periods. The time of female licking and grooming the young descended with the age of young sika deer ascended. The female searching and looking frequency was about 4 times at the young was 1-7 days old, but it was only below 1 times when the young was 15-35 days old. The lactating behaviour was about 24 minutes when the young was 1-7 days old in the zoo. And there was significant difference among three periods. The young following behaviour was about 120 minutes at the age of 1-7 day, and there was had significant difference among three periods. There was had significant difference with the following behaviour, grooming and licking behaviour with the different feeding conditions.
(7)We compared the behaviours among male, female and young in two phase times, Male and female had a high significant difference of eating, relaxing behaviour in high visitor density(P<0.05), the result between male and young of observing behaviour were significant difference(P<0.05), female and male showed high significant difference of relaxing, observing and locomotion behaviour(P<0.01) and results between female and young of eating behaviour are similar(P<0.05). The results showed significant effect on male’s observing behaviour when visitor density reached 6 per minute, and with the visitor density ascended, the highly significant effect always had on the male. The visitor density had significant effect on the observing behaviour of female (P<0.05). The different visitor density had significant effect on the behaviour of eating, observing, grooming with the young(P<0.05).
(8) The average of expected H (Heterozygosity) and PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) in the zoo of sika deer were 0.441 and 0.332 respectively, and the values of observed H was 0.354. The gene differentiation value was 0.231. For the sika deer in the farm, the average of expected H and PIC were 0.372 and 0.303 respectively, and observed H was 0.300. The gene differentiation was 0.149.
(9) The loci of TGLA53, BM4107 had significant or highly significant effect on the grooming behaviour, as well as 2AL2 locus on the observing behaviour, 2AL13 on the relaxing behaviour, BM6506 locus on the behaviour of ruminating and others, BL42 on the eating and relaxing and Mber14 on the behaviour of relaxing.
(10)We detected the mutation of C→T at the 155bp site with primer P11 of BDNF, and mutation of G→A was founded at the site of 128bp with P12 primer. With the primer P21 of OPRK1 gene, the mutation of G→A was discovered at the site of 72bp and T→A at the 132bp site was taken out with the primer of P22.
(11)The results showed that the SNP loci of BDNF gene had significant or high significant effect on the relaxing and moving(P<0.05, 0.01) with the primer P11. In the primer P12, the gene type of SNP had significant effect on the relaxing and observing(P<0.05). The results showed that the gene type of primer P21 had high significant effect on the grooming behaviour(P<0.01), and there had significant effect on the observing, relaxing and grooming behaviour with the primer of P22(P<0.01).
(12)The eating frequency of farm was less than the zoo sika deer, but the ruminating and observing was more than the zoo. The maternal behaviour of zoo sika deer overmatched the farm. The visitor density had significant effect on the eating and observing behaviour of sika deer in the zoo. The 14 microsatellite loci were all in middle polymorphism, and the genetic diversity was just in high, 7 loci was significant correlation with the behaviour traits. The four primers of the BDNF and OPRK1 gene were all in disequilibrium state in the sika deer. We suggest that the BDNF and OPRK1 gene are worthy of being further studies as candidate genes having effects on the behaviour traits.
引文
Alexander, G., Stevens, D., Kilgour, R., de Langen, H., Mottersheda, B.E., Lynch, J.J. 1983. Separation fo ewes from twin lambs: incidence in several sheep breeds. Applied animal ethology. 10: 301-307.
Andersen, I.J., Berg, S., B?e, K.E. 2005. Crushing of piglets by the mother sow-purely accident or a poor mother. Applied animal behaviour science. 93: 229-243.
Andersen, I.L., Berg, S., B?e, K.E., Ewards, S. 2006. Positive handling in late pregnancy and the consequences for maternal behaviour and production in sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 99: 64-76.
Ashwell, M.S., Rexroad, CE Jr., Miller, R.H., Van Raden, P.M. 1996. Mapping economic trait loci for somatic cell score in Holstein cattle using microsatellite markers and selective genotyping. Animal genetics. 27(4): 235-242.
Barde, Y.A., Edger, D., Thoenen, H. 1982. Pruification of a new neruotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBOJ. 1(5): 549-559.
Blake, A.D., Bot, G., Freeman J.C., Reisine, T. 1997. Differential opioid agonist regulation of the mouseμopioid receptor. The American society fro biochemistry and molecular biology. 272(2): 782-790.
Boissy, A., Le Neindre, P., Orgeur, P. 1996. Genetic variability of psychobiological reactivity in lambs reared under open-range management. Proceeding of the 30th international congress of the. ISAE. 17: 59.
Botstein, D., White, R.L., Skolnick, M., Davis, R.W. 1980. Construction of genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism. American journal of human genetics. 32: 314-331.
Breen, M., Downs, P., Irvin, Z., Bellk. 1994. Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewaskii). Animal genetics. 25(6): 401-405.
Brown, W.G. 1974. Some aspects of beef cattle behavior as related to productivity. Dissertation abstract. International B. 34: 1805.
Buddenberg, B.I., Brown, C.J., Johnson, Z.B., Honea, R.S. 1986. Maternal behavior of beef cows at parturition. American society of animal science. 62: 42-46.
Buitenhuis A.J., Rodenburg, T.B., Siwek, M. 2005. Quantitative trait loci for behavioraltraits in chickens. Livestock production science. 93: 95-103.
Carlson, C.S., Eberle, M.A., Rieder, M.J., Smith, J.D., Kruglyak, L., Nickerson, D.A. 2003. Additional SNPs and inkage-disequilibrum analysis are necessary for whole genome association studies in human. Nature genetics. 33: 518-521.
Chen, Y., Mestek, A., Liu, J., Hurley J.A., Yu., L. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a mu opioid receptor from rat brain. Molecular pharmacology. 44(1): 8-12.
Cheng, H.H., Crittenden, L.B. 1994. Microsatellite markers for genetic mapping in the chicken. Poultry science. 73(4): 539-546.
Cheng, H.H., Levin, I., Vallejo, R.L., Khatib, H., Dodgson, J.B., Crittenden, L.B., Hillel, J. 1995. Development of a genetic map of the chicken with markers of high utility. Poultry science. 74(11): 1855-1874.
Chiang, C.H., Johnson, R.K., Nielsen, M.K. 2002. Selection for maternal behaviour in mice-direct and correlated responses. Applied animal behaviour science. 79: 311-323.
Crooijmans, R.P., Groen, A.F., Van Kampen, A.J., Van der Beek, S., Van der Poel, J.J., Groenen, M.A. 1996. Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial broiler and layer lines estimated using pooled blood samples. Poultry science. 75(7): 904-909.
Duman, R.S., Monteggia, L.M. 2006. A neruotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biology psychiatry. 59: 116-1127.
Dwyer, C.M. 2003. Behavioural development in the neonatal lamb: effect of maternal and birth-related factors. Theriogenology. 59: 1027-1050.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, A.B. 1998. Variability in the expression of maternal behaviour in primiparous sheep: effects of genotype and litter size. Applied animal behaviour science. 58: 311-330.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, B.A. 2005. A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of hill and lowland breeds of sheep that favor lamb survival. Applied animal behaviour science. 92: 235-260.
Edwards, A., Malkin, S.J., Spechter, H.H. 1986. An analysis of piglet mortality with behavioural observation. Animal production science. 42: 470-477.
Edwards, S.A. 2001. Perinatal mortality in the pig: environmental or physiologicalsolution. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Budapest, 26-29 August.
Eler, J.P., Lobo, R.B., Rosa, A.N. 1989. Influence de fatores genetic in meio bovines da raca nelore criados no Estado des Sao Paulo. Rev. Soc. Braz. Zootec. 18: 103-111.
Epplen, J.T., Maueler, W., Santos, E.J. 1998. On GATAGATA and other“junk”in the barren stretch of genomic desert.Cytogenet cell genet. 80(1-4): 75-82.
Evans, C.J., Keith, D.E., Morrison, H., Magendzo, K., Edwards R.H. 1992. Cloning of delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science. 258(5090): 1952-1955.
Everett-Hincks J., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Blair, H., Stafford, K. 2005. The effect of ewe maternal behaviour score on lamb and litter survival. Livestock production science. 93: 51-61.
Fisher, A.D., Morris, C.A., Matthews, L.R., et al. 2001. Handing and stress response traits in cattle identification of putative genetic markers. Prodeeding of the 35th international congress of ISAE center for animal welfare UC. Davis, P.100.
Forde, J.N.M. 2002. Piglet and stockperson directed sow aggression after farrowing and the relationship with a prefarrowing, human approach test. Applied animal behaviour science. 75: 115-132.
Foreword. 2005. Genetic and behaviour. Livestock production science. 93: 1-2.
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., Meaney, M.J. 1999. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science. 286: 1155–1158.
Francis, D., Meaney, M.J. 1999. Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Current opinion neurobiology. 9: 128-134.
Franklin, T.B., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2006. Sex and ovarian steroids modulate brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in rat hippocampus under stressful and non-stressful conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31: 38-48.
Gauly, M., Mathiak, H., Hoffmann, K., Kraus, M., Erhardt, G. 2001. Estimating genetic variability in temperamental traits in German angus and simmental cattle. Aplpplied animal behaviour science. 74:109-119.
Georges, M., Nielsen, S., Mackinnon, M., Mishra, A., Okimoto, R., Pasquino, A.T., Sargeant, L.S., Sorensen, A., Steele, M.R., Zhao, X. 1994. Using a completemicrosatellite map and the grand-daughter design to locate polygenes controlling milk production. Animal biotechnology. 5(2): 219-224.
Gilbert, P.E., Martin, W.R. 1976. The effect of morphine and nalorphine like drugs in the nondependent, morphine dependent and cycla zocine dependent chronic spinal dog. Journal pharmacology experiment therogy. 198(1): 66-82.
Grandinson, K. 2005. Genetic background of maternal behaviour and its relation to off-spring survival. Livestock production science. 93: 43-50.
Grandinson, K., Lund, M.S., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. 2002. Genetic parameters for the piglet mortality traits crushing, stillbirth and total mortality, and their relation to birth weight. Acta agriculture scandinavica, Section Animal science. 52: 167-173.
Grandinson, K., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E., Thodberg, K. 2003. Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows. Livestock production science. 83: 141-151.
Greenspan, R.J., Fervour, J.F. 2000. Courtship in Drosophila. Anna review genetic. 24: 205-232.
Groenen, M.A.M., Cheng, H.H., Bumstead, N., Benkel, B.F., Briles, W.E., Burke, T., Burt, D.W., Crittenden, L.B., Dodgson, J., Hillel, J., Lamont, S., Leon, A.P., Soller, M., Takahashi, H., Vignal, A. 2000. A consensus linkage map of the chicken genome. Genome research. 10: 137-147.
Groenen, M.A.M., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Dijkhof, R.J.M., Acar, R., Van der Poel, J.J. 1999. Extending the chicken-human comparative map by placing 15 genes on the chicken linkage map. Animal genetics. 30(6): 418-422.
Groenen, M.A.M., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Veenandaal, A., Cheng, H.H., Siwek, M., Van der Poel, J.J. 1998. A comprehensive microsatellite linkage map of the chicken genome. Genomics. 49(2): 265-274.
Groenen, M.A.M., Ruyter, D., Verstege, E.J. 1995. Development and mapping of ten porcine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 26(2): 115-118.
Hare, B., Brown, M., Williamson, C., Williamson, C., Tomasello, M. 2002. The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science. 298(5598): 1634-1636.
Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Coleman, G.J., Hansen, C. 1989. A study of therelationships between the attitudinal and behavioural profiles of stockpersons and the level of fear of humans and the reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied animal behaviour science. 23: 301-314.
Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Treacy, D., Madgwick, P. 1990. The heritability of the trait fear of humans and the association between this trait and subsequent reproductive performance in gilts. Applied animal behaviour science. 25: 85-95.
Hemsworth, P.H., Coleman, G.J. 1998. Human-Livestock Interactions: The stockperson and the productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Hoffman, H.A., Fernald, R.D. 2000. Social status controls somatostain neurons size and growth. Journal of neruroscience. 20: 4740-4744.
Janczak, A.M., Pedersen, L.J., Rydhmer, L., Bakken, M. 2003. Relation between early fear-and anxiety-related behaviour and maternal ability in sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 82: 121-135.
Taanman, J.W. 1999. The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication. Biochimistry biophysica acta. 1410(2):103-123.
Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Thein, S.L. 1985. Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA. Nature. 314: 67-73.
Jensen P. 2006. Domestication–from behhaviour to genes and back again. Applied animal behaviour science. 97: 3-15.
Jensen, P. 1998. Maternal behaviour of free-ranging domestic pigs. I. Results of a 3-year study. Report 22 Swedish University of Agriculture Science, pp. 56.
Kerje, S., Carlborg,ō., Jacobsson, L., Schutz, K., Hartmann, C., Jensen, P., Andersson, L. 2003. The twofold difference in adult size between the red junglefowl and white Leghorn chickens is largely explained by a limited number of QTLs. Animal genetic. 34: 264-274.
Kilgour, R.J. 1998. Arena behaviour is possible selection criterion for lamb rearing ability: it can be measured in young rams and ewes. Applied animal behaviour science. 57: 81-89.
Kj?r, J.B. 1995. Genetic variation in feather pecking behaviour in chickens. Apllied animal behaviour science. 44. 257-281.
Knap, P.W., Merks, J.W.M. 1986. A note on the genetics of aggressiveness of primiparous sows towards their piglets. Livestock production science. 17: 161-167.
Lambe, N.R., Conington, J., Bishop, S.C., Waterhouse, A., Simm, G. 2001. A genetic analysis of maternal behaviour score in Scottish Blackface sheep. British society animal science. 72: 415-425.
Leibrock, J., Lottspeich, H., Hohn, A., Gohn, A., Hofer, M., Hengerer, B., Masiakowski, P., Thoenen, H., Barde, Y.A. 1989. Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature. 341:149-152.
Levin, I., Cheng, H.H., Baxter-Jones, C., Hillel, J. 1995. Turkey microsatellite DNA loci amplified by chicken-specificprimers. Animal gentics. 26: 107-110.
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P.M., Meaney, M.J. 1997. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science. 277: 1659-1662.
L?vendahl, P., Damgaard, L.H., Nielsen, B., Thodberg, K., Su, G., Rydhmer, L. 2005. Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits. Lviestock production science. 93: 73-85.
Lund, M.S., Pounti, M., Rydhmer, L., Jensen, J. 2002. Relationships between litter size and perinatal and pre-weaning survival in pigs. Animal science. 74: 217-222.
Lund, V., Coleman, G., Gunnarsson, S., Appleby, M., Karkinen, K. 2006. Animal welfare science-working at the interface between the natural and social science. Applied animal behaviour science. 97: 37-49.
Lupski, J.R., Inoue, K. 2003. Genetics and genomics of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Current opinion in genetics & development. 13: 303-309.
Maestripieri, D. 1993. Maternal anxiety in Rhesus Macaques.Ⅱ. Emotional basis of individual differences in mothering style. Ethology. 95: 32-42.
Mansour, A., Fox, C.A., Burke, S., Meng, F., Thompson, R.C., Akil, H., Watson, S.J. 1994. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: aninsituhy bridization study. Journal of comparision neurology. 350(3): 412-438.
Marchant, J.N., Broom, D.M., Coming, S. 2001. The influence of sow behaviour on piglet mortality due to crushing in an open farrowing system. Animal science. 72:19-28.
Marchant, J.N., Rudd, A.R., Mendl, M.T., Broom, D.M., Meredith, M.J., Corning, S., Simmins, P.H. 2000. Timing and causes of piglet mortality in alternative and conventional farrowing systems. Veterinary record. 147: 209-214.
Marchant-Forde, J.N., Marchant-Forde, R.M., Weary, D.M. 2002. Responses of dairy cows and calves to each other’s vocalizations after early separation. Applied animal behaviour science. 78: 19-28.
Mashood, R., Wrigt, L.D., Hébert, K., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2008. Invertigation of sex differences in behavioural, endocrine, and neural measures following repeated psychological stressor exposure. Behavioural brain research. 188(2): 368-379.
Meaney, M.J. 2001. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual difference in stress reactivity across generation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 24: 1161-1192.
Meng, F., Xie, G.X., Thompson, R.C., et al. 1993. Cloning and pharmaco logical characterization of rat K opioid receptor. Process natural academy science USA. 90(20): 9954-9958.
Metsis, M., Timmusk, T., Arenas, E., Persson, H. 1993. Differential usage of multiple brain derived neurotrophic factor promoters in the rat brain following neuronal activation. Process natural academy science. 90(19): 8802-8806.
Mignon-Grasteau, S., Boissy, A., Bouix, J., Faure, J., Fisher, G., Hinch, P., Jensen, P., Neindre, P.L. Merm?de, P., Prunet, P. 2005. Genetics of adaption and domestication in livestock. Livestock production science. 93: 3-14.
Minami, M., Toya, T., Katao, Y., et al. 1993. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the ratκ-opioid receptor. FEBS Letter. 329: 291
Moore, S.S., Sangeant, L.L., King, T.J. 1991. The conservation of dinucleotide microsatellites among mammalian genomes allows the use of heterologous PCR primer pairs in closely related species. Genomics. 10: 654-670.
Moran, C. 1993. Microsatellite repeats in pig (Sus domestica) and chicken (Gallus domesticus) genomes. Journal of heredity. 84(4): 274-280.
Mormède, P. 2005. Molecular genetics of behaviour: research strategies and perspectives for animal production. Livestock production science. 93: 15-21.
Morris, C.A., Cullen, N.G., Kilgour, R., Bremner, K.J. 1994. Some genetic factors affecting temperament in Bos Taurus cattle. New Zealand journal of agriculture research. 37: 167-175.
Mullikin, J.C., Hunt, S.E., Cole, C.G., Mortimore, B.J., Rice, C.M. et al. 2000. An SNP map of human chromosome 22. Nature. 407: 516-520.
Neindre, L.P., Murphy, T., Boissy, A., et al. 1998. Genetics of maternal ability in cattle and sheep. Proceeding of the 6th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production. Armidale, Australia. 27: 23-30.
Nzgaike, T., Hayashi, A. 2003. Barking-stripping by sika deer in larix kaempferi plantations in central Japan. Forestry ecology management. 175: 563-572.
Olowofeso, O., Wang, J.Y., Dai, G.J. 2005. Measurement of genetic parameters within and between haimen chicken populations using microsatellite markers. International journal of poultry science. 4 (3): 143-148.
Olowofeso, O., Wang, J.Y., Shen, J.C. 2005. Estimation of the cumulative power of discrimination in Haimen chicken populations with ten microsatellite markers. Asian-australian journal animal science. 18: 24-27.
Panda, S., Hogenesoh, J.B., Kay, S.A. 2002. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature. 417: 329-335.
Pang, S.W.Y., Ritland, C., Carlson, J.E., Cheng, K.M. 1999. Japanese quail micro-satellite loci amplified with chicken-specific primers. Animal gentics. 30: 195-199.
Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R., Cromberg, V.U. 1998. Relatinship maternal filiatitis in bovinos de corte nas primeiras boras após o parto. In: Paranhos da Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R., Cromberg, V.U.(Eds), Comportamento Materno em Mamfferos. Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia, S?o Paulo, pp: 215-235.
Pitts, A.D., Weary, D.M., Fraser, D., Pajor, E.A., Kramer, D.L. 2002. Alternative housing for sows and litters. Part 5. Individual differences in the maternal behaviour of sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 76: 291-306.
Polziehn, R.O., Strobeck, C. 1998. Phylogeny of Wapiti, Red deer, Sika deer, and other north American cervids as determined from mithochondrial DNA. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 10(2): 249-258.
Polziehn, R.O., Strobeck, C. 2002. A phylogeneitc comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochonfrial DNA. Molecular phulogenetics and evolution. 22(3): 342-356.
Primmer, C.R., Raudsepp, T., Chowdhary, B.P., Pape?ller, A., Ellegren, H. 1997. Low frequency of micro-satellites in the avian genome. Genome research. 7(5): 471-482.
Rage, F., Givalois, L., Marmig?re, F., Tapic-Arancibia, L., Arancibia, S. 2002. Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats. Neuroscience. 112: 309-318.
Reed, D.R. 2000. Gene mapping for taste related phenotypes in human and mice. Appetite. 35: 189-190.
Reed, K.M., Mendoza, K.M., Beattie, C.W. 2000. Comparative analysis of microsatellite loci in chicken and turkey. Genome. 43: 796-802.
Mateus JoséRodrigues Paranhos da Costa, Lúcia Galv?o Albuquerque, Joanir Pereira Eler and Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos Silva. 2006. Sucking behaviour of Nelore, Gir and Caracu calves and their crosses. Applied animal behaviour science. 101: 276-287.
Saetre, P., Lindberg, J., Leonard, J.A., Olsson, K., Pettersson, U., Ellegren, H., Bergstr?m, T.M., Vilá, C., Jazin, E. 2004. From wild wolf to domestic dog : gene expression changes in the brain. Molecular brain research. 126 (2): 198-206.
Saito, M., Ehringer, M., Toth, R., Oros, M., Szakall, I., Sikela, J.M., Vadasz, C. 2003. Variants of K-opioid receptor gene and mRNA in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-avoiding mice. Alcohol. 29(1): 39-49.
Schaaf, M.J., De Kloet, E.R., Vreugdenhil, E. 2000. Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Implications for memory formation. Stress. 3: 201-208.
Schmid, M., Nanda, I., Guttenbach, M., et al. 2000. First report on chicken genes and chromosomes. Cytogenet cell genetic. 90: 169-218.
Schütz, K., Jensen, P. 2001. Effect of resource allocation on behavioural strategies: a comparison of red junglefowl and two domesticated breeds of poultry. Ethology. 107: 753-765.
Simm, G., Conington, J., Bishop, S.C., Dwyer, C.M., Pattinson, S. 1996. Geneticselection for extensive conditions. Applied animal behaviour science. 49: 47-59.
Tautz, D. 1989. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic acidmics research. 17(16): 6463-6471.
Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Herskin, M.S. 2002. Nursing behaviour, postpartum activity and ractivity in sows: effect of farrowing environment, previous experience and temperament. Applied animal behaviour science. 77: 53-76.
Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Herskin, M.S. 1998. Development of a test for maternal behaviour in sows“the screaming piglet test”. Process. Forum the 32nd Congress. ISAE. Clermont-Ferrand, France. 140.
Turner, S.P., Lawrence, A.B. 2007. Relationship between maternal defensive aggression, fear of handling and other maternal care traits in beef cows. Livestock production science.106: 182-188.
Upholt, W.B., Dawid, I.B. 1977. Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats rapid evolution in the D loop region. Cell. 11: 571-583.
Murua, V.S., Gomez, R.A., Andrea, M.E., Molina, V.A. 1991. Shottle-box dejicits induced by chronic variable stress; reversal by imipramine administration. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour. 38: 125-130.
Usha, A.P. 1994. Evaluation of microsatellite markers for parentage verification. Animal genetics. 25(Supplement, 2): 41.
V?is?nen, J., Lindqvist, C., Jensen, P. 2005. Co-segregation of behavior and production related traits in an F3 intercross between red junglefowl and white leghorn laying hens. Livestock production science. 94: 149-158.
Valros, A.E., Rundgren, M. Spinka, M.?., Saloniemi, H., Rydhmer, L., Algers, B. 2002. Nursing behaviour of sows during 5 weeks lactation and effects on piglet growth. Applied animal behaviour science. 76: 93-104
Van der Steen, H.A.M., Schaeffer, L.R., H.de Jong, de Groot, P.N. 1988. Aggressive behavior of sows at parturition. Journal of animal science. 66: 271-279.
Vangen, O., Holm, B., Valros, A., Lund, M., Rydhmer, L. 2005. Genetic variation in sows, maternal behaviour, recorded under field conditions. Livestock production science. 93: 63-71.
Vilhlta, M., Fernández-Silva, P., Beltrán, B., Enguita, L., López-P?rez, M., Montoya, J.1992. Molecular characterization and cloning of sheep mitochondrial DNA. Current genetics. 21: 235-240.
Weary, D.M., Pajor, E.A., Thompson, B.K., et al. 1996. The relationship between piglet body condition and proximity to the sow: a trade-off between feeding and the risk of mortality by maternal crushing ? Animal behaviour. 51: 619-624.
Weaver, I.C.G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F.A., D’Alessio, A.C. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature neruoscience. 7(8): 847-954.
Wechsler B., Hegglin D. 1997. Individual differences in the behaviour of sows at the nest-site and crushing of piglets. Applied animal behaviour science. 51: 39-49
Welsh, J., McClelland, M., 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic acidmics research. 18(24): 7213-7218.
Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.R., Tingey, S.V. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic acidmics research. 18(22): 6531-6535.
Winter?, A.K., Fredholm, M., Thomsen, P.D. 1992. Variable (dG-dT)n-(dC-dA)n sequences in the porcine genome. Genomics. 12: 281-288.
Wittert, G., Hope, P., Pyle, D. 1996. Tissue distribution of opioid receptor gene expression in the rat. Biochemistry biophysic research communication. 218(3): 877-881.
Wu, H., Wan, Q.H., Fang S.G., Wan Q.H. 2005. Application of mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis in the forensic identification of Chinese sika deer subspecies. Forensic science international. 148: 101-105.
Xie, G.X., Meng, F., Mansour, A. 1994. Primary structure and functional expression of a guines pigκopioid (dynorphin) receptor. Process natural academy science USA. 91: 37-79.
Yamadal, K., Nabeshima, T. 2003. Brain derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. Journal of harmacology science. 91(4): 267-270.
Yonash, N., Cheng, H.H., Hillel, J., et al. 2001. DNA microsatellite linked to quantitative trait loci affecting antibody response and surviral rate in meat-type chickens. Poultry science. 80: 22-28.
Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.J., et al. 1997. A potentand selectiveen dogenousagonistfor the Lopiate receptor. Nature. 386(6579): 499-502.
白哈斯,周道玮,赵惠英. 2005.科尔沁牛夏季牧食行为的研究.家畜生态学报. 26(1): 69-73.
白哈斯,周道玮. 2004.科尔沁牛春季的牧食行为.家畜生态. 25(4): 99-102.
白秀娟,白庆余,王树宏. 1996.论梅花鹿野外种群的保护与利用.野生动物. 4: 10-11.
包军. 1997.应用动物行为学与动物福利.家畜生态. 18(2): 38-44.
蔡辉国,陈佩贞,等. 1995. PCR-SSCP分析实践.生物化学与生物物理进展. 22(5): 473-475.
戴国俊. 2004.双分子遗传标记与新扬州鸡早期生长关系的联合分析.扬州大学博士学位论文.
杜玮南,孙红霞,方福德. 2000.单核苷酸多态性的研究进展.国外医学·遗传学分册. 4: 392-394.
杜智恒,白秀娟. 2004.梅花鹿生长激素基因的克隆及序列分析.经济动物学报. 8(3): 131-134.
额日很宝力格. 2006.不同品种马Mu阿片受体基因多态性研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士论文.
龚炎长,彭中镇. 2000. SNP及其检测、分型的方法与原理.第七次全国畜禽遗传标记研讨会论文集. 13-19.
郭延蜀,郑慧珍. 2005.四川梅花鹿生命表和种群增长率的研究.兽类学报. 25(2): 150-155.
郭延蜀. 2000.四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查.兽类学报. 20(2): 81-87.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
黄海根. 1995.牛的高变异小卫星和微卫星序列的克隆、结构分析及其应用.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
李长生,王喜萍,马丽娟. 2001.梅花鹿茸角生长规律与体内激素关系的研究进展. 中国草食动物. 8: 11-13.
李和平. 2001.中国茸鹿品种(品系)的生态种特征.东北林业大学学报. 29(5): 52-57.
李剑虹,崔卫国,包军. 2003.猪Mu阿片受体基因外显子Ⅲ单核苷酸多态性.遗传学报. 30(1): 30-34.
李剑虹,崔卫国,王宇,包军. 2004.猪Kappa阿片受体基因(Kappa opiold receptor KOR)外显子(Exon)部分序列单核苷酸多态性分析.遗传学报. 31(12): 1369-1374.
李剑虹,王宇,崔卫国,包军. 2004.猪Mu阿片受体基因单核苷酸多态性(Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)分析.遗传. 26(1): 45-49.
李小慧,陈鹏,徐汉坤,杨利国. 2007.三种犬科动物脑源神经营养因子基因克隆与进化分析.家畜生态学报. 28(2): 13-16.
李顺才. 2004.中国人工选育茸用鹿品种种质特性.畜牧与饲料科学. 4: 23-26.
李艳之. 2004.梅花鹿繁殖母鹿的饲养管理.吉林畜牧兽医. 10: 44.
李玉春,本间和敬,大仲幸作,小金泽正昭. 2006.日本日光地区森林中梅花鹿的夏季巢区面积和内部利用.动物学报. 52(2): 235-241.
刘海,杨光,魏辅文,李明,胡锦矗. 2003.中国大陆梅花鹿mtDNA控制区序列变异及种群遗传结构分析.动物学报. 49(1):53-60.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
振生,吴建平,滕丽薇. 1999.半散放条件下梅花鹿初夏昼间活动节律.东北林业大学学报. 27(6): 53-56.
吕晓平,魏辅文,李明,杨光,刘海. 2006.中国梅花鹿(Cervus Nippon)遗传多样性及与日本梅花鹿间的系统关系.科学通报. 51(3): 292-298.
罗怀容,施鹏,张亚平. 2001.单核苷酸多态性的研究技术.遗传. 5: 471-476.
孟爱民,刘景生. 2002.阿片受体功能研究进展.中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志. 9(3): 180-182.
欧阳建华,黄建安. 2002. PCR-SSCP技术的研究进展.上海畜牧兽医通讯. 4: 10-11.
潘庆杰,刘焕奇,徐德武,初振辉,姜胜,王集祥. 1999.梅花鹿幼鹿人工培育技术的研究.经济动物学报. 3(4): 24-27.
戚豫,黄丽英. 1997. DNA单链构象多态性原理.北京医科大学学报. 29(1): 81-82.
邵明玉,万敏,王莉,于永利. 2005.吉林双阳梅花鹿成纤维细胞生长因子10的克隆和基因分析.辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版). 28(2): 215-218.
邵伟庚,金煜,肖向红,马立新,靳玉文. 2003.梅花鹿品种(品系)鉴定的分子生物学策略.东北林业大学学报. 31(4): 33-38.
盛和林,曹克清,李文军. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.盛和林. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
孙红梅,丛波,刑秀梅,吴琼,刘伟. 2006.鹿科动物主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的研究进展.经济动物学报. 10(4): 234-237.
万秀斌. 2002.神经肽与神经营养因子.北京:人民卫生出版社.
汪开英,张火法,陆建定. 2003.根据动物行为学理论合理设计畜禽舍.家畜生态. 24(3): 52-55.
王柏林,李景隆,魏吉明,李春雨,杨立祥,罗剑通. 2005.西丰梅花鹿品种选育研究和推广效果.经济动物学报. 9(1): 14-20.
王峰,金顺丹,高秀华,杨福合,王平,郝福昌. 1998.饲料能量浓度与蛋白质水平对梅花鹿生长的影响.兽类学报. 18(1): 71-73.
王宏辉,王昆山,李瑜鑫,王建洲. 2002.藏猪在舍饲条件下的行为观察.家畜生态. 23(2): 32-34.
吴信生,陈国宏,王得前,张学余,王克华,成荣,刘博,徐琪,周群兰. 2004.利用微卫星技术分析中国部分地方鸡种的遗传结构.遗传学报. 31(1): 43-50.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6(2): 87-911.
徐云碧. 1992.分子标记在数量基因定位中的应用.遗传. 14(2): 45-48.
杨代金. 2002.梅花仔鹿的管理技术.河北畜牧兽医. 18(8): 73-88.
臧强,赵亚军,李保明,施正香,韩晶. 2005.夏季舍饲散养环境下三个发育期小尾寒羊的行为差异.动物学研究. 26(3): 279-286.
章红兵.集约化猪场猪异常行为的发生原因及防制措施. 2002.家畜生态. 23(3): 62-63.
赵宗胜,贺庆国,曹志辉,陆良,李明强. 2001.荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为观察.中国奶牛. 2: 36-38.
郑兴涛,王柏林,魏海军,常忠娟. 2003.浅谈选育梅花鹿和马鹿繁殖速度及其应用.经济动物学报. 7(1): 18-20.
邹方东,张义正,杨楠,岳碧松. 2004.林麝、马麝及梅花鹿活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列的克隆和分析.动物学杂志. 39(3): 22-27.
Alexander, G., Stevens, D., Kilgour, R., de Langen, H., Mottersheda, B.E., Lynch, J.J. 1983. Separation of ewes from twin lambs: incidence in several sheep breeds. Applied animal ethology. 10: 301-307.
Altman, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour. 4: (49): 227-267.
Anderson, U.S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M.A., Mapple, T. 2002. Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behaviour in petting zoo animal. Journal of applied animal welfare science. 5(2): 125-137.
Birke, L. 2002. Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive Orang Utans. Animal welfare. 11(2): 189-202.
Borkowski, J., Furubayashi, K. 1998. Seasonal and diet variation in group size among Japanese sika deer in different habitats. Journal of zoology. 245: 29-34.
Brown, J.S., Kotler, B.P., Smith, R.J., Wirtz. W.I. 1988. The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents. Oecologia. 76: 408-415.
Carlstead, K., Shepherdson, D. 1994. Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction. Zoo biology. 13: 447-458.
Chamove, A.S., Hosey, G.R., Schaetzel, P. 1998. Visitors excite primates in zoos. Zoo biology. 7: 59-69.
Davey, G., Henzi, P. 2004. Visitor circulation and nonhuman animal welfare: an overlooked variable? Journal applied animal welfare science. 7(4): 243-251.
Davis, N., Schaffner, C.M., Smith, T.E. 2005. Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris). Applied animal behaviour science. 90: 131-141.
Dawkin, M.S. 2006. A user’s guide to animal welfare science. Trends in ecology & evolution. 21(2): 77-82.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, B.A. 2005.A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of hill and lowland breeds of sheep that favor lamb survival. Applied animal behaviour science. 92: 235-260.
Fairbanks, L.A., Pereira, M.E. 2002. Family, friends, and the evolution of childhood. In: Fairbanks LA , Pereira ME ed. Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and behavior. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, vii - xxiii.
Foreword. 2005. Genetic and behaviour. Livestock production science. 93: 1-2.
Grandinson, K. 2005. Genetic background of maternal behaviour and its relation to offspring survival. Livestock production science. 93: 43-50.
Hannaford, J., Pinn, E.H., Diaz, A. 2006. The impact of sika deer grazing on the vegetation and infauna of Arne saltmarsh. Marine pollution bulletin. 53: 56-62
Hosey, G.R. 2005. How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates? Applied animal behaviour science. 90: 107-129.
Hosey, G.R., Druck, P.L. 1987. The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates. Applied animal behaviour science. 18: 19-29.
Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B. 1993. Responses of bank voles to the odours of seven species of predators: experimental data and their relevance to natural predator-vole relationships. Oikos. 68: 251-257.
Jiang, Z.G. 2004. Animal Behavior Principles and Species Conservation methods. Beijing: Science Press( in Chinese).
Kilgour, R.J. 1998. Arena behaviour is possible selection criterion for lamb rearing ability: it can be measured in young rams and ewes. Applied animal behaviour science. 57: 81-89.
Kotler, B.P., Brown, J.S., Hasson, O. 1991. The specter of predation: factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation. Ecology. 72: 2249-2260.
Mann, J.C.E., Putman, R.J. 1989. Patterns of habitat use and activity in British populations of sika deer of contrasting environments. Acta Theriologica. 35 (5): 83-96.
Marchant-Forde, J.N., Marchant-Forde, R.M., Weary, D.M. 2002. Responses of dairy cows and calves to each other’s vocalizations after early separation. Applied animal behaviour science. 78: 19-28.
Margulis, S.W., Hoyos, C., Anderson, M. 2003. Effects of felid activity on zoo visitor interest. Zoo biology. 22: 587-599.
Mitchell-Jones, T. 1997. Deer management and woodland conservation in . English Nature, Peterborough, UK.
Nagy, K.A. 1994. Field bioenergetic of mammals: What determined field metabolic rates. Journal of zoology. 42: 43-53.
O’Donovan, D., Hindle, J.E., McKeown, S., O’DONOVAN, S. 1992. Effects of visitors on the behavior of female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and cubs. International zoo Yea-Book, 32: 238-244.
Parry-Jones, R., Wu, J.Y. 2001. Musk Deer Farming as Conservation Tool in China Traffic, East Asia .
Putman, R.J. 1981. Social systems of deer: a speculative review. Deer, 5: 186-188.
Randall, J.A., Boltas, D.K. 2001. Assessment and defence of solitary kangaroo rats under risk of predation by snakes. Animal behaviour. 61: 579-587.
Recart,e J.M., Vincent, J.P., Hewison, A.J.M. 1998. Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer. Behaviour process. 44: 65-72.
Rodrigues, M.J., da Costa, P., Albuquerque, L.G., Eler, J.P., Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos Silva. 2006. Sucking behaviour of Nelore, Gir and Caracu calves and their crosses. Applied animal behaviour science. 101: 276-287.
Sellinger, R.L., James, C.H. 2005. The effects of visitor density and intensity on the behavior of two captive jaguars (Panthera onca). Journal applied animal welfare science. 8(4): 233-244.
Skyner, L.J., Amory, J.R., Hosey, G. 2004. The effects of visitors on the self-injurious behaviour of a male pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus). Deer zoologishche Garten(N.F.). 74: 38-41.
Wells, D.L. 2005. A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Applied animal behavior science. 93: 13-17.
艾尼瓦尔.铁木尔,古丽司玛衣,帕提古丽. 1999.人工条件下麋鹿活动时间分配及行为的初步研究.新疆大学学报. 16(4): 78-81.
白秀娟,白庆余,王树宏. 1996.论梅花鹿野外种群的保护与利用.野生动物. 4: 10-11.
陈化鹏,吴建平,张明海.黑龙江省马鹿.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社.1997.
杜卫国,盛和林. 1997.圈养林麝幼仔的时间分配和行为发育.兽类学报. 17(4): 253-258.
杜卫国,盛和林. 1998.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究.兽类学报. 18(1): 21-26.
郭延蜀,郑慧珍. 2005.四川梅花鹿生命表和种群增长率的研究.兽类学报. 25(2): 150-155.
郭延蜀. 2000.四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查.兽类学报. 20(2): 81-87.关玉成. 2001.仔马鹿行为特性观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医. 7: 34.
韩联宪,刘尚莲,梁惠媚,杨秀熙,杨光姒. 1999.圈养黄麂春季行为及活动规律的初步观察. 19(3): 192-195.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
胡锦矗. 1994.天府奇兽.成都:四川科学技术出版社. 62-64。
何利军,丁由中,王小明,夏述忠. 2001.半圈养条件下白唇鹿行为时间分配及活动规律的研究.生态学杂志. 20(2): 27-29.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
蒋志刚主编. 2004.动物行为原理与物种保护方法.科学出版社.
李长生,王喜萍,马丽娟. 2001.梅花鹿茸角生长规律与体内激素关系的研究进展.中国草食动物. 8: 11-13.
李春旺,蒋志刚,曾岩,等. 2003.雄性麋鹿的交配机会、社会等级和皮质醇水平.动物学报. 49(5): 566-570.
李春旺,蒋志刚,曾岩,闫彩娥. 2005.不同密度和不同发情期时段中雄性麋鹿的繁殖对策.生物多样性. 13(5): 424-431.
李和平. 2001.中国茸鹿品种(品系)的生态种特征.东北林业大学学报. 29(5): 52-57.
李顺才. 2004.中国人工选育茸用鹿品种(品系)的种质特性.畜牧与饲料科学. 4: 23-26.
李艳之. 2004.梅花鹿繁殖母鹿的饲养管理.吉林畜牧兽医. 10: 44.
李忠宽,张晓明. 2002.动物生态学原理(第三版).北京师范大学出版社.
林忠,徐宏发,盛和林. 1995.林麝妊娠期和哺乳期的能量代谢特征.兽类学报. 15(2): 98-105.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,孟智斌,华星. 2006.野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝行为格局的比较.应用生态学报. 17(11): 2084-2087.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发. 2007.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别.动物学研究. 28(2): 149-154.
潘庆杰,刘焕奇,徐德武,初振辉,姜胜,王集祥. 1999.梅花鹿幼鹿人工培育技术的研究.经济动物学报. 3(4): 24-27.
尚玉昌. 2001.行为生态学.北京:北京大学出版社.
邵伟庚,金煜,肖向红,马立新,靳玉文. 2003.梅花鹿品种(品系)鉴定的分子生物学策略.东北林业大学学报. 31(4): 33-38.
盛和林,曹克清,李文军. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
盛和林. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
石强,钟林生,汪晓菲. 2004.旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园植物的影响.植物生态学报. 28(1): 107-113.
王柏林,李景隆,魏吉明,李春雨,杨立祥,罗剑通. 2005.西丰梅花鹿品种选育研究和推广效果.经济动物学报. 9(1): 14-20.
王峰,金顺丹,高秀华,杨福合,王平,郝福昌. 1998.饲料能量浓度与蛋白质水平对梅花鹿生长的影响.兽类学报. 18(1): 71-73.
王小明,应韶荃,夏述忠,金慧宇. 2002.半圈养条件下秋冬季水鹿行为时间分配的研究.动物学杂志. 35(2): 50-53.
王岐山. 1990.安徽兽类志.合肥:安徽科技出版社.
吴海龙,江浩,吴治安. 2002.圈养条件下黑麂行为初步观察.四川动物. 21(1): 15-18.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6(2): 87-911.
杨代金. 2002.梅花仔鹿的管理技术.河北畜牧兽医. 18(8): 39.
杨旭煜,李如嘉,程励,刘生建,熊跃武. 2006.四川唐家河国家自然保护区生态旅游发展战略研究.四川动物. 25(1): 72-75.
臧强,赵亚军,李保明,施正香,韩晶. 2005.夏季舍饲散养环境下三个发育期小尾寒羊的行为差异.动物学研究. 26(3): 279-286.
郑兴涛,王柏林,魏海军,常忠娟. 2003.浅谈选育梅花鹿和马鹿繁殖速度及其应用.经济动物学报. 7(1): 18-20.
张爱忠,姜宁,丁翠华. 1995.东北马鹿配种期的行为与管理.家畜生态. 1995, 16(3): 22.
Anderson, J.D., Rodney, L., Honeycutt., R.A., Gonzales., Kenneth, L.G., Loren, C.S., Rachel, L.G., Dierdre, A., Honeycutt., Randy, W.D. 2002. Development of microsatellite DNA markers for the automated genetic characterization of white-tailed deer populations. Journal of wildlife management. 66(1): 67-74.
Barde, Y.A., Edger, D. 1982. Thoenen H. Pruification of a new neruotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBOJ. 1(5): 549.
Belyaev, D.K. 1979. Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. Journal of heredity. 70(5): 301-308.
Belyaev, D.K., Borodin, P.M. 1982. The influence of stress on variation and its role in evolution. Biology zentblish. 100: 705.
Blake, A.D., Bot, G., Freeman J.C., Reisine, T. 1997. Differential opioid agonist regulation of the mouseμopioid receptor. The American society fro biochemistry and molecular biology. 272(2): 782-790.
Bonnet, A., Thevenon, S., Maudet, F., Maillard, J.C., 2002. Efficiency of semi - automated fluorescent multiplex PCR with 11 microsatellite markers for genetic studies of deer population. Animal genetics. 33(5): 343-350.
Bostein, D. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage maps in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism. American journal human genetic. 32: 314-331.
Broders, H.G., Mahoney, S.P., Montevecchi, W.A., Davidson, W.S. 1999. Population genetic structure and the effect of found events on the genetic variability of moose, Alcesalces, in Canada. Molecular ecology. 8( 8): 1309-1315.
Carlstead, K., Shepherdson, D. 1994. Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction. Zoo biology. 13: 447-458.
Chen, H.S., Chen, H.F., Huan, G.A.M., et al. 2005. Exercise up regulated rat hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor in a time and intensity dependent Manner. 19(4): 2331-2338.
Chen, Y., Mestek, A., Liu, J., Hurley J.A., Yu., L. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a mu opioid receptor from rat brain. Molecular pharmacology. 44(1): 8-12.
Cote, S.D., Dallas, J.F., Marshall, F., Irvine, R.J., Langvatn, R., Albon, S.D. 2002.Microsatellite DNA evidence for genetic drift and philopatry in Svalbard reindeer. Molecular ecology. 11(10): 1923-1930.
Coulson, T.N., Pemberton, J.M., Albon, S.D., Beaumont, M., Marshall, T.C., Salte, J., Guinness, F.E., Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1998. Microsatelliets reveal heterosis in red deer. Process research society london biology science. 265: 489-495.
Cronin, M.A., Patton, J.C., Balmysheva, N., Macneil, M.C. 2003. Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer. International society for animal genetics. Animal genetics. 34(1): 33-41.
DeYoung, R.W., Demarais, S., Honeycutt, R.L., Roonry, A.P., Gonzales, R.A., Gee, K.L. 2003. Genetic consequences of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) restoration in Mississippi. Molecular ecology. 12(12): 3237-3252.
Durany, N., Thome, J. 2004. Neurotrophic factors and the pathophysiology of schizophrenic psychoses Europe psychiatry. 19(6): 326-337.
Evans, C.J., Keith, D.E., Morrison, H., Magendzo, K., Edwards R.H. 1992. Cloning of delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science. 258(5090): 1952-1955.
Franklin, T.B., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2006. Sex and ovarian steroids modulate brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in rat hippocampus under stressful and non-stressful conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31: 38-48.
Gilbert, P.E., Martin, W.R. 1976. The effect of morphine and nalorphine like drugs in the nondependent, morphine dependent and cycla zocine dependent chronic spinal dog. Journal of pharmacology experiment theory. 198(1): 66-82.
Gobbo, O.L., O’Mara, S.M. 2005. Exercise, but not environmental enrichment, improves learning after kainic acid induced hippocampal neurode generation in association with an increase in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Behavioural brain research. 159(1): 21-26.
Goddard, K.A.B, Hopkins, P.J., Hall, J.M., Witte, J.S. 2000. Linkage disequilibrium and allele-frequency distributions for 114 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in five populations. American journal humane genetic. 66(1): 216-234.
Grandin, T. 1998. Genetics and the behaviour of domestic animals. Academic press. 319-343.
Hall, J., Thomas, K.L., Everittb, B.J. 2000. Rapid and selective induction of BDNFexpression in the hippocampus during contextual learning. Nature neuroscience. 3: 533-555.
Hayashi, K. 1992. PCR-SSCP: A method for detection of mutation. GATA. 9(3): 73-79.
Helga, O.S., Istvab, B., Shu, Z.K., et al. 2005. The effects of moderate, strenuous and over training on oxidative stress markers, DNA repair, and memory, in rat brain. Neurochemistry. 46: 635-640.
Hoshino, S., Kimura, A., Fukuda, Y., et al. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymorphism in DPA1 and DPB1 genes: a simple, economical, and rapid method for histocompatibility testing. Humane immunology. 33(2): 98-107.
Kauppinen, R. 1992. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis applied to the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Molecular cell probes. 6(6): 527-530.
Kuehn, R., Haller, H., Schroeder, H., 2004. Genetic roots of the red deer population in eastern switzerland. Journal of heredity. 95(2): 136-143.
Kuhn, R., Anastassiadis, C., Pirchner, F. 1996. Transfer of bovine microsatellites to the corvine. Animal genetics. 27: 199-201.
Leibrock, J., Lottspeich, H., Hohn, A., Gohn, A., Hofer, M., Hengerer, B., Masiakowski, P., Thoenen, H., Barde, Y.A. 1989. Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature. 341:149-152.
M Galan, J.F., Cosson, J. 2003. Cross-amplification tests of ungulate primers in roe deer to develop a multiplex panel of 12 microsatellite loci. Molecular ecology notes. 3: 142-146.
Ma, Y.L., Wang, H.L., Wu, H.C., Wei, C.L., Lee, E.H. 1998. Brain derived neurotrophic factor antisense oligonucleotide impairs memory retention and inhibits long term potentiation. Neuroscience. 82(2): 957-967.
Mahmut, H., Ganzorig, S., Onuma, M., Masuda, R., Suzuki, M., Ohtaishi, N. 2001. A preliminary study of the genetic diversity of Xinjiang Tarim red deer using the microsatellite DNA method. Japan journal of vertinary research. 49(3): 232-237.
Mamounas, L.A., Blue, M.E., Siuciak, J.A., Anthony, A.C. 1995. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons inthe mouse brain. Journal neuroscience. 15(12): 7929-7939.
Mansour, A., Fox, C.A., Burke, S., Meng, F., Thompson, R.C., Akil, H., Watson, S.J. 1994. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat: aninsituhy bridization study. The journal of comparative neurology. 350(3): 412-438.
Neves-Pereira, M., Mundo, E., Muglia, P., King, N., Macciardi, F. and Kennedy, J.L. 2002. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Journal humane genetic. 71(3): 651-655.
Martinez, J.G., Carranza, J., Fernandez-Garcia, J.L., Sanchez-Prieto C.B., 2002. Genetic variation of red deer populations under hunting exploitation in southwestern Spain. Journal of wildlife management. 66( 4): 1273-1282.
Mashood, R., Wrigt, L.D., Hébert, W.K., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2008. Invertigation of sex differences in behavioural, endocrine, and neural measures following repeated psychological stressor exposure. Behavioural brain research. 188(2): 368-379.
Meng, F., Xie, G.X., Thompson, R.C., et al. 1993. Cloning and pharmaco logical characterization of rat K opioid receptor. Process natural academic science. 90(20): 9954-9958.
Minami, M., Toya, T., Katao, Y., et al. 1993. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the ratκ-opioid receptor. FEBS Letter. 329: 291.
Mizuno, M., Yamada, K., Olariu, A., Nawa, H., Nabeshima, T. 2000. Involvement of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spatial memory formation and maintenance in a radial arm maze test in rats. Journal of neuroscience. 20: 7116-7121.
Nacmias, B., Piccini, C., Bagnoli, S. 2004. Brain-derived neurot rophic factor , apolipoprotein genetic variants and cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience letter. 367-379.
Nei, M. 1977. F-statistic and analysis of gene diversity in subdivided population. Anneal human genetic. 41: 225-233.
Nibuya, M., Morinobu, S., Duman, R.S. 1995. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. Journal neuroscience. 15(11): 7539-7547.
Noumi, T., Mosher, M.E., Natori, S., Futai, M., Kanazawa, H. 1984. A phenylalaninefor serine substitution in the beta subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase affects dependence of its activity on divalent cations. Journal biology chemistry. 259(16): 10071-10075.
Nussbaum, R.L., Ellis, C.E. 2003. Genomic medicine: Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. New England journal medical. 348: 1356.
Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K., Sekiya, T. 1989. Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Process natural academic science. USA. 86(8): 2766-2770.
Orita, M., Suzuki, Y., Sekiya, T., Hayashi, K. 1989. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction. Genomics. 5(4): 874-879.
Pemberton, J.M., Slate, J., Bancroft, D.R., Barrett, J.A. 1995. Non-amplifying alleles at microsatellite loci: a caution for parentage and population studies. Molecular ecology. 4(2): 249-252.
Pépin, L., Amigues, Y., Lépingle, A., Berthier, J.L., Bensaid, A., Vaiman, D. 1995. Sequence conservation of microsatellites between Bos taurus(cattle), Capra hircus(goat) and related species. Heredity. 74: 53-61.
Perez, T., Albornoz, J., Dominguez, A. 2000. A panel of cattle microsatellites suitable as markers in chamois. Animal Genetics. 31: 333-346.
Poetsch, M., Seefeldt, S., Maschkem. 2001. Analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer-possible employment in forensic applications. Forensic science international. 116: 1-8.
Polziehn, R.O., Hamr, J., Mallory, F.F., Strobeck, C. 2000. Microsatellite analysis of north American wapiti (Cervuselaphus) populations. Molecular ecology. 9(10): 1561-1576.
Rage, F., Givalois, L., Marmig?re, F., Tapic-Arancibia, L., Arancibia, S. 2002. Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats. Neuroscience. 112: 309-318.
Roed, K.H., Midthjell, L. 1998. Microsatellites in reindeer , Rangifer tarandus , and their use in other cervids. Molecular Ecology. 7: 1773-1776.
Saito, M., Ehringer, M., Toth, R., Oros, M., Szakall, I., Sikela, J.M., Vadasz, C. 2003. Variants of kappa2opioid receptor gene and mRNA in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-avoiding mice. Alcohol. 29(1): 39-49.
Schaaf, M.J., De Kloet, E.R., Vreugdenhil, E. 2000. Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Implications for memory formation. Stress. 3: 201-208.
Shoshana,V.Y., Zhe, Y.G., Fernando, G.M. 2004. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience. 20(10): 2580-2586.
Siuciak, J.A., Altar, C.A., Wiegand, S.J., Lindsay, R.M. 1994. Antinoceptive effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Brain research. 633(1-2): 326-330.
Siuciak, J.A., Boylan, C., Fritsche, M., Altar, C.A., Lindsay, R.M. 1996. BDNF increases monoaminergic activity in rat brain following intracerebroventricular or intraparenchymal administration. Brain research. 710(1-2): 11-20.
Sklar, P., Gabriel, S.B., McInnis, M.G., Bennett, P., Lim, Y-M., Tsan, G., Schaffner, S., Kirov, G., Jones, I., Owen, M., Craddock, N., DePaulo, J.R., Lander, E.S. 2002. Family based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Molecular psychiatry. 7(6): 579-593.
Slate, J., Coltman, D.W., Goodman, S.J., Maclean, I., Pemberton, J.M., Williams, J.L. 1998. Cattle microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer Cervus elaphus, sika deer Cervus nippon and Soay sheep Ovis aries. Animal genetics. 29: 307-315.
Slate, J., Tracey, C., Stijn, V., Rayna, M., Anderson, K., Mary, McEwan., Nauman, J., Maqbool, Helen, C., Mathias, M.J., Bixley, D.R., Stevens., Adrian, J., Molenaar, J.E., Beever, S.M., Galloway., Michael, L., 2002. A Deer (Subfamily Cervinae) Genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes. Genetics. 160: 1587-1597.
Slate, J.P.M., Visscher, S., Mac, Gregor. 2002. A genome scan quantitative trait loci in a wild popolation of red deer. Genetics. 162: 1863-1873.
Smith, M.A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., Post, R.M.. 1995. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3mRNAs in the hippocampus. Journal neuroscience. 15(3): 1768-1777.
Talbot, J., Haigh, J., Plannte, Y. 1996. A parentage evaluation test in North American elk (Wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin. Animal genetics. 27 (2): 117-119.
Thévenon, S., Thuy, L.T., Ly, L.V., Maudet, F., Bonnet, A.P., Jarne., Maillard, J.C. 2004. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity of the vietnamese sika deer. The journal of heredity. 95(1): 11-18.
Murua, V.S., Gomez, R.A., Andrea, M.E., Molina, V.A. 1991. Shottle-box dejicits induced by chronic variable stress: reversal by imipramine administration. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour. 38: 125-130.
Von Borell, E., Hurnik, J.F. 1991. The effect of haloperidol on the performance of stereotyped behavior in sows. Life science. 49(4): 309-314.
Wang, J.N., Zhang, D.C. 2003. Research on the opioid receptor gene knock out mice. Chinese journal of clinical neurosciences. 11(2): 185-187.
Williams, C.L., Serfass, T.L., Cogan, R., Rhodes, O.E. 2002. Microsatellite variation in the reintroduced Pennsylvaniaelk herd. Molecular ecology. 11 (8): 1299-1310.
Wittert, G., Hope, P., Pyle, D. 1996. Tissue distribution of opioid receptor gene expression in the rat. Biochemistry biophysic research communication. 218(3): 877-881.
Wright, S. 1978. The relationship of livstock breeding to theories of evolution. Journal of animal science. 46(5): 1192-1200.
Xie, G.X., Meng, F., Mansour, A. 1994. Primary structure and functional expression of a guines pigκopioid receptor. Process natural academic science. USA. 91: 37-79.
XU, Y.C., PAN, Z.C., XU, Z.R. 2001. Status of microsatellites as genetic markers in cervids. Journal of forestry research. 12(1): 55-58.
Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.J., et al. 1997. Apotentand selectiveen dog enousagonist for the lopiate receptor. Nature. 386(6579): 499-502.
Zhang, R.M., Feng, Z.T., Zhang, L.Q. 1999. Clinical and treatment of opiates such as heroin dependence. Taiyuan: Shangxi science and technology press. 28-46.
曹岩峰. 2007.六个微卫星座位的遗传变异与牛乳中体细胞数的相关系研究.吉林农业大学硕士学位论文.
陈旭. 2007.微卫星标记与猪部分肉质性状相关分析.湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.
杜立新. 2003.关于中国地方畜禽品种的评价与保护的若干思考.中国畜牧兽医. 30(2): 3-5.
额日很宝力格. 2006.不同品种马Mu阿片受体基因多态性研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士论文.
郭春丽. 2007.辽宁新品系绒山羊微卫星标记与经济性状相关关系的研究.辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文.
郭延蜀,郑惠珍. 2000.中国梅花鹿地史分布、种和亚种的划分及演化历史.兽类学报. 20: 168-179.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
姜运良,李宁. 2000.影响PCR-SSCP的因素分析.农业生物技术学报. 8(3): 245-247.
康丽,朱庆. 2008.微卫星座位与丝羽乌骨鸡蛋用系开产性状相关分析.遗传. 30(2): 203-208.
李国华. 2001.奶牛抗乳房炎性状候选基因的分析.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
李剑虹,崔卫国,包军. 2003.猪Mu阿片受体基因外显子Ⅲ单核苷酸多态性.遗传学报. 30(1): 30-34.
李剑虹,崔卫国,王宇,包军. 2004.猪Kappa阿片受体基因(Kappa opiold receptor KOR)外显子(Exon)部分序列单核苷酸多态性分析.遗传学报. 31(12): 1369-1374.
李剑虹,王宇,崔卫国,包军. 2004.猪Mu阿片受体基因单核苷酸多态性(Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)分析.遗传. 26(1): 45-49.
李英. 1998.小尾寒羊和内蒙古细毛羊杂交一代羔羊育肥试验.内蒙古农牧学院学报. (2): 124-126.
刘根义. 1995.小尾寒羊在东胜地区最佳育肥期的研究.中国畜牧杂志.(6): 36-38.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘佳建,李奎,彭中镇. 1998.甘油浓度对PCR-SSCP分辨效果的影响.生物技术通讯. 2: 160-161.
刘敏,凌四海,李文标,王传跃,陈大方,王刚. 2007. BDNF, GRIN1基因与双相情感障碍的关联研究.遗传. 29(1): 41-46.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
鲁绍雄,吴常信. 2000.动物育种方法的回顾与展望.国外畜牧科技. 27(1): 24-28.
马月辉. 1995.同羊与小尾寒羊杂交效果研究.中国畜牧杂志. (5): 10-12.
孟爱民,刘景生. 2002.阿片受体功能研究进展.中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志. 9(3):180-182
沙莎. 2006.绵羊微卫星标记与部分毛用性状关系的研究.新疆农业职业技术学院学报. 3: 43-47.
盛志廉,陈瑶生. 1999.数量遗传学.北京:科学出版社.
树清. 1994.杂种肉羔产肉性能及肉品营养成分分析.中国养羊. (3): 38-43.
万秀斌. 2002.神经肽与神经营养因子.北京:人民卫生出版社.
邢秀梅,杨福合,苏伟林,雍朝万,蒋晓明,李秋艳. 2002.新疆马鹿血液蛋白多态性研究.特产研究. 24(3): 1-3.
邢秀梅. 2006.中国茸鹿遗传多样性研究.中国农业科学研究院博士学位论文.
徐丹,李力燕,张洪钿,王廷华. 2007. BDNF前体蛋白在成年恒河猴中枢神经系统中的分布. 23(6): 591-598.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6: 87-91.
于波,卢立志,王冬蕾,袁青研,沈军达,陶争荣,王得前,陈国宏. 2008.微卫星标记与北京鸭产蛋性能的关系研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医. 2: 45-45。
袁国伟,席继峰,郭庆河,袁其彬,钟灵,彭林泽,曾献存,贾彬. 2008.塔里木
马鹿微卫星遗传多样性与产茸量的相关性研究.经济动物学报. 12(1): 6-12.
苑洁. 2005.梅花鹿微卫星座位的筛选与遗传特征的初步评价.东北林业大学硕士论文.
张琼,吉亚杰,曾志高,宋延龄,张德兴. 2005.用于海南坡鹿遗传多样性研究的多态性微卫星DNA标记.动物学报. 51(3): 530-534.
张苏云,席继锋,哈孜,居马汉,贾斌. 2005.鹿微卫星遗传分析的研究现状.草食家畜. 2: 30-33.
赵春江. 1997.牛乳蛋白基因多态性性分子遗传学基础的研究.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
赵艳,廖和荣,张成先,李应生. 2008.利用微卫星DNA多态性预测鸡的杂种优势.畜禽业. 226: 23-26
周华东,唐明山,邓娟,高长越. 2008. BDNF基因多态性与绝经后妇女认知功能障碍关系的研究.重庆医学. 37(2): 126-128.
周家秀,郭兰婷,黄雪竹,吴康敏,王英成,张芳蓉,季卫东,黄晓琦. 2007. BDNF基因二核苷酸多态性与儿童孤独症的关系.中国妇幼保健. 2: 1483-1485.
朱景瑞主编. 1995.家畜行为学.北京:中国农业出版社.
邹方东. 2005.林麝(Moschus berezovskii)细胞遗传学及分子标记微卫星的研究.四川大学博士学位论文.
Andersen, I.J., Berg, S., B?e, K.E. 2005. Crushing of piglets by the mother sow-purely accident or a poor mother. Applied animal behaviour science. 93: 229-243.
Andersen, I.L., Berg, S., B?e, K.E., Ewards, S. 2006. Positive handling in late pregnancy and the consequences for maternal behaviour and production in sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 99: 64-76.
Ashwell, M.S., Rexroad, CE Jr., Miller, R.H., Van Raden, P.M. 1996. Mapping economic trait loci for somatic cell score in Holstein cattle using microsatellite markers and selective genotyping. Animal genetics. 27(4): 235-242.
Barde, Y.A., Edger, D., Thoenen, H. 1982. Pruification of a new neruotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBOJ. 1(5): 549-559.
Blake, A.D., Bot, G., Freeman J.C., Reisine, T. 1997. Differential opioid agonist regulation of the mouseμopioid receptor. The American society fro biochemistry and molecular biology. 272(2): 782-790.
Boissy, A., Le Neindre, P., Orgeur, P. 1996. Genetic variability of psychobiological reactivity in lambs reared under open-range management. Proceeding of the 30th international congress of the. ISAE. 17: 59.
Botstein, D., White, R.L., Skolnick, M., Davis, R.W. 1980. Construction of genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism. American journal of human genetics. 32: 314-331.
Breen, M., Downs, P., Irvin, Z., Bellk. 1994. Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewaskii). Animal genetics. 25(6): 401-405.
Brown, W.G. 1974. Some aspects of beef cattle behavior as related to productivity. Dissertation abstract. International B. 34: 1805.
Buddenberg, B.I., Brown, C.J., Johnson, Z.B., Honea, R.S. 1986. Maternal behavior of beef cows at parturition. American society of animal science. 62: 42-46.
Buitenhuis A.J., Rodenburg, T.B., Siwek, M. 2005. Quantitative trait loci for behavioraltraits in chickens. Livestock production science. 93: 95-103.
Carlson, C.S., Eberle, M.A., Rieder, M.J., Smith, J.D., Kruglyak, L., Nickerson, D.A. 2003. Additional SNPs and inkage-disequilibrum analysis are necessary for whole genome association studies in human. Nature genetics. 33: 518-521.
Chen, Y., Mestek, A., Liu, J., Hurley J.A., Yu., L. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a mu opioid receptor from rat brain. Molecular pharmacology. 44(1): 8-12.
Cheng, H.H., Crittenden, L.B. 1994. Microsatellite markers for genetic mapping in the chicken. Poultry science. 73(4): 539-546.
Cheng, H.H., Levin, I., Vallejo, R.L., Khatib, H., Dodgson, J.B., Crittenden, L.B., Hillel, J. 1995. Development of a genetic map of the chicken with markers of high utility. Poultry science. 74(11): 1855-1874.
Chiang, C.H., Johnson, R.K., Nielsen, M.K. 2002. Selection for maternal behaviour in mice-direct and correlated responses. Applied animal behaviour science. 79: 311-323.
Crooijmans, R.P., Groen, A.F., Van Kampen, A.J., Van der Beek, S., Van der Poel, J.J., Groenen, M.A. 1996. Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial broiler and layer lines estimated using pooled blood samples. Poultry science. 75(7): 904-909.
Duman, R.S., Monteggia, L.M. 2006. A neruotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biology psychiatry. 59: 116-1127.
Dwyer, C.M. 2003. Behavioural development in the neonatal lamb: effect of maternal and birth-related factors. Theriogenology. 59: 1027-1050.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, A.B. 1998. Variability in the expression of maternal behaviour in primiparous sheep: effects of genotype and litter size. Applied animal behaviour science. 58: 311-330.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, B.A. 2005. A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of hill and lowland breeds of sheep that favor lamb survival. Applied animal behaviour science. 92: 235-260.
Edwards, A., Malkin, S.J., Spechter, H.H. 1986. An analysis of piglet mortality with behavioural observation. Animal production science. 42: 470-477.
Edwards, S.A. 2001. Perinatal mortality in the pig: environmental or physiologicalsolution. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Budapest, 26-29 August.
Eler, J.P., Lobo, R.B., Rosa, A.N. 1989. Influence de fatores genetic in meio bovines da raca nelore criados no Estado des Sao Paulo. Rev. Soc. Braz. Zootec. 18: 103-111.
Epplen, J.T., Maueler, W., Santos, E.J. 1998. On GATAGATA and other“junk”in the barren stretch of genomic desert.Cytogenet cell genet. 80(1-4): 75-82.
Evans, C.J., Keith, D.E., Morrison, H., Magendzo, K., Edwards R.H. 1992. Cloning of delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science. 258(5090): 1952-1955.
Everett-Hincks J., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Blair, H., Stafford, K. 2005. The effect of ewe maternal behaviour score on lamb and litter survival. Livestock production science. 93: 51-61.
Fisher, A.D., Morris, C.A., Matthews, L.R., et al. 2001. Handing and stress response traits in cattle identification of putative genetic markers. Prodeeding of the 35th international congress of ISAE center for animal welfare UC. Davis, P.100.
Forde, J.N.M. 2002. Piglet and stockperson directed sow aggression after farrowing and the relationship with a prefarrowing, human approach test. Applied animal behaviour science. 75: 115-132.
Foreword. 2005. Genetic and behaviour. Livestock production science. 93: 1-2.
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., Meaney, M.J. 1999. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science. 286: 1155–1158.
Francis, D., Meaney, M.J. 1999. Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Current opinion neurobiology. 9: 128-134.
Franklin, T.B., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2006. Sex and ovarian steroids modulate brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in rat hippocampus under stressful and non-stressful conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31: 38-48.
Gauly, M., Mathiak, H., Hoffmann, K., Kraus, M., Erhardt, G. 2001. Estimating genetic variability in temperamental traits in German angus and simmental cattle. Aplpplied animal behaviour science. 74:109-119.
Georges, M., Nielsen, S., Mackinnon, M., Mishra, A., Okimoto, R., Pasquino, A.T., Sargeant, L.S., Sorensen, A., Steele, M.R., Zhao, X. 1994. Using a completemicrosatellite map and the grand-daughter design to locate polygenes controlling milk production. Animal biotechnology. 5(2): 219-224.
Gilbert, P.E., Martin, W.R. 1976. The effect of morphine and nalorphine like drugs in the nondependent, morphine dependent and cycla zocine dependent chronic spinal dog. Journal pharmacology experiment therogy. 198(1): 66-82.
Grandinson, K. 2005. Genetic background of maternal behaviour and its relation to off-spring survival. Livestock production science. 93: 43-50.
Grandinson, K., Lund, M.S., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E. 2002. Genetic parameters for the piglet mortality traits crushing, stillbirth and total mortality, and their relation to birth weight. Acta agriculture scandinavica, Section Animal science. 52: 167-173.
Grandinson, K., Rydhmer, L., Strandberg, E., Thodberg, K. 2003. Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows. Livestock production science. 83: 141-151.
Greenspan, R.J., Fervour, J.F. 2000. Courtship in Drosophila. Anna review genetic. 24: 205-232.
Groenen, M.A.M., Cheng, H.H., Bumstead, N., Benkel, B.F., Briles, W.E., Burke, T., Burt, D.W., Crittenden, L.B., Dodgson, J., Hillel, J., Lamont, S., Leon, A.P., Soller, M., Takahashi, H., Vignal, A. 2000. A consensus linkage map of the chicken genome. Genome research. 10: 137-147.
Groenen, M.A.M., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Dijkhof, R.J.M., Acar, R., Van der Poel, J.J. 1999. Extending the chicken-human comparative map by placing 15 genes on the chicken linkage map. Animal genetics. 30(6): 418-422.
Groenen, M.A.M., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Veenandaal, A., Cheng, H.H., Siwek, M., Van der Poel, J.J. 1998. A comprehensive microsatellite linkage map of the chicken genome. Genomics. 49(2): 265-274.
Groenen, M.A.M., Ruyter, D., Verstege, E.J. 1995. Development and mapping of ten porcine microsatellite markers. Animal genetics. 26(2): 115-118.
Hare, B., Brown, M., Williamson, C., Williamson, C., Tomasello, M. 2002. The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science. 298(5598): 1634-1636.
Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Coleman, G.J., Hansen, C. 1989. A study of therelationships between the attitudinal and behavioural profiles of stockpersons and the level of fear of humans and the reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied animal behaviour science. 23: 301-314.
Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L., Treacy, D., Madgwick, P. 1990. The heritability of the trait fear of humans and the association between this trait and subsequent reproductive performance in gilts. Applied animal behaviour science. 25: 85-95.
Hemsworth, P.H., Coleman, G.J. 1998. Human-Livestock Interactions: The stockperson and the productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Hoffman, H.A., Fernald, R.D. 2000. Social status controls somatostain neurons size and growth. Journal of neruroscience. 20: 4740-4744.
Janczak, A.M., Pedersen, L.J., Rydhmer, L., Bakken, M. 2003. Relation between early fear-and anxiety-related behaviour and maternal ability in sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 82: 121-135.
Taanman, J.W. 1999. The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication. Biochimistry biophysica acta. 1410(2):103-123.
Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Thein, S.L. 1985. Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA. Nature. 314: 67-73.
Jensen P. 2006. Domestication–from behhaviour to genes and back again. Applied animal behaviour science. 97: 3-15.
Jensen, P. 1998. Maternal behaviour of free-ranging domestic pigs. I. Results of a 3-year study. Report 22 Swedish University of Agriculture Science, pp. 56.
Kerje, S., Carlborg,ō., Jacobsson, L., Schutz, K., Hartmann, C., Jensen, P., Andersson, L. 2003. The twofold difference in adult size between the red junglefowl and white Leghorn chickens is largely explained by a limited number of QTLs. Animal genetic. 34: 264-274.
Kilgour, R.J. 1998. Arena behaviour is possible selection criterion for lamb rearing ability: it can be measured in young rams and ewes. Applied animal behaviour science. 57: 81-89.
Kj?r, J.B. 1995. Genetic variation in feather pecking behaviour in chickens. Apllied animal behaviour science. 44. 257-281.
Knap, P.W., Merks, J.W.M. 1986. A note on the genetics of aggressiveness of primiparous sows towards their piglets. Livestock production science. 17: 161-167.
Lambe, N.R., Conington, J., Bishop, S.C., Waterhouse, A., Simm, G. 2001. A genetic analysis of maternal behaviour score in Scottish Blackface sheep. British society animal science. 72: 415-425.
Leibrock, J., Lottspeich, H., Hohn, A., Gohn, A., Hofer, M., Hengerer, B., Masiakowski, P., Thoenen, H., Barde, Y.A. 1989. Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature. 341:149-152.
Levin, I., Cheng, H.H., Baxter-Jones, C., Hillel, J. 1995. Turkey microsatellite DNA loci amplified by chicken-specificprimers. Animal gentics. 26: 107-110.
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P.M., Meaney, M.J. 1997. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science. 277: 1659-1662.
L?vendahl, P., Damgaard, L.H., Nielsen, B., Thodberg, K., Su, G., Rydhmer, L. 2005. Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits. Lviestock production science. 93: 73-85.
Lund, M.S., Pounti, M., Rydhmer, L., Jensen, J. 2002. Relationships between litter size and perinatal and pre-weaning survival in pigs. Animal science. 74: 217-222.
Lund, V., Coleman, G., Gunnarsson, S., Appleby, M., Karkinen, K. 2006. Animal welfare science-working at the interface between the natural and social science. Applied animal behaviour science. 97: 37-49.
Lupski, J.R., Inoue, K. 2003. Genetics and genomics of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Current opinion in genetics & development. 13: 303-309.
Maestripieri, D. 1993. Maternal anxiety in Rhesus Macaques.Ⅱ. Emotional basis of individual differences in mothering style. Ethology. 95: 32-42.
Mansour, A., Fox, C.A., Burke, S., Meng, F., Thompson, R.C., Akil, H., Watson, S.J. 1994. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: aninsituhy bridization study. Journal of comparision neurology. 350(3): 412-438.
Marchant, J.N., Broom, D.M., Coming, S. 2001. The influence of sow behaviour on piglet mortality due to crushing in an open farrowing system. Animal science. 72:19-28.
Marchant, J.N., Rudd, A.R., Mendl, M.T., Broom, D.M., Meredith, M.J., Corning, S., Simmins, P.H. 2000. Timing and causes of piglet mortality in alternative and conventional farrowing systems. Veterinary record. 147: 209-214.
Marchant-Forde, J.N., Marchant-Forde, R.M., Weary, D.M. 2002. Responses of dairy cows and calves to each other’s vocalizations after early separation. Applied animal behaviour science. 78: 19-28.
Mashood, R., Wrigt, L.D., Hébert, K., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2008. Invertigation of sex differences in behavioural, endocrine, and neural measures following repeated psychological stressor exposure. Behavioural brain research. 188(2): 368-379.
Meaney, M.J. 2001. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual difference in stress reactivity across generation. Annu Rev Neurosci. 24: 1161-1192.
Meng, F., Xie, G.X., Thompson, R.C., et al. 1993. Cloning and pharmaco logical characterization of rat K opioid receptor. Process natural academy science USA. 90(20): 9954-9958.
Metsis, M., Timmusk, T., Arenas, E., Persson, H. 1993. Differential usage of multiple brain derived neurotrophic factor promoters in the rat brain following neuronal activation. Process natural academy science. 90(19): 8802-8806.
Mignon-Grasteau, S., Boissy, A., Bouix, J., Faure, J., Fisher, G., Hinch, P., Jensen, P., Neindre, P.L. Merm?de, P., Prunet, P. 2005. Genetics of adaption and domestication in livestock. Livestock production science. 93: 3-14.
Minami, M., Toya, T., Katao, Y., et al. 1993. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the ratκ-opioid receptor. FEBS Letter. 329: 291
Moore, S.S., Sangeant, L.L., King, T.J. 1991. The conservation of dinucleotide microsatellites among mammalian genomes allows the use of heterologous PCR primer pairs in closely related species. Genomics. 10: 654-670.
Moran, C. 1993. Microsatellite repeats in pig (Sus domestica) and chicken (Gallus domesticus) genomes. Journal of heredity. 84(4): 274-280.
Mormède, P. 2005. Molecular genetics of behaviour: research strategies and perspectives for animal production. Livestock production science. 93: 15-21.
Morris, C.A., Cullen, N.G., Kilgour, R., Bremner, K.J. 1994. Some genetic factors affecting temperament in Bos Taurus cattle. New Zealand journal of agriculture research. 37: 167-175.
Mullikin, J.C., Hunt, S.E., Cole, C.G., Mortimore, B.J., Rice, C.M. et al. 2000. An SNP map of human chromosome 22. Nature. 407: 516-520.
Neindre, L.P., Murphy, T., Boissy, A., et al. 1998. Genetics of maternal ability in cattle and sheep. Proceeding of the 6th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production. Armidale, Australia. 27: 23-30.
Nzgaike, T., Hayashi, A. 2003. Barking-stripping by sika deer in larix kaempferi plantations in central Japan. Forestry ecology management. 175: 563-572.
Olowofeso, O., Wang, J.Y., Dai, G.J. 2005. Measurement of genetic parameters within and between haimen chicken populations using microsatellite markers. International journal of poultry science. 4 (3): 143-148.
Olowofeso, O., Wang, J.Y., Shen, J.C. 2005. Estimation of the cumulative power of discrimination in Haimen chicken populations with ten microsatellite markers. Asian-australian journal animal science. 18: 24-27.
Panda, S., Hogenesoh, J.B., Kay, S.A. 2002. Circadian rhythms from flies to human. Nature. 417: 329-335.
Pang, S.W.Y., Ritland, C., Carlson, J.E., Cheng, K.M. 1999. Japanese quail micro-satellite loci amplified with chicken-specific primers. Animal gentics. 30: 195-199.
Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R., Cromberg, V.U. 1998. Relatinship maternal filiatitis in bovinos de corte nas primeiras boras após o parto. In: Paranhos da Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R., Cromberg, V.U.(Eds), Comportamento Materno em Mamfferos. Sociedade Brasileira de Etologia, S?o Paulo, pp: 215-235.
Pitts, A.D., Weary, D.M., Fraser, D., Pajor, E.A., Kramer, D.L. 2002. Alternative housing for sows and litters. Part 5. Individual differences in the maternal behaviour of sows. Applied animal behaviour science. 76: 291-306.
Polziehn, R.O., Strobeck, C. 1998. Phylogeny of Wapiti, Red deer, Sika deer, and other north American cervids as determined from mithochondrial DNA. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 10(2): 249-258.
Polziehn, R.O., Strobeck, C. 2002. A phylogeneitc comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochonfrial DNA. Molecular phulogenetics and evolution. 22(3): 342-356.
Primmer, C.R., Raudsepp, T., Chowdhary, B.P., Pape?ller, A., Ellegren, H. 1997. Low frequency of micro-satellites in the avian genome. Genome research. 7(5): 471-482.
Rage, F., Givalois, L., Marmig?re, F., Tapic-Arancibia, L., Arancibia, S. 2002. Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats. Neuroscience. 112: 309-318.
Reed, D.R. 2000. Gene mapping for taste related phenotypes in human and mice. Appetite. 35: 189-190.
Reed, K.M., Mendoza, K.M., Beattie, C.W. 2000. Comparative analysis of microsatellite loci in chicken and turkey. Genome. 43: 796-802.
Mateus JoséRodrigues Paranhos da Costa, Lúcia Galv?o Albuquerque, Joanir Pereira Eler and Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos Silva. 2006. Sucking behaviour of Nelore, Gir and Caracu calves and their crosses. Applied animal behaviour science. 101: 276-287.
Saetre, P., Lindberg, J., Leonard, J.A., Olsson, K., Pettersson, U., Ellegren, H., Bergstr?m, T.M., Vilá, C., Jazin, E. 2004. From wild wolf to domestic dog : gene expression changes in the brain. Molecular brain research. 126 (2): 198-206.
Saito, M., Ehringer, M., Toth, R., Oros, M., Szakall, I., Sikela, J.M., Vadasz, C. 2003. Variants of K-opioid receptor gene and mRNA in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-avoiding mice. Alcohol. 29(1): 39-49.
Schaaf, M.J., De Kloet, E.R., Vreugdenhil, E. 2000. Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Implications for memory formation. Stress. 3: 201-208.
Schmid, M., Nanda, I., Guttenbach, M., et al. 2000. First report on chicken genes and chromosomes. Cytogenet cell genetic. 90: 169-218.
Schütz, K., Jensen, P. 2001. Effect of resource allocation on behavioural strategies: a comparison of red junglefowl and two domesticated breeds of poultry. Ethology. 107: 753-765.
Simm, G., Conington, J., Bishop, S.C., Dwyer, C.M., Pattinson, S. 1996. Geneticselection for extensive conditions. Applied animal behaviour science. 49: 47-59.
Tautz, D. 1989. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic acidmics research. 17(16): 6463-6471.
Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Herskin, M.S. 2002. Nursing behaviour, postpartum activity and ractivity in sows: effect of farrowing environment, previous experience and temperament. Applied animal behaviour science. 77: 53-76.
Thodberg, K., Jensen, K.H., Herskin, M.S. 1998. Development of a test for maternal behaviour in sows“the screaming piglet test”. Process. Forum the 32nd Congress. ISAE. Clermont-Ferrand, France. 140.
Turner, S.P., Lawrence, A.B. 2007. Relationship between maternal defensive aggression, fear of handling and other maternal care traits in beef cows. Livestock production science.106: 182-188.
Upholt, W.B., Dawid, I.B. 1977. Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats rapid evolution in the D loop region. Cell. 11: 571-583.
Murua, V.S., Gomez, R.A., Andrea, M.E., Molina, V.A. 1991. Shottle-box dejicits induced by chronic variable stress; reversal by imipramine administration. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour. 38: 125-130.
Usha, A.P. 1994. Evaluation of microsatellite markers for parentage verification. Animal genetics. 25(Supplement, 2): 41.
V?is?nen, J., Lindqvist, C., Jensen, P. 2005. Co-segregation of behavior and production related traits in an F3 intercross between red junglefowl and white leghorn laying hens. Livestock production science. 94: 149-158.
Valros, A.E., Rundgren, M. Spinka, M.?., Saloniemi, H., Rydhmer, L., Algers, B. 2002. Nursing behaviour of sows during 5 weeks lactation and effects on piglet growth. Applied animal behaviour science. 76: 93-104
Van der Steen, H.A.M., Schaeffer, L.R., H.de Jong, de Groot, P.N. 1988. Aggressive behavior of sows at parturition. Journal of animal science. 66: 271-279.
Vangen, O., Holm, B., Valros, A., Lund, M., Rydhmer, L. 2005. Genetic variation in sows, maternal behaviour, recorded under field conditions. Livestock production science. 93: 63-71.
Vilhlta, M., Fernández-Silva, P., Beltrán, B., Enguita, L., López-P?rez, M., Montoya, J.1992. Molecular characterization and cloning of sheep mitochondrial DNA. Current genetics. 21: 235-240.
Weary, D.M., Pajor, E.A., Thompson, B.K., et al. 1996. The relationship between piglet body condition and proximity to the sow: a trade-off between feeding and the risk of mortality by maternal crushing ? Animal behaviour. 51: 619-624.
Weaver, I.C.G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F.A., D’Alessio, A.C. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature neruoscience. 7(8): 847-954.
Wechsler B., Hegglin D. 1997. Individual differences in the behaviour of sows at the nest-site and crushing of piglets. Applied animal behaviour science. 51: 39-49
Welsh, J., McClelland, M., 1990. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic acidmics research. 18(24): 7213-7218.
Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, J.R., Tingey, S.V. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic acidmics research. 18(22): 6531-6535.
Winter?, A.K., Fredholm, M., Thomsen, P.D. 1992. Variable (dG-dT)n-(dC-dA)n sequences in the porcine genome. Genomics. 12: 281-288.
Wittert, G., Hope, P., Pyle, D. 1996. Tissue distribution of opioid receptor gene expression in the rat. Biochemistry biophysic research communication. 218(3): 877-881.
Wu, H., Wan, Q.H., Fang S.G., Wan Q.H. 2005. Application of mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis in the forensic identification of Chinese sika deer subspecies. Forensic science international. 148: 101-105.
Xie, G.X., Meng, F., Mansour, A. 1994. Primary structure and functional expression of a guines pigκopioid (dynorphin) receptor. Process natural academy science USA. 91: 37-79.
Yamadal, K., Nabeshima, T. 2003. Brain derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. Journal of harmacology science. 91(4): 267-270.
Yonash, N., Cheng, H.H., Hillel, J., et al. 2001. DNA microsatellite linked to quantitative trait loci affecting antibody response and surviral rate in meat-type chickens. Poultry science. 80: 22-28.
Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.J., et al. 1997. A potentand selectiveen dogenousagonistfor the Lopiate receptor. Nature. 386(6579): 499-502.
白哈斯,周道玮,赵惠英. 2005.科尔沁牛夏季牧食行为的研究.家畜生态学报. 26(1): 69-73.
白哈斯,周道玮. 2004.科尔沁牛春季的牧食行为.家畜生态. 25(4): 99-102.
白秀娟,白庆余,王树宏. 1996.论梅花鹿野外种群的保护与利用.野生动物. 4: 10-11.
包军. 1997.应用动物行为学与动物福利.家畜生态. 18(2): 38-44.
蔡辉国,陈佩贞,等. 1995. PCR-SSCP分析实践.生物化学与生物物理进展. 22(5): 473-475.
戴国俊. 2004.双分子遗传标记与新扬州鸡早期生长关系的联合分析.扬州大学博士学位论文.
杜玮南,孙红霞,方福德. 2000.单核苷酸多态性的研究进展.国外医学·遗传学分册. 4: 392-394.
杜智恒,白秀娟. 2004.梅花鹿生长激素基因的克隆及序列分析.经济动物学报. 8(3): 131-134.
额日很宝力格. 2006.不同品种马Mu阿片受体基因多态性研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士论文.
龚炎长,彭中镇. 2000. SNP及其检测、分型的方法与原理.第七次全国畜禽遗传标记研讨会论文集. 13-19.
郭延蜀,郑慧珍. 2005.四川梅花鹿生命表和种群增长率的研究.兽类学报. 25(2): 150-155.
郭延蜀. 2000.四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查.兽类学报. 20(2): 81-87.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
黄海根. 1995.牛的高变异小卫星和微卫星序列的克隆、结构分析及其应用.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
李长生,王喜萍,马丽娟. 2001.梅花鹿茸角生长规律与体内激素关系的研究进展. 中国草食动物. 8: 11-13.
李和平. 2001.中国茸鹿品种(品系)的生态种特征.东北林业大学学报. 29(5): 52-57.
李剑虹,崔卫国,包军. 2003.猪Mu阿片受体基因外显子Ⅲ单核苷酸多态性.遗传学报. 30(1): 30-34.
李剑虹,崔卫国,王宇,包军. 2004.猪Kappa阿片受体基因(Kappa opiold receptor KOR)外显子(Exon)部分序列单核苷酸多态性分析.遗传学报. 31(12): 1369-1374.
李剑虹,王宇,崔卫国,包军. 2004.猪Mu阿片受体基因单核苷酸多态性(Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)分析.遗传. 26(1): 45-49.
李小慧,陈鹏,徐汉坤,杨利国. 2007.三种犬科动物脑源神经营养因子基因克隆与进化分析.家畜生态学报. 28(2): 13-16.
李顺才. 2004.中国人工选育茸用鹿品种种质特性.畜牧与饲料科学. 4: 23-26.
李艳之. 2004.梅花鹿繁殖母鹿的饲养管理.吉林畜牧兽医. 10: 44.
李玉春,本间和敬,大仲幸作,小金泽正昭. 2006.日本日光地区森林中梅花鹿的夏季巢区面积和内部利用.动物学报. 52(2): 235-241.
刘海,杨光,魏辅文,李明,胡锦矗. 2003.中国大陆梅花鹿mtDNA控制区序列变异及种群遗传结构分析.动物学报. 49(1):53-60.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
振生,吴建平,滕丽薇. 1999.半散放条件下梅花鹿初夏昼间活动节律.东北林业大学学报. 27(6): 53-56.
吕晓平,魏辅文,李明,杨光,刘海. 2006.中国梅花鹿(Cervus Nippon)遗传多样性及与日本梅花鹿间的系统关系.科学通报. 51(3): 292-298.
罗怀容,施鹏,张亚平. 2001.单核苷酸多态性的研究技术.遗传. 5: 471-476.
孟爱民,刘景生. 2002.阿片受体功能研究进展.中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志. 9(3): 180-182.
欧阳建华,黄建安. 2002. PCR-SSCP技术的研究进展.上海畜牧兽医通讯. 4: 10-11.
潘庆杰,刘焕奇,徐德武,初振辉,姜胜,王集祥. 1999.梅花鹿幼鹿人工培育技术的研究.经济动物学报. 3(4): 24-27.
戚豫,黄丽英. 1997. DNA单链构象多态性原理.北京医科大学学报. 29(1): 81-82.
邵明玉,万敏,王莉,于永利. 2005.吉林双阳梅花鹿成纤维细胞生长因子10的克隆和基因分析.辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版). 28(2): 215-218.
邵伟庚,金煜,肖向红,马立新,靳玉文. 2003.梅花鹿品种(品系)鉴定的分子生物学策略.东北林业大学学报. 31(4): 33-38.
盛和林,曹克清,李文军. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.盛和林. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
孙红梅,丛波,刑秀梅,吴琼,刘伟. 2006.鹿科动物主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的研究进展.经济动物学报. 10(4): 234-237.
万秀斌. 2002.神经肽与神经营养因子.北京:人民卫生出版社.
汪开英,张火法,陆建定. 2003.根据动物行为学理论合理设计畜禽舍.家畜生态. 24(3): 52-55.
王柏林,李景隆,魏吉明,李春雨,杨立祥,罗剑通. 2005.西丰梅花鹿品种选育研究和推广效果.经济动物学报. 9(1): 14-20.
王峰,金顺丹,高秀华,杨福合,王平,郝福昌. 1998.饲料能量浓度与蛋白质水平对梅花鹿生长的影响.兽类学报. 18(1): 71-73.
王宏辉,王昆山,李瑜鑫,王建洲. 2002.藏猪在舍饲条件下的行为观察.家畜生态. 23(2): 32-34.
吴信生,陈国宏,王得前,张学余,王克华,成荣,刘博,徐琪,周群兰. 2004.利用微卫星技术分析中国部分地方鸡种的遗传结构.遗传学报. 31(1): 43-50.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6(2): 87-911.
徐云碧. 1992.分子标记在数量基因定位中的应用.遗传. 14(2): 45-48.
杨代金. 2002.梅花仔鹿的管理技术.河北畜牧兽医. 18(8): 73-88.
臧强,赵亚军,李保明,施正香,韩晶. 2005.夏季舍饲散养环境下三个发育期小尾寒羊的行为差异.动物学研究. 26(3): 279-286.
章红兵.集约化猪场猪异常行为的发生原因及防制措施. 2002.家畜生态. 23(3): 62-63.
赵宗胜,贺庆国,曹志辉,陆良,李明强. 2001.荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为观察.中国奶牛. 2: 36-38.
郑兴涛,王柏林,魏海军,常忠娟. 2003.浅谈选育梅花鹿和马鹿繁殖速度及其应用.经济动物学报. 7(1): 18-20.
邹方东,张义正,杨楠,岳碧松. 2004.林麝、马麝及梅花鹿活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列的克隆和分析.动物学杂志. 39(3): 22-27.
Alexander, G., Stevens, D., Kilgour, R., de Langen, H., Mottersheda, B.E., Lynch, J.J. 1983. Separation of ewes from twin lambs: incidence in several sheep breeds. Applied animal ethology. 10: 301-307.
Altman, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods. Behaviour. 4: (49): 227-267.
Anderson, U.S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M.A., Mapple, T. 2002. Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behaviour in petting zoo animal. Journal of applied animal welfare science. 5(2): 125-137.
Birke, L. 2002. Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive Orang Utans. Animal welfare. 11(2): 189-202.
Borkowski, J., Furubayashi, K. 1998. Seasonal and diet variation in group size among Japanese sika deer in different habitats. Journal of zoology. 245: 29-34.
Brown, J.S., Kotler, B.P., Smith, R.J., Wirtz. W.I. 1988. The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents. Oecologia. 76: 408-415.
Carlstead, K., Shepherdson, D. 1994. Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction. Zoo biology. 13: 447-458.
Chamove, A.S., Hosey, G.R., Schaetzel, P. 1998. Visitors excite primates in zoos. Zoo biology. 7: 59-69.
Davey, G., Henzi, P. 2004. Visitor circulation and nonhuman animal welfare: an overlooked variable? Journal applied animal welfare science. 7(4): 243-251.
Davis, N., Schaffner, C.M., Smith, T.E. 2005. Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris). Applied animal behaviour science. 90: 131-141.
Dawkin, M.S. 2006. A user’s guide to animal welfare science. Trends in ecology & evolution. 21(2): 77-82.
Dwyer, C.M., Lawrence, B.A. 2005.A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of hill and lowland breeds of sheep that favor lamb survival. Applied animal behaviour science. 92: 235-260.
Fairbanks, L.A., Pereira, M.E. 2002. Family, friends, and the evolution of childhood. In: Fairbanks LA , Pereira ME ed. Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and behavior. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, vii - xxiii.
Foreword. 2005. Genetic and behaviour. Livestock production science. 93: 1-2.
Grandinson, K. 2005. Genetic background of maternal behaviour and its relation to offspring survival. Livestock production science. 93: 43-50.
Hannaford, J., Pinn, E.H., Diaz, A. 2006. The impact of sika deer grazing on the vegetation and infauna of Arne saltmarsh. Marine pollution bulletin. 53: 56-62
Hosey, G.R. 2005. How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates? Applied animal behaviour science. 90: 107-129.
Hosey, G.R., Druck, P.L. 1987. The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates. Applied animal behaviour science. 18: 19-29.
Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B. 1993. Responses of bank voles to the odours of seven species of predators: experimental data and their relevance to natural predator-vole relationships. Oikos. 68: 251-257.
Jiang, Z.G. 2004. Animal Behavior Principles and Species Conservation methods. Beijing: Science Press( in Chinese).
Kilgour, R.J. 1998. Arena behaviour is possible selection criterion for lamb rearing ability: it can be measured in young rams and ewes. Applied animal behaviour science. 57: 81-89.
Kotler, B.P., Brown, J.S., Hasson, O. 1991. The specter of predation: factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation. Ecology. 72: 2249-2260.
Mann, J.C.E., Putman, R.J. 1989. Patterns of habitat use and activity in British populations of sika deer of contrasting environments. Acta Theriologica. 35 (5): 83-96.
Marchant-Forde, J.N., Marchant-Forde, R.M., Weary, D.M. 2002. Responses of dairy cows and calves to each other’s vocalizations after early separation. Applied animal behaviour science. 78: 19-28.
Margulis, S.W., Hoyos, C., Anderson, M. 2003. Effects of felid activity on zoo visitor interest. Zoo biology. 22: 587-599.
Mitchell-Jones, T. 1997. Deer management and woodland conservation in . English Nature, Peterborough, UK.
Nagy, K.A. 1994. Field bioenergetic of mammals: What determined field metabolic rates. Journal of zoology. 42: 43-53.
O’Donovan, D., Hindle, J.E., McKeown, S., O’DONOVAN, S. 1992. Effects of visitors on the behavior of female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and cubs. International zoo Yea-Book, 32: 238-244.
Parry-Jones, R., Wu, J.Y. 2001. Musk Deer Farming as Conservation Tool in China Traffic, East Asia .
Putman, R.J. 1981. Social systems of deer: a speculative review. Deer, 5: 186-188.
Randall, J.A., Boltas, D.K. 2001. Assessment and defence of solitary kangaroo rats under risk of predation by snakes. Animal behaviour. 61: 579-587.
Recart,e J.M., Vincent, J.P., Hewison, A.J.M. 1998. Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer. Behaviour process. 44: 65-72.
Rodrigues, M.J., da Costa, P., Albuquerque, L.G., Eler, J.P., Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos Silva. 2006. Sucking behaviour of Nelore, Gir and Caracu calves and their crosses. Applied animal behaviour science. 101: 276-287.
Sellinger, R.L., James, C.H. 2005. The effects of visitor density and intensity on the behavior of two captive jaguars (Panthera onca). Journal applied animal welfare science. 8(4): 233-244.
Skyner, L.J., Amory, J.R., Hosey, G. 2004. The effects of visitors on the self-injurious behaviour of a male pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus). Deer zoologishche Garten(N.F.). 74: 38-41.
Wells, D.L. 2005. A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Applied animal behavior science. 93: 13-17.
艾尼瓦尔.铁木尔,古丽司玛衣,帕提古丽. 1999.人工条件下麋鹿活动时间分配及行为的初步研究.新疆大学学报. 16(4): 78-81.
白秀娟,白庆余,王树宏. 1996.论梅花鹿野外种群的保护与利用.野生动物. 4: 10-11.
陈化鹏,吴建平,张明海.黑龙江省马鹿.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社.1997.
杜卫国,盛和林. 1997.圈养林麝幼仔的时间分配和行为发育.兽类学报. 17(4): 253-258.
杜卫国,盛和林. 1998.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究.兽类学报. 18(1): 21-26.
郭延蜀,郑慧珍. 2005.四川梅花鹿生命表和种群增长率的研究.兽类学报. 25(2): 150-155.
郭延蜀. 2000.四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查.兽类学报. 20(2): 81-87.关玉成. 2001.仔马鹿行为特性观察.黑龙江畜牧兽医. 7: 34.
韩联宪,刘尚莲,梁惠媚,杨秀熙,杨光姒. 1999.圈养黄麂春季行为及活动规律的初步观察. 19(3): 192-195.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
胡锦矗. 1994.天府奇兽.成都:四川科学技术出版社. 62-64。
何利军,丁由中,王小明,夏述忠. 2001.半圈养条件下白唇鹿行为时间分配及活动规律的研究.生态学杂志. 20(2): 27-29.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
蒋志刚主编. 2004.动物行为原理与物种保护方法.科学出版社.
李长生,王喜萍,马丽娟. 2001.梅花鹿茸角生长规律与体内激素关系的研究进展.中国草食动物. 8: 11-13.
李春旺,蒋志刚,曾岩,等. 2003.雄性麋鹿的交配机会、社会等级和皮质醇水平.动物学报. 49(5): 566-570.
李春旺,蒋志刚,曾岩,闫彩娥. 2005.不同密度和不同发情期时段中雄性麋鹿的繁殖对策.生物多样性. 13(5): 424-431.
李和平. 2001.中国茸鹿品种(品系)的生态种特征.东北林业大学学报. 29(5): 52-57.
李顺才. 2004.中国人工选育茸用鹿品种(品系)的种质特性.畜牧与饲料科学. 4: 23-26.
李艳之. 2004.梅花鹿繁殖母鹿的饲养管理.吉林畜牧兽医. 10: 44.
李忠宽,张晓明. 2002.动物生态学原理(第三版).北京师范大学出版社.
林忠,徐宏发,盛和林. 1995.林麝妊娠期和哺乳期的能量代谢特征.兽类学报. 15(2): 98-105.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,杨奇森,冯祚建,夏霖,孟智斌,华星. 2006.野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝行为格局的比较.应用生态学报. 17(11): 2084-2087.
孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,冯金朝,周宜君,徐宏发. 2007.甘肃兴隆山保护区圈养雄性马麝繁殖性能的行为判别.动物学研究. 28(2): 149-154.
潘庆杰,刘焕奇,徐德武,初振辉,姜胜,王集祥. 1999.梅花鹿幼鹿人工培育技术的研究.经济动物学报. 3(4): 24-27.
尚玉昌. 2001.行为生态学.北京:北京大学出版社.
邵伟庚,金煜,肖向红,马立新,靳玉文. 2003.梅花鹿品种(品系)鉴定的分子生物学策略.东北林业大学学报. 31(4): 33-38.
盛和林,曹克清,李文军. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
盛和林. 1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
石强,钟林生,汪晓菲. 2004.旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园植物的影响.植物生态学报. 28(1): 107-113.
王柏林,李景隆,魏吉明,李春雨,杨立祥,罗剑通. 2005.西丰梅花鹿品种选育研究和推广效果.经济动物学报. 9(1): 14-20.
王峰,金顺丹,高秀华,杨福合,王平,郝福昌. 1998.饲料能量浓度与蛋白质水平对梅花鹿生长的影响.兽类学报. 18(1): 71-73.
王小明,应韶荃,夏述忠,金慧宇. 2002.半圈养条件下秋冬季水鹿行为时间分配的研究.动物学杂志. 35(2): 50-53.
王岐山. 1990.安徽兽类志.合肥:安徽科技出版社.
吴海龙,江浩,吴治安. 2002.圈养条件下黑麂行为初步观察.四川动物. 21(1): 15-18.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6(2): 87-911.
杨代金. 2002.梅花仔鹿的管理技术.河北畜牧兽医. 18(8): 39.
杨旭煜,李如嘉,程励,刘生建,熊跃武. 2006.四川唐家河国家自然保护区生态旅游发展战略研究.四川动物. 25(1): 72-75.
臧强,赵亚军,李保明,施正香,韩晶. 2005.夏季舍饲散养环境下三个发育期小尾寒羊的行为差异.动物学研究. 26(3): 279-286.
郑兴涛,王柏林,魏海军,常忠娟. 2003.浅谈选育梅花鹿和马鹿繁殖速度及其应用.经济动物学报. 7(1): 18-20.
张爱忠,姜宁,丁翠华. 1995.东北马鹿配种期的行为与管理.家畜生态. 1995, 16(3): 22.
Anderson, J.D., Rodney, L., Honeycutt., R.A., Gonzales., Kenneth, L.G., Loren, C.S., Rachel, L.G., Dierdre, A., Honeycutt., Randy, W.D. 2002. Development of microsatellite DNA markers for the automated genetic characterization of white-tailed deer populations. Journal of wildlife management. 66(1): 67-74.
Barde, Y.A., Edger, D. 1982. Thoenen H. Pruification of a new neruotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBOJ. 1(5): 549.
Belyaev, D.K. 1979. Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. Journal of heredity. 70(5): 301-308.
Belyaev, D.K., Borodin, P.M. 1982. The influence of stress on variation and its role in evolution. Biology zentblish. 100: 705.
Blake, A.D., Bot, G., Freeman J.C., Reisine, T. 1997. Differential opioid agonist regulation of the mouseμopioid receptor. The American society fro biochemistry and molecular biology. 272(2): 782-790.
Bonnet, A., Thevenon, S., Maudet, F., Maillard, J.C., 2002. Efficiency of semi - automated fluorescent multiplex PCR with 11 microsatellite markers for genetic studies of deer population. Animal genetics. 33(5): 343-350.
Bostein, D. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage maps in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism. American journal human genetic. 32: 314-331.
Broders, H.G., Mahoney, S.P., Montevecchi, W.A., Davidson, W.S. 1999. Population genetic structure and the effect of found events on the genetic variability of moose, Alcesalces, in Canada. Molecular ecology. 8( 8): 1309-1315.
Carlstead, K., Shepherdson, D. 1994. Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction. Zoo biology. 13: 447-458.
Chen, H.S., Chen, H.F., Huan, G.A.M., et al. 2005. Exercise up regulated rat hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor in a time and intensity dependent Manner. 19(4): 2331-2338.
Chen, Y., Mestek, A., Liu, J., Hurley J.A., Yu., L. 1993. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a mu opioid receptor from rat brain. Molecular pharmacology. 44(1): 8-12.
Cote, S.D., Dallas, J.F., Marshall, F., Irvine, R.J., Langvatn, R., Albon, S.D. 2002.Microsatellite DNA evidence for genetic drift and philopatry in Svalbard reindeer. Molecular ecology. 11(10): 1923-1930.
Coulson, T.N., Pemberton, J.M., Albon, S.D., Beaumont, M., Marshall, T.C., Salte, J., Guinness, F.E., Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1998. Microsatelliets reveal heterosis in red deer. Process research society london biology science. 265: 489-495.
Cronin, M.A., Patton, J.C., Balmysheva, N., Macneil, M.C. 2003. Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer. International society for animal genetics. Animal genetics. 34(1): 33-41.
DeYoung, R.W., Demarais, S., Honeycutt, R.L., Roonry, A.P., Gonzales, R.A., Gee, K.L. 2003. Genetic consequences of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) restoration in Mississippi. Molecular ecology. 12(12): 3237-3252.
Durany, N., Thome, J. 2004. Neurotrophic factors and the pathophysiology of schizophrenic psychoses Europe psychiatry. 19(6): 326-337.
Evans, C.J., Keith, D.E., Morrison, H., Magendzo, K., Edwards R.H. 1992. Cloning of delta opioid receptor by functional expression. Science. 258(5090): 1952-1955.
Franklin, T.B., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2006. Sex and ovarian steroids modulate brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in rat hippocampus under stressful and non-stressful conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31: 38-48.
Gilbert, P.E., Martin, W.R. 1976. The effect of morphine and nalorphine like drugs in the nondependent, morphine dependent and cycla zocine dependent chronic spinal dog. Journal of pharmacology experiment theory. 198(1): 66-82.
Gobbo, O.L., O’Mara, S.M. 2005. Exercise, but not environmental enrichment, improves learning after kainic acid induced hippocampal neurode generation in association with an increase in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Behavioural brain research. 159(1): 21-26.
Goddard, K.A.B, Hopkins, P.J., Hall, J.M., Witte, J.S. 2000. Linkage disequilibrium and allele-frequency distributions for 114 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in five populations. American journal humane genetic. 66(1): 216-234.
Grandin, T. 1998. Genetics and the behaviour of domestic animals. Academic press. 319-343.
Hall, J., Thomas, K.L., Everittb, B.J. 2000. Rapid and selective induction of BDNFexpression in the hippocampus during contextual learning. Nature neuroscience. 3: 533-555.
Hayashi, K. 1992. PCR-SSCP: A method for detection of mutation. GATA. 9(3): 73-79.
Helga, O.S., Istvab, B., Shu, Z.K., et al. 2005. The effects of moderate, strenuous and over training on oxidative stress markers, DNA repair, and memory, in rat brain. Neurochemistry. 46: 635-640.
Hoshino, S., Kimura, A., Fukuda, Y., et al. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymorphism in DPA1 and DPB1 genes: a simple, economical, and rapid method for histocompatibility testing. Humane immunology. 33(2): 98-107.
Kauppinen, R. 1992. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis applied to the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Molecular cell probes. 6(6): 527-530.
Kuehn, R., Haller, H., Schroeder, H., 2004. Genetic roots of the red deer population in eastern switzerland. Journal of heredity. 95(2): 136-143.
Kuhn, R., Anastassiadis, C., Pirchner, F. 1996. Transfer of bovine microsatellites to the corvine. Animal genetics. 27: 199-201.
Leibrock, J., Lottspeich, H., Hohn, A., Gohn, A., Hofer, M., Hengerer, B., Masiakowski, P., Thoenen, H., Barde, Y.A. 1989. Molecular cloning and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor. Nature. 341:149-152.
M Galan, J.F., Cosson, J. 2003. Cross-amplification tests of ungulate primers in roe deer to develop a multiplex panel of 12 microsatellite loci. Molecular ecology notes. 3: 142-146.
Ma, Y.L., Wang, H.L., Wu, H.C., Wei, C.L., Lee, E.H. 1998. Brain derived neurotrophic factor antisense oligonucleotide impairs memory retention and inhibits long term potentiation. Neuroscience. 82(2): 957-967.
Mahmut, H., Ganzorig, S., Onuma, M., Masuda, R., Suzuki, M., Ohtaishi, N. 2001. A preliminary study of the genetic diversity of Xinjiang Tarim red deer using the microsatellite DNA method. Japan journal of vertinary research. 49(3): 232-237.
Mamounas, L.A., Blue, M.E., Siuciak, J.A., Anthony, A.C. 1995. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons inthe mouse brain. Journal neuroscience. 15(12): 7929-7939.
Mansour, A., Fox, C.A., Burke, S., Meng, F., Thompson, R.C., Akil, H., Watson, S.J. 1994. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat: aninsituhy bridization study. The journal of comparative neurology. 350(3): 412-438.
Neves-Pereira, M., Mundo, E., Muglia, P., King, N., Macciardi, F. and Kennedy, J.L. 2002. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Journal humane genetic. 71(3): 651-655.
Martinez, J.G., Carranza, J., Fernandez-Garcia, J.L., Sanchez-Prieto C.B., 2002. Genetic variation of red deer populations under hunting exploitation in southwestern Spain. Journal of wildlife management. 66( 4): 1273-1282.
Mashood, R., Wrigt, L.D., Hébert, W.K., Perrot-Sinal, T.S. 2008. Invertigation of sex differences in behavioural, endocrine, and neural measures following repeated psychological stressor exposure. Behavioural brain research. 188(2): 368-379.
Meng, F., Xie, G.X., Thompson, R.C., et al. 1993. Cloning and pharmaco logical characterization of rat K opioid receptor. Process natural academic science. 90(20): 9954-9958.
Minami, M., Toya, T., Katao, Y., et al. 1993. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the ratκ-opioid receptor. FEBS Letter. 329: 291.
Mizuno, M., Yamada, K., Olariu, A., Nawa, H., Nabeshima, T. 2000. Involvement of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spatial memory formation and maintenance in a radial arm maze test in rats. Journal of neuroscience. 20: 7116-7121.
Nacmias, B., Piccini, C., Bagnoli, S. 2004. Brain-derived neurot rophic factor , apolipoprotein genetic variants and cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience letter. 367-379.
Nei, M. 1977. F-statistic and analysis of gene diversity in subdivided population. Anneal human genetic. 41: 225-233.
Nibuya, M., Morinobu, S., Duman, R.S. 1995. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. Journal neuroscience. 15(11): 7539-7547.
Noumi, T., Mosher, M.E., Natori, S., Futai, M., Kanazawa, H. 1984. A phenylalaninefor serine substitution in the beta subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase affects dependence of its activity on divalent cations. Journal biology chemistry. 259(16): 10071-10075.
Nussbaum, R.L., Ellis, C.E. 2003. Genomic medicine: Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. New England journal medical. 348: 1356.
Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K., Sekiya, T. 1989. Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Process natural academic science. USA. 86(8): 2766-2770.
Orita, M., Suzuki, Y., Sekiya, T., Hayashi, K. 1989. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction. Genomics. 5(4): 874-879.
Pemberton, J.M., Slate, J., Bancroft, D.R., Barrett, J.A. 1995. Non-amplifying alleles at microsatellite loci: a caution for parentage and population studies. Molecular ecology. 4(2): 249-252.
Pépin, L., Amigues, Y., Lépingle, A., Berthier, J.L., Bensaid, A., Vaiman, D. 1995. Sequence conservation of microsatellites between Bos taurus(cattle), Capra hircus(goat) and related species. Heredity. 74: 53-61.
Perez, T., Albornoz, J., Dominguez, A. 2000. A panel of cattle microsatellites suitable as markers in chamois. Animal Genetics. 31: 333-346.
Poetsch, M., Seefeldt, S., Maschkem. 2001. Analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer-possible employment in forensic applications. Forensic science international. 116: 1-8.
Polziehn, R.O., Hamr, J., Mallory, F.F., Strobeck, C. 2000. Microsatellite analysis of north American wapiti (Cervuselaphus) populations. Molecular ecology. 9(10): 1561-1576.
Rage, F., Givalois, L., Marmig?re, F., Tapic-Arancibia, L., Arancibia, S. 2002. Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats. Neuroscience. 112: 309-318.
Roed, K.H., Midthjell, L. 1998. Microsatellites in reindeer , Rangifer tarandus , and their use in other cervids. Molecular Ecology. 7: 1773-1776.
Saito, M., Ehringer, M., Toth, R., Oros, M., Szakall, I., Sikela, J.M., Vadasz, C. 2003. Variants of kappa2opioid receptor gene and mRNA in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-avoiding mice. Alcohol. 29(1): 39-49.
Schaaf, M.J., De Kloet, E.R., Vreugdenhil, E. 2000. Corticosterone effects on BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Implications for memory formation. Stress. 3: 201-208.
Shoshana,V.Y., Zhe, Y.G., Fernando, G.M. 2004. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroscience. 20(10): 2580-2586.
Siuciak, J.A., Altar, C.A., Wiegand, S.J., Lindsay, R.M. 1994. Antinoceptive effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Brain research. 633(1-2): 326-330.
Siuciak, J.A., Boylan, C., Fritsche, M., Altar, C.A., Lindsay, R.M. 1996. BDNF increases monoaminergic activity in rat brain following intracerebroventricular or intraparenchymal administration. Brain research. 710(1-2): 11-20.
Sklar, P., Gabriel, S.B., McInnis, M.G., Bennett, P., Lim, Y-M., Tsan, G., Schaffner, S., Kirov, G., Jones, I., Owen, M., Craddock, N., DePaulo, J.R., Lander, E.S. 2002. Family based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Molecular psychiatry. 7(6): 579-593.
Slate, J., Coltman, D.W., Goodman, S.J., Maclean, I., Pemberton, J.M., Williams, J.L. 1998. Cattle microsatellite loci are highly conserved in red deer Cervus elaphus, sika deer Cervus nippon and Soay sheep Ovis aries. Animal genetics. 29: 307-315.
Slate, J., Tracey, C., Stijn, V., Rayna, M., Anderson, K., Mary, McEwan., Nauman, J., Maqbool, Helen, C., Mathias, M.J., Bixley, D.R., Stevens., Adrian, J., Molenaar, J.E., Beever, S.M., Galloway., Michael, L., 2002. A Deer (Subfamily Cervinae) Genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes. Genetics. 160: 1587-1597.
Slate, J.P.M., Visscher, S., Mac, Gregor. 2002. A genome scan quantitative trait loci in a wild popolation of red deer. Genetics. 162: 1863-1873.
Smith, M.A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., Post, R.M.. 1995. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3mRNAs in the hippocampus. Journal neuroscience. 15(3): 1768-1777.
Talbot, J., Haigh, J., Plannte, Y. 1996. A parentage evaluation test in North American elk (Wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin. Animal genetics. 27 (2): 117-119.
Thévenon, S., Thuy, L.T., Ly, L.V., Maudet, F., Bonnet, A.P., Jarne., Maillard, J.C. 2004. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity of the vietnamese sika deer. The journal of heredity. 95(1): 11-18.
Murua, V.S., Gomez, R.A., Andrea, M.E., Molina, V.A. 1991. Shottle-box dejicits induced by chronic variable stress: reversal by imipramine administration. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behaviour. 38: 125-130.
Von Borell, E., Hurnik, J.F. 1991. The effect of haloperidol on the performance of stereotyped behavior in sows. Life science. 49(4): 309-314.
Wang, J.N., Zhang, D.C. 2003. Research on the opioid receptor gene knock out mice. Chinese journal of clinical neurosciences. 11(2): 185-187.
Williams, C.L., Serfass, T.L., Cogan, R., Rhodes, O.E. 2002. Microsatellite variation in the reintroduced Pennsylvaniaelk herd. Molecular ecology. 11 (8): 1299-1310.
Wittert, G., Hope, P., Pyle, D. 1996. Tissue distribution of opioid receptor gene expression in the rat. Biochemistry biophysic research communication. 218(3): 877-881.
Wright, S. 1978. The relationship of livstock breeding to theories of evolution. Journal of animal science. 46(5): 1192-1200.
Xie, G.X., Meng, F., Mansour, A. 1994. Primary structure and functional expression of a guines pigκopioid receptor. Process natural academic science. USA. 91: 37-79.
XU, Y.C., PAN, Z.C., XU, Z.R. 2001. Status of microsatellites as genetic markers in cervids. Journal of forestry research. 12(1): 55-58.
Zadina, J.E., Hackler, L., Ge, L.J., et al. 1997. Apotentand selectiveen dog enousagonist for the lopiate receptor. Nature. 386(6579): 499-502.
Zhang, R.M., Feng, Z.T., Zhang, L.Q. 1999. Clinical and treatment of opiates such as heroin dependence. Taiyuan: Shangxi science and technology press. 28-46.
曹岩峰. 2007.六个微卫星座位的遗传变异与牛乳中体细胞数的相关系研究.吉林农业大学硕士学位论文.
陈旭. 2007.微卫星标记与猪部分肉质性状相关分析.湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.
杜立新. 2003.关于中国地方畜禽品种的评价与保护的若干思考.中国畜牧兽医. 30(2): 3-5.
额日很宝力格. 2006.不同品种马Mu阿片受体基因多态性研究.内蒙古农业大学硕士论文.
郭春丽. 2007.辽宁新品系绒山羊微卫星标记与经济性状相关关系的研究.辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文.
郭延蜀,郑惠珍. 2000.中国梅花鹿地史分布、种和亚种的划分及演化历史.兽类学报. 20: 168-179.
胡刚,张宪东,张学军,余天俊,孙强,彭江华,孙清花. 2002.昆明动物园圈养水鹿、梅花鹿的饲养及行为观察.西北林学院学报. 17(4): 73-76.
姜运良,李宁. 2000.影响PCR-SSCP的因素分析.农业生物技术学报. 8(3): 245-247.
康丽,朱庆. 2008.微卫星座位与丝羽乌骨鸡蛋用系开产性状相关分析.遗传. 30(2): 203-208.
李国华. 2001.奶牛抗乳房炎性状候选基因的分析.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
李剑虹,崔卫国,包军. 2003.猪Mu阿片受体基因外显子Ⅲ单核苷酸多态性.遗传学报. 30(1): 30-34.
李剑虹,崔卫国,王宇,包军. 2004.猪Kappa阿片受体基因(Kappa opiold receptor KOR)外显子(Exon)部分序列单核苷酸多态性分析.遗传学报. 31(12): 1369-1374.
李剑虹,王宇,崔卫国,包军. 2004.猪Mu阿片受体基因单核苷酸多态性(Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)分析.遗传. 26(1): 45-49.
李英. 1998.小尾寒羊和内蒙古细毛羊杂交一代羔羊育肥试验.内蒙古农牧学院学报. (2): 124-126.
刘根义. 1995.小尾寒羊在东胜地区最佳育肥期的研究.中国畜牧杂志.(6): 36-38.
刘昊,石红艳,胡锦矗. 2004.四川梅花鹿春季昼夜活动节律与时间分配.兽类学报. 24(4): 90-112.
刘佳建,李奎,彭中镇. 1998.甘油浓度对PCR-SSCP分辨效果的影响.生物技术通讯. 2: 160-161.
刘敏,凌四海,李文标,王传跃,陈大方,王刚. 2007. BDNF, GRIN1基因与双相情感障碍的关联研究.遗传. 29(1): 41-46.
刘振生,吴建平,滕丽微. 2002.散放条件下春季梅花鹿行为时间分配的研究.生态学杂志. 21(6): 29-32.
鲁绍雄,吴常信. 2000.动物育种方法的回顾与展望.国外畜牧科技. 27(1): 24-28.
马月辉. 1995.同羊与小尾寒羊杂交效果研究.中国畜牧杂志. (5): 10-12.
孟爱民,刘景生. 2002.阿片受体功能研究进展.中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志. 9(3):180-182
沙莎. 2006.绵羊微卫星标记与部分毛用性状关系的研究.新疆农业职业技术学院学报. 3: 43-47.
盛志廉,陈瑶生. 1999.数量遗传学.北京:科学出版社.
树清. 1994.杂种肉羔产肉性能及肉品营养成分分析.中国养羊. (3): 38-43.
万秀斌. 2002.神经肽与神经营养因子.北京:人民卫生出版社.
邢秀梅,杨福合,苏伟林,雍朝万,蒋晓明,李秋艳. 2002.新疆马鹿血液蛋白多态性研究.特产研究. 24(3): 1-3.
邢秀梅. 2006.中国茸鹿遗传多样性研究.中国农业科学研究院博士学位论文.
徐丹,李力燕,张洪钿,王廷华. 2007. BDNF前体蛋白在成年恒河猴中枢神经系统中的分布. 23(6): 591-598.
徐宏发,陆厚基,盛和林. 1998.华南梅花鹿的分布和现状.生物多样性. 6: 87-91.
于波,卢立志,王冬蕾,袁青研,沈军达,陶争荣,王得前,陈国宏. 2008.微卫星标记与北京鸭产蛋性能的关系研究.黑龙江畜牧兽医. 2: 45-45。
袁国伟,席继峰,郭庆河,袁其彬,钟灵,彭林泽,曾献存,贾彬. 2008.塔里木
马鹿微卫星遗传多样性与产茸量的相关性研究.经济动物学报. 12(1): 6-12.
苑洁. 2005.梅花鹿微卫星座位的筛选与遗传特征的初步评价.东北林业大学硕士论文.
张琼,吉亚杰,曾志高,宋延龄,张德兴. 2005.用于海南坡鹿遗传多样性研究的多态性微卫星DNA标记.动物学报. 51(3): 530-534.
张苏云,席继锋,哈孜,居马汉,贾斌. 2005.鹿微卫星遗传分析的研究现状.草食家畜. 2: 30-33.
赵春江. 1997.牛乳蛋白基因多态性性分子遗传学基础的研究.中国农业大学博士学位论文.
赵艳,廖和荣,张成先,李应生. 2008.利用微卫星DNA多态性预测鸡的杂种优势.畜禽业. 226: 23-26
周华东,唐明山,邓娟,高长越. 2008. BDNF基因多态性与绝经后妇女认知功能障碍关系的研究.重庆医学. 37(2): 126-128.
周家秀,郭兰婷,黄雪竹,吴康敏,王英成,张芳蓉,季卫东,黄晓琦. 2007. BDNF基因二核苷酸多态性与儿童孤独症的关系.中国妇幼保健. 2: 1483-1485.
朱景瑞主编. 1995.家畜行为学.北京:中国农业出版社.
邹方东. 2005.林麝(Moschus berezovskii)细胞遗传学及分子标记微卫星的研究.四川大学博士学位论文.