运动性贫血对铁代谢与相关指标及其营养干预影响的研究
摘要
运动性贫血是指“由于运动训练或比赛造成单位容积血液中血红蛋白浓度、红细胞数值低于正常值的现象”。运动性贫血是运动员在竞技体育运动训练过程中容易出现的一种身体机能低下的状态，运动性贫血的发生和发展是影响运动员运动能力的重要因素之一，尤其是体能类项目运动员的运动水平影响极大。铁是维持生命活动的必需微量元素，其在体内的生物学作用主要表现为：通过参与血红蛋白的组成、决定氧的转运和贮存能力；构成呼吸链的重要成份，参与机体能量代谢；铁是许多酶的主要辅助因子；铁参与蛋白质的合成。故，铁与运动能力关系十分密切。但是运动性贫血的发生机制目前尚无定论，运动训练对铁代谢的影响以及铁代谢紊乱对运动性贫血发生和发展的影响仍不明晰。在运动性贫血机制研究中目前尚无运动性贫血动物模型，这也限制了对运动性贫血机制的研究。
本实验首先从建立可重复的运动性贫血动物模型入手，探讨当运动性贫血发生时其铁代谢的变化特点以及反映机体铁代谢的各种指标的变化规律，并通过抗贫血铁复合制剂的干预了解其对已发生运动性贫血大鼠的治疗效果，同时对处于运动性贫血状态的运动员的铁代谢进行深入研究，了解运动员发生运动性贫血时铁代谢及反映铁代谢指标的变化规律，并对运动性贫血运动员进行营养干预，观察其对运动员运动性贫血的治疗效果，从而探寻铁代谢在运动性贫血发生观察中的作用以及能够灵敏反映机体铁代谢状况的指标，为进一步完善运动性贫血的理论和寻找更好的防治运动性贫血的营养补剂提供依据。
本实验分为两大部分：
第一部分 动物实验
一、本实验采用5周递增负荷跑台运动可以导致大鼠血红蛋白显著下降(P＜0.05)，出现运动性贫血，在运动性贫血模型建立后进行的六周营养干预所采用的递增负荷维持了运动组大鼠的运动性贫血状态。本实验建立运动性贫血动物模型是成功的，且具备可重复性。
二、运动导致运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢紊乱，血清铁和组织铁分布发生不同的变化，血清铁、骨髓铁—功能铁明显下降，而肝脏铁、肌肉铁含量明显增加，脑组织、心肌组织和脾脏铁含量没有明显变化，具有明显的组织变化特点，这可能是运动训练大致运动性贫血发生特定时期的特征性变化。运动训练导致运动大鼠铁代谢紊乱是造成运动性贫血发生的重要因素之一。
三、运动训练导致铜代谢紊乱，血清铜和各组织铜的分布发生不同变化，铜含量与铁含量的变化不同步，且运动训练对组织铜含量的影响具有组织特点。
四、本实验对运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢指标的研究结果发现：运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白明显上升，铁蛋白明显下降；运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠红细胞锌原卟啉含量和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量明显增加；这些指标都与血清铁呈高度相关，说明血清铜蓝蛋白、铁蛋白、转铁蛋白可以反映机体铁代谢情况，而红细胞锌卟啉和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量能更为准确地反映红细胞内，这些指标的有机结合能够更为准确地反映机体铁代谢状况。
五、运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体表达具有组织特异性，转铁蛋白受体基因表达与组织铁代谢关系密切。
2003届北京体育大学博士生学位(毕业)论文—曹建民
六、抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂的干预可以明显增加血清铁、骨髓铁一功能铁的含量，并降低
由于运动训练导致的组织铁的增加。
七、贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂的干预显著降低了运动性贫血大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白、红
细胞锌原叶琳和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量，提高了血清铁蛋白含量，并通过对这些机体铁代
谢状况指标的改善反映抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂对维持运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢稳定的积极作
用。
八、抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂对调节运动性贫血大鼠铜代谢紊乱具有积极意义。
九、抗贫血铁复合制剂有效地提高了运动性贫血大鼠的血红蛋白水平，纠正由于运动训练造成
的铁代谢紊乱，表明本实验设计的抗贫血铁复合制剂对预防运动性贫血和缺铁性贫血具有良好
的作用。
第二部分人体实验
一、运动训练使对照组血红蛋白呈下降的趋势，抗贫血铁复合制剂促进了训练期贫血组运动员
血红蛋白的回升，有利于维持和提高运动员的血红蛋白水平。
二、血清铁与血红蛋白浓度呈高度正相关，运动训练导致对照各组实验后血清铁呈现下降的趋
势，血红蛋白同样呈现下降的趋势，血清铁的下降是引起血红蛋白浓度降低的重要因素，提示
在大负荷运动训练期间应注意铁制剂的补充。
三、运动性贫血组运动员的红细胞锌叶琳浓度和红细胞转铁蛋白受体浓度实验前都显著高于对
照组，血清铁蛋白降低、转铁蛋白处于较高水平、血清铜蓝蛋白浓度显著升高，说明当运动训
练造成运动员运动性贫血时引起机体铁代谢紊乱，铁丢失增加而导致铁贮备下降，并引起红细
胞内铁代谢紊乱。红细胞锌叶琳和转铁蛋白受体是反映红细胞内铁状况的灵敏指标;血清铁蛋
白、血清转铁蛋白、血清铜蓝蛋白、红细胞锌叶琳和转铁蛋白受体与血清铁呈高度负相关，故
又是评价机体铁贮备状况的良好指标。
四、?
Sports anemia is a phenomenon that average hemoglobin and red blood cell level under normal value respectively for sports training or contest. Sports anemia is a general state of poor sports ability during sports training. And occurrence and development of sports anemia is one main factor affecting sports ability of athletes, especially athletes of physical fitness items. Iron is the required microelement supporting life, and its biological functions in body as follow: control carrying and storing oxygen by compose hemoglobin, participate in energy metabolism by form respiratory chain, constitute some enzyme as co-factor, form synthesis of protein. At present, the mechanism of sports anemia is pending investigated, effects of sports training on iron metabolism and effects of iron metabolism turbulence on sports anemia is at a loss. Meanwhile there are not animal model of sports anemia, which limit the mechanism research of sports anemia.
The experiment started establishing repeatable animal model of sports anemia, investigated the character of iron metabolism and some indexes that reflecting iron metabolism when sports anemia happened. And anti-anemia iron compound nutrition was administrated and the treatment effect and iron metabolism were observed in both animal and human, In addition, the function of iron metabolism during sports anemia and delicacy indexes reflecting iron metabolism were explored. Furthermore, the research would perfect theory of sports anemia and provide evidence for searching better nutrition method of prevent and treatment.
Part one Animal experiment
1. 5 weeks treadmill exercise of increase by degrees decreased blood hemoglobin level (P<0.05). Meanwhile, subsequent 6 weeks exercise maintained the condition of sports anemia in rats. The animal model of sports anemia was established successfully and possessed repeatable character.
2. The exercise induced iron metabolism turbulence in the rats of sports anemia. Serum iron and tissue iron distribution had different changes such as serum iron and bone marrow iron significantly decreased, liver iron and muscle iron significantly increased, and brain iron, cardiac muscle iron and spleen iron had not significantly changes. The different changes possibly were characteristic changes during sports anemia term induced by sports training. In addition, the iron metabolism turbulence was one important factor of generation of sports anemia.
3. Sports anemia caused cuprum metabolism turbulence such as distribution of serum cuprum and tissue cuprum had different changes and effects of sports training on tissue cuprum possessed position characters. And the changes of cuprum and iron were not synchronization.
4. The results of iron metabolism of sports anemia in rats as follow: sports training increased serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin significantly, sports training increased erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor of erythrocyte membrane significantly, these indexes relating with serum iron strongly indicated that serum ceruloplasmin, ferritin, transferrin could reflect iron metabolism, and erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor levels could reflect iron metabolism in erythrocyte. And organic combination of the indexes reflect iron metabolism accurately.
5. Expression of transferrin and transferrin receptor in sports anemia rats induced by sports training had position characters, and expression of transferrin receptor had significant relation with iron metabolism in tissue.
6. Anti-anemia iron compound nutrition increased serum iron, bone marrow iron and retarded the development of tissue iron induced by sports training.
7. Anti-anemia iron compound nutrition decreased serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin, erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor of erythrocyte membrane significantly, and increased serum ferritin level. In addition, the indexes could reflect positive functions of anti-anemia iron compound nutrition on iron metabolism.
8. An
本实验首先从建立可重复的运动性贫血动物模型入手，探讨当运动性贫血发生时其铁代谢的变化特点以及反映机体铁代谢的各种指标的变化规律，并通过抗贫血铁复合制剂的干预了解其对已发生运动性贫血大鼠的治疗效果，同时对处于运动性贫血状态的运动员的铁代谢进行深入研究，了解运动员发生运动性贫血时铁代谢及反映铁代谢指标的变化规律，并对运动性贫血运动员进行营养干预，观察其对运动员运动性贫血的治疗效果，从而探寻铁代谢在运动性贫血发生观察中的作用以及能够灵敏反映机体铁代谢状况的指标，为进一步完善运动性贫血的理论和寻找更好的防治运动性贫血的营养补剂提供依据。
本实验分为两大部分：
第一部分 动物实验
一、本实验采用5周递增负荷跑台运动可以导致大鼠血红蛋白显著下降(P＜0.05)，出现运动性贫血，在运动性贫血模型建立后进行的六周营养干预所采用的递增负荷维持了运动组大鼠的运动性贫血状态。本实验建立运动性贫血动物模型是成功的，且具备可重复性。
二、运动导致运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢紊乱，血清铁和组织铁分布发生不同的变化，血清铁、骨髓铁—功能铁明显下降，而肝脏铁、肌肉铁含量明显增加，脑组织、心肌组织和脾脏铁含量没有明显变化，具有明显的组织变化特点，这可能是运动训练大致运动性贫血发生特定时期的特征性变化。运动训练导致运动大鼠铁代谢紊乱是造成运动性贫血发生的重要因素之一。
三、运动训练导致铜代谢紊乱，血清铜和各组织铜的分布发生不同变化，铜含量与铁含量的变化不同步，且运动训练对组织铜含量的影响具有组织特点。
四、本实验对运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢指标的研究结果发现：运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白明显上升，铁蛋白明显下降；运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠红细胞锌原卟啉含量和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量明显增加；这些指标都与血清铁呈高度相关，说明血清铜蓝蛋白、铁蛋白、转铁蛋白可以反映机体铁代谢情况，而红细胞锌卟啉和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量能更为准确地反映红细胞内，这些指标的有机结合能够更为准确地反映机体铁代谢状况。
五、运动训练导致运动性贫血大鼠转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体表达具有组织特异性，转铁蛋白受体基因表达与组织铁代谢关系密切。
2003届北京体育大学博士生学位(毕业)论文—曹建民
六、抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂的干预可以明显增加血清铁、骨髓铁一功能铁的含量，并降低
由于运动训练导致的组织铁的增加。
七、贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂的干预显著降低了运动性贫血大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白、红
细胞锌原叶琳和红细胞膜转铁蛋白受体含量，提高了血清铁蛋白含量，并通过对这些机体铁代
谢状况指标的改善反映抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂对维持运动性贫血大鼠铁代谢稳定的积极作
用。
八、抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂对调节运动性贫血大鼠铜代谢紊乱具有积极意义。
九、抗贫血铁复合制剂有效地提高了运动性贫血大鼠的血红蛋白水平，纠正由于运动训练造成
的铁代谢紊乱，表明本实验设计的抗贫血铁复合制剂对预防运动性贫血和缺铁性贫血具有良好
的作用。
第二部分人体实验
一、运动训练使对照组血红蛋白呈下降的趋势，抗贫血铁复合制剂促进了训练期贫血组运动员
血红蛋白的回升，有利于维持和提高运动员的血红蛋白水平。
二、血清铁与血红蛋白浓度呈高度正相关，运动训练导致对照各组实验后血清铁呈现下降的趋
势，血红蛋白同样呈现下降的趋势，血清铁的下降是引起血红蛋白浓度降低的重要因素，提示
在大负荷运动训练期间应注意铁制剂的补充。
三、运动性贫血组运动员的红细胞锌叶琳浓度和红细胞转铁蛋白受体浓度实验前都显著高于对
照组，血清铁蛋白降低、转铁蛋白处于较高水平、血清铜蓝蛋白浓度显著升高，说明当运动训
练造成运动员运动性贫血时引起机体铁代谢紊乱，铁丢失增加而导致铁贮备下降，并引起红细
胞内铁代谢紊乱。红细胞锌叶琳和转铁蛋白受体是反映红细胞内铁状况的灵敏指标;血清铁蛋
白、血清转铁蛋白、血清铜蓝蛋白、红细胞锌叶琳和转铁蛋白受体与血清铁呈高度负相关，故
又是评价机体铁贮备状况的良好指标。
四、?
Sports anemia is a phenomenon that average hemoglobin and red blood cell level under normal value respectively for sports training or contest. Sports anemia is a general state of poor sports ability during sports training. And occurrence and development of sports anemia is one main factor affecting sports ability of athletes, especially athletes of physical fitness items. Iron is the required microelement supporting life, and its biological functions in body as follow: control carrying and storing oxygen by compose hemoglobin, participate in energy metabolism by form respiratory chain, constitute some enzyme as co-factor, form synthesis of protein. At present, the mechanism of sports anemia is pending investigated, effects of sports training on iron metabolism and effects of iron metabolism turbulence on sports anemia is at a loss. Meanwhile there are not animal model of sports anemia, which limit the mechanism research of sports anemia.
The experiment started establishing repeatable animal model of sports anemia, investigated the character of iron metabolism and some indexes that reflecting iron metabolism when sports anemia happened. And anti-anemia iron compound nutrition was administrated and the treatment effect and iron metabolism were observed in both animal and human, In addition, the function of iron metabolism during sports anemia and delicacy indexes reflecting iron metabolism were explored. Furthermore, the research would perfect theory of sports anemia and provide evidence for searching better nutrition method of prevent and treatment.
Part one Animal experiment
1. 5 weeks treadmill exercise of increase by degrees decreased blood hemoglobin level (P<0.05). Meanwhile, subsequent 6 weeks exercise maintained the condition of sports anemia in rats. The animal model of sports anemia was established successfully and possessed repeatable character.
2. The exercise induced iron metabolism turbulence in the rats of sports anemia. Serum iron and tissue iron distribution had different changes such as serum iron and bone marrow iron significantly decreased, liver iron and muscle iron significantly increased, and brain iron, cardiac muscle iron and spleen iron had not significantly changes. The different changes possibly were characteristic changes during sports anemia term induced by sports training. In addition, the iron metabolism turbulence was one important factor of generation of sports anemia.
3. Sports anemia caused cuprum metabolism turbulence such as distribution of serum cuprum and tissue cuprum had different changes and effects of sports training on tissue cuprum possessed position characters. And the changes of cuprum and iron were not synchronization.
4. The results of iron metabolism of sports anemia in rats as follow: sports training increased serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin significantly, sports training increased erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor of erythrocyte membrane significantly, these indexes relating with serum iron strongly indicated that serum ceruloplasmin, ferritin, transferrin could reflect iron metabolism, and erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor levels could reflect iron metabolism in erythrocyte. And organic combination of the indexes reflect iron metabolism accurately.
5. Expression of transferrin and transferrin receptor in sports anemia rats induced by sports training had position characters, and expression of transferrin receptor had significant relation with iron metabolism in tissue.
6. Anti-anemia iron compound nutrition increased serum iron, bone marrow iron and retarded the development of tissue iron induced by sports training.
7. Anti-anemia iron compound nutrition decreased serum ceruloplasmin and transferrin, erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin and transferrin receptor of erythrocyte membrane significantly, and increased serum ferritin level. In addition, the indexes could reflect positive functions of anti-anemia iron compound nutrition on iron metabolism.
8. An
引文
[1] 钱忠明、肖德生、王沁．运动性缺铁研究进展[J]．中国运动医学杂志，1998(2) ：151-154
[2] Cammack R,Wriggleworth J M,Baum H.Iron-dependent enzymes in mammalian systerms.In,Ponka P,ed.Iron transport and storage[J].Boca Raton,FL,CPC Press. 1990． 17-39
[3] A．M．费旁D．R．威廉斯．生物无机化学[M]．复旦大学出版社，1984
[4] 曲绵域、高云秋、浦均宗等．实用运动医学[M]．北京科学技术出版社，1996
[5] 钱忠明．铁代谢-基础与临床[M]．科学出版社，2000
[6] Skikne B S.Lynch S.R,Cook J D. Role of gastric acid in food iron absorption. [J] Gastroenterology . 1981,81:1068-1071
[7] Wheby M S,Spyker D A.Hemoglobin iron absorption kinetics in the iron-deficient dog.[J]Am.J.Cli.Nutr. 1981,34: 1686-1693
[8] Conrad M E,Umbreit J N,Moore E GA role for mucin in the absorption of inorganic iron and other metal cations. [J]Gastroenterology.l991, 100:129-136
[9] Beard J L,Dawson H D.Iron:In:Dell B L and Sunde R A(eds)Marcel Dekker Inc.New York. 1997,278-280
[10] Charlton R W,Bothwell T H.Iron absorption.[J]Annu. Rev. Med. 1983,34:55-68
[11] Sanyal A J.Hirsch J I,Moore E W. Premicellar taurocholate avidly binds ferrous(Fe2+) iron:a potential pHysiologic role for bile salts in iron absorption.[J]J.Lab. Clin.Med. 1990,1 16:76-86
[12] Bezwoda w,Charlton R,Bothwell T H et al.The relative dietary importance of haem and non-haemiron.[J]S.AFR.med.J.1983,64:552~556
[13] Cook J D. Adaptation in iron metabolism.[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr.l990,51:301-308
[14] Skikne B S,Lynch S R, Robinson R G et al. The effect of food consistency on iron absorption.[J]Am.J.Gastroenterol.l983,78:607-610
[15] Lynch S R,Hurrell R F.Dassenko S A et al.The effect of dietary protein on iron bioavailability in man.[J]Adv.Exp. Med.Biol. 1989,249: 11 7-1 32
[16] Christensen J M,Ghannam M,Ayres J W. Effects of divalent amino acids on iron absorption. [J] J.PHarm.Sci. 1 984,73 : 1 245-1 248
[17] Taylor P Gmartinez-Torres C,Romano E L et al.The effect of cysteinecontaining peptides released during meat digestion on iron absorption in humans. [J] Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 1986,43:68-71
[18] Hurrell R F,Lynch S R,Trinided T P et al. Iron adsorption in humans:bovine serum albumin compared with beef muscle and egg white.[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr.l988,47;102-107
[19] Kapsokefalou M,Miller D D.Effects of meat and selected food components on the valence of nonheme iron during in vitro digestion.[J].J.Food.Sci.!991,56;352-358
[20] Zhang D,Carpenter C E,Mahoney A W. A mechanistic hypothesis for meat enhancement of nonheme iron absorption:Saimulation of gastric secretions and iron chelation.[J]Nutr.Res. 1 990, 10;929-935
[21] Siegenberg D,Baynes R D,Bothwell T H et al. Ascorbic acid prevents the dose-dependent inhibitory effectsof polypHenols and pHytate on nonheme iron absorption.[J] Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 1991,53;537-541
[22] Looker A, Sempos C T, Johnson C et al. Vitamin-mineral supplement use: association with dietary intake and iron state of adults.[J]J.Am.Diet.Assoc.l988,88;808-814
[23] Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthen L.Is there a pHysiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption data?[J]Ann.NYAcad.Sci.l987,498:324-332
[24] Tuntawiroon M, Sritongkul N, Rossander-Hulten L et al.Rice and iron absorption in man[J].Eur.J.Clin.Nutr.l990,44:489-497
[25] Hallberg L, Rossander L, Skanberg A B.PHytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987,45:988-996
[26] P．A．惠特克、S．M．丹克．线粒体[M]．科学出版社，1982
[27] Hallberg L, Brune M, Erlandsson M et al. Calcium:Effect of different amounts on nonheme-and heme-iron absorption in human[J].Am.J.Clin.Nutr.1991,53:112-119
[28] Beard JL.Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning [J].J Nutr 2001; 131 (2S-2) :568-579
[29] 杰姆斯．鲁德．铁与运动能力[J]．山东体育科技，1991，2：4-9
[30] 董斌、张力军、解长福等．运动员缺铁对运动能力的影响[J]．哈尔滨体育学院学报，1993， 37：65-68
[31] Newhouse I J,Clement D B.Iron status in athletes[J].An update.sports Med. 1988,5:337-352
[32] Banister E W,Hamilton C L.Variation in iron status with fatigue modeled from training in female distance runners[J].Eur.J.Appl.PHysiol. 1985,54:16-23
[33] Larrich J W,Cresswell P.Modulation of cell surface iron transferrin receptors by cellular density and state of activation[J]J.Supramol.Struct. 1979,11:579-586
[34] Strause L,Hegenauer L,Saltman R.Effects of exercise on iron metabolism in rats[J].Nutr.Res. 1983,3:70-89
[35] Clement D B,Asmundson R C.Nutritional intake and hematological parameters in endurance runners.[J]The PHysician and Sports Med. 1982,10:37-43
[36] Newhouse IJ, Clement DB. Iron status in athletes. An update[J]. Sports Med 1988 Jun;5(6) :337-352
[37] Klingshirn LA, Pate RR, Bourque SP et al. Effect of iron supplementation on endurance capacity in iron-depleted female runners[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 Jul;24(7) :819-24
[38] Beard J,Tobin B.Iron status and exercise[J].Am J Clin Nutr.2000,72(2) ;594-597
[39] Haymes EM, Spillman DM. Iron status of women distance runners, sprinters, and control women[J]. Int J Sports Med 1989,10(6) :430-433
[40] Ruckman K,Sherman A.Effects of exercise on iron and copper metabolism in rats[J]. J.Nutr. 1981,111; 1593-1601
[41] Prsad M K,Pratt C A.The effects of exercise and two levels of dietary iron status[J].Nutr.Res.l990,10:1273-1283
[42] Pakarinen A.Ferritin in sports medicine[J].Nordilab Newsletters. 1980,4:20-28
[43] Mouton G, Sluse FE, Bertrand A et al. Iron status in runners of various running specialties[J]. Arch Int PHysiol Biochim 1990 ,98(1) :103-109
[44] John Beard. Iron treatment and human intestinal Caco-2 cells[J].Am J Clin
Nutr.2000,72(3);677～678
[45]Feder JN.The hereditary hemochromatosis gene (HFE): a MHC class I-like gene that functions in the regulation of iron homeostasis[J]. Immunol Res 1999;20:175～85.
[46]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Ke Y et al. Increased nitric oxide is one of the causes of changes of iron metabolism in strenuously exercised rats[J].Am J PHysiol Regul Integr Comp PHysiol 2001 ;280(3):739～743
[47]Xiao DS, Qian ZM. Plasma nitric oxide and iron concentrations in exercised rats are negatively correlated[J].Mol Cell Biochem 2000 ;208(1-2): 163～166
[48]Ehn L, Carlmark B, Hoglund S.Iron status in athletes involved in intense pHysical activity[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980 ;12(1):61～64
[49]Balaban EP. Sports anemia[J].Clin Sports Med 1992 Apr;11(2):313～325
[50]Haymes EM, Spillman DM.Iron status of women distance runners, sprinters, and control women[J].Int J Sports Med 1989 ;10(6):430～433
[51]Weight LM, Jacobs P, Noakes TD. Dietary iron deficiency and sports anaemia[J]. Br J Nutr 1992 ;68(1):253～260
[52]Spodaryk K.Iron metabolism in boys involved in intensive physical training[J].PHysiol Behav 2002 ;75(1-2):201～206
[53]丛玉隆主编．现代血液分析技术与临床[M]．人民卫生出版社北京．1997
[54]丛玉隆．MCV／RDW贫血分类法临床实用价值初步探讨[J]．中华医学检验杂志．1990，13；47
[55]剑龙、徐风华、华维．红细胞MCV／RDW值鉴别贫血的临床价值[J]．临床检验杂志．1995，13；244～245
[56]庞保军．MCV／RDW在诊断MIDS和IDA中的初步探讨[J]．上海医学检验杂志1995，10；217
[57]Uchida T. Chang in red blood cell distribution width with iron dificiency[J].Cli Lab Haeuat. 1989,11 ;117
[58]沈晓英、徐嘉林．缺铁性贫血产妇红细胞体积分布宽度测定及临床应用[J]．临床检验杂志1997．15；186
[59]Shehata H A,Ali M M,Evans-Jones J C et al. Red cell distribution width (RDW) changes in pregnancy[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998,62(1);43～46
[60]Ashenden MJ, Pyne DB, Parisotto R et al. Can reticulocyte parameters be of use in detecting iron deficient erythropoiesis in female athletes?[J] J Sports Med PHys Fitness 1999,39(2);140～146
[61]李家增、王鸿利、韩忠朝．血液试验学[M]．上海科学技术出版社．1997，第一版
[62]Constance V, Judy A.Driskell. Sports Nutrition—Minerals Eledtrolytes[M].1995 by CRC Press,Inc
[63]肖德生、钱忠明．运动诱导的低铁状态大鼠骨髓细胞铁摄入的变化[J]．生理学报．2000，52(2)；147～151
[64]Cook J D,Baynes R D,Skikne B C.Iron deficiency and the assessment of iron status[J].Nutr. Rev. 1992,5; 189～202
[65]Patton W N, Cave R J,Harris R I et al.A study of change in red cell volume and haemoglobin
concetration during pHleotomy induced iron deficiency and repletion using the Ichnion H I[J].Clin. Lab. Haematol. 1991,13; 153～161
[66]Van Zeben D,Bieger R, Van Wermeckerken R K A et al.Evaluation of microcytosis using serum ferritin and red blood cell distribution. [J].Eur. J.Haematol. 1991,44; 106～109
[67]Baynes R D, Shih Y T, Cook J D.Production of solube transferrin receptor by K562 erythroleukemia cells[J].Br.J.Haematol. 1991,78;450～455
[68]Hueber H A,Beguin Y, Pootrakul P et al. Intact transferrin receptors in heman plasma and their relation to erythropoiesis[J].Blood. 1990,75; 102～107
[69]Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A.Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with high concentrations of transferrin receptor in serum[J].Clin.Chem. 1994,40(5);774～776
[70]Hinton PS, Giordano C, Brownlie T et al. Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women[J]. J.Appl.PHysiol. 2000,88(3); 1103～1111
[71]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Tang PL et al. Increased expression of transferrin receptor on membrane of erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats[J].J.Appl.PHysiol. 1999,87(2);523～529
[72]Skikne B S,Flowers H,Cook J D.Serum transferrin receptor, A quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency[J].Blood. 1990,75; 1870～1876
[73]Spodaryk K, Szygula Z,Dabrowski Z et al. The acitivity of erythrocyte enzyme in rats subjected to running exercise[J].Eur. J.Appl. PHysio. 1985,54;533～537
[74]叶剑飞、余闽、芩浩望．过度训练的病理生理及康复——I大鼠过度训练模型的建立[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1992，11(2)；15～21
[75]朱全、浦钧宗、张敏．游泳方法建立大鼠模拟过度训练模型[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1998，17(2)；137～140
[76]郑陆、隋波、潘力平等．过度训练动物模型的建立[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2000，19(2)；179～181
[77]Pate R R, Miller B J,Davis J M et al. Iron status of female runners[J].Int. J.Sport Nutr. 1993,3 ;222～231
[78]Aruoma O I,Reilly T, Maclaren D et al. Iron,copper and zinc concentration in human sweat and plasma; the effect of exercise[J].Clin. Chim. Acta. 1988,177;81～88
[79]Lamanca J J,Haymes E M,Daly J A et al. Sweat iron loss of male and female runners during exercise[J].Int. J.Sports Med. 1988,9;52～55
[80]Waller M F, Haymes E M.The effects of heat and exercise on sweat iron loss[J].Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 1996,28; 197～203
[81]Brune M,Magnusson B,Persson H et al.Iron losses in sweat[J].Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1986,43 ;438～443
[82]Boileau M,Fuchs E,Barry J et al. Stress hematutia, athletic pseudo-nepHritis in marathoners[J].Urology. 1980,15(5;)471～474
[83]Magnusson B,Hallberg L,Rossander L et al.Iron matabolism and sports anemia. A haematologic comparison of elite runners and control subjects[J].Acta. Med. Scand. 1984,216; 157～164
[84]Fisher R L,Mcmahon Jr L F, Ryan M J et al.Gastrointestinal bleeding in competitive runners[J].Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986,31 (11); 1226～1228
[85]Mccabe M E,Peura D A,Kadalda S Z et al. Gastrointestinal blood loos associated with running a marathon [J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986,31 (11); 1229～1232
[86]Clement D B,Sawchuk L L.Iron status and sports performance[J].Sports Med. 1984,1 ;65～74
[87]Fogelholm M,Jaakkola L,Lampisjarvi T. Effects of iron supplementation in femal athletes with low ferritin concentration[J].Int. J.Sports Med. 1992,13; 158～162
[88]Klingshirn L A,Pate R R, Bourque S P et al.Effect of iron supplementation on endurance capacity in iron-depleted female runners[J].Med. Sci. Sports Exe. 1992,24;819～824
[89]Kalkwarf HJ, Harrast SD. Effects of calcium supplementation and lactation on iron status[J].Am.J,Clin. Nutr. 1998,67(6); 1244～1249
[90]Snyder AC, Dvorak LL, Roepke JB.Influence of dietary iron source on measures of iron status among female runners[J].Med. Sci. Sports Exe. 1989,21 (1);7～10
[91]颜世铭、熊丽萍．元素间的相互影响[J]．广东微量元素科学．2000，7(11)；1～6
[92]陶祝良、陈吉棣、刘晓鹏．膳食中油脂、锌、钙对非色素铁体外吸收的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1996，15(2)；98～101
[93]Martinez C, Ros G, Periago MJ et al.Iron bioavailability in food[J].Arch. Latinoam.Nutr. 1999,49(2) 106～113
[94]Kaltwasser JP, Gottschalk R.Erythropoietin and iron[J]. Kidney. Int. Suppl. 1999,69;49～56
[95]罗兴华、龚惠兰、雷桂成等．少儿运动员贫血，Fe、Cu、Ze缺乏及营养对策研究[J]．广东体育学院学报．1993，13(1)；16～21
[96]谢敏豪等．小鼠流动游泳水槽[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1988 7(1)；35～36
[97]陈吉棣主编．运动营养学[M]．北京医科大学出版社，2002
[98]杨慧明、万朝敏．婴幼儿铜代谢紊乱与疾病[J]．广州微量元素科学．20029(2)：7～10[]
[99]邬建军、蒋雨平．铜转运与相关基因病[J]．生理科学进展．2000 31(4)：341～344[]
[100]常彦忠、钱忠明．铜蓝蛋白与脑铁代谢[J]．生理科学进展．2002 33(2)：101～105[]
[101]黄坚、倪静斌．中药微量元素锌、铜、铁、锰的研究[J]．19974(9)：13～17[]
[102]Bonkovsky HL.Iron and the liver[J]. Am J Med Sci 1991 Jan;301(1):32-43
[103]Lesnefsky EJ.Tissue iron overload and mechanisms of iron-catalyzed oxidative injury[J].Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;366:129-46
[104]Kang JO, Jones C, Brothwell B.Toxicity associated with iron overload found in hemochromatosis: possible mechanism in a rat model[J].Clin Lab Sci 1998 Nov-Dec; 11 (6):350-4
[105]Valerio LG Jr, Petersen DR.Formation of liver microsomal MDA-protein adducts in mice with chronic dietary iron ovefioad[J].Toxicol Lett 1998 Sep 1 ;98(1-2):31-9
[106]Britton RS. Metal-induced hepatotoxicity[J]. Semin Liver Dis 1996 Feb; 16(1):3-12
[107]Navas FJ,Cordova. Iron distribution in different tissues in rats following exercise[J]. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000 Mar;73(3):259-268
[108]陈莹莹、钱中明．心脏铁代谢及其相关疾病的研究进展[J]．中华心血管病杂志．2002 30(1)：59～62
[109]Zhong mingqian, Qin Wang. Expression of iron transport proteins and excessive ironaccumulation in the brain in neurodegenerative disorders[J] .Brain ResearchReview. 1998;27:257-267
[110]刘建宏、郭兰英、张卉．地区营养性贫血患者血清锌铁铜含量的分析报告[J]．微量元素与健康研究．199411(2)；
[111]孙玉萍、赵建强、刘传勇等．缺铁性贫血患儿血清铁、铜、锌水平玉血红蛋白浓度的相关分析[J]．广东微量元素科学．1997 4(11)；63-65
[112]Williams DM, Kennedy FS, Green BG.Hepatic iron accumulation in copper-deficient rats[J]. Br J Nutr 1983 Nov;50(3):653-60
[113]Yu S, West CE, Beynen AC.Increasing intakes of iron reduce status, absorption and biliary excretion of copper in rats[J]. Br J Nutr 1994 Jun;71(6):887-95
[114]刘盛辉、丁学勤、张美玉等．锌原卟啉测定对铁缺乏症的诊断价值[J]．临床荟萃．2001 16(16)；733
[115]陈则永、陈贵良、李为红等．泡利酚对缺铁性贫血成龄大鼠脾脏铁、酮、锌含量的影响[J]．广州微量元素科学．19996(6)；42-44
[116]邹伟、刘波、那兰．极量运动对小鼠体内4种器官微量元素影响的性别差异[J]．中国运动医学杂志．199918(2)；167-168
[117]李兰娜．儿童缺铁性贫血与锌原卟啉间的关系[J]．现代临床医学生物工程学杂志．20006(1)；28～29
[118]张建萍、李希发、张云秀等．锌原卟啉测定对孕妇缺铁性贫血的临床诊断意义[J]．中国优生与遗传杂志．1997 5(2)；33～34
[119]张丽娜、陈吉庆．正常儿、肺炎及缺铁性贫血患儿的锌卟啉分析[J]．中国厂矿医学．2000 13(1)；23～24
[120]常虹、郝国平、杨生梅等．儿童血锌原卟啉测定与小儿缺铁性贫血的早期诊断[J]．山西妇幼卫生．2000 11(1)；1～2
[121]李士军、王斌、高泽斌等．转铁蛋白受体和铁蛋白在缺铁性贫血诊断中的意义[J]．大连医科大学学报．2001 23(3)；209～211
[122]林小明、龙珠、沈小毅等．铁缺乏儿童血清转铁蛋白受体的变化及对铁干预的反应[J]．万方数据
[123]王伟良、李蓉生、陈嘉林等．MEL细胞系中铁对转铁蛋白受体mRNA和铁螯合酶mRNA表达的调节[J]．中华血液学杂志．1999(1)
[124]Marita A,Virtanen,Lasse U Viinikka et al.Higher concentrations of serum transferrin receptorin children than in adults[J]. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 69(2);256-260
[125]王强、廖清奎、董巍．转铁蛋白受体在慢性病贫血大鼠骨髓红细胞中的表达[J]．临床血液学杂志．2002 15(4)；174～175
[126]Hlosukwazi Khumalo, Zvenyika A. R. Gomo, Victor M. Moyo et al. Serum transferrin receptors are decreased in the presence of iron overload[J]. Clinical Chemistry. 1998,44:40-44.
[127]刘怡平、马小曼王凯等．营养性贫血病儿血清微量元素的变化[J]．青岛医学院学报．199935(2)
[128]Campbell WW, Anderson RA.Effects of aerobic exercise and training on the trace minerals chromium, zinc and copper[J]. Sports Med 1987 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-18
[129]Bacon BR, Britton RS.Hepatic injury in chronic iron overload. Role of lipid peroxidation[J]. Chem Biol Interact 1989;70(3-4): 183-226
[130]Britton RS, Ramm GA, Olynyk J et al. PathopHysiology of iron toxicity[J].Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;356:239-53
[131]Britton RS, Bacon BR.Role of free radicals in liver diseases and hepatic fibrosis[J]. Hepatogastroenterology 1994 Aug;41(4):343-8
[132]Stal P. Iron as a hepatotoxin[J].Dig Dis 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):205-22
[133]Zhong Ming Qian, De Sheng Xiao, Ya Ke et al. Increased nitric oxide is one of the causes of changes of iron metabolism in strenuously exercised rats[J]. Am J PHysiol Regul Integr Comp PHysiol 2001 280: R739-R743,
[134]Gisolfi CV. Is the GI System Built For Exercise? [J].News PHysiol Sci 2000 Jun; 15:114-119
[135]胡浩、夏虹、陈婉茜等．骨髓铁蛋白测定对缺铁性贫血诊断的意义[J]．数理医药学杂志．2001 14(2)；167～168
[136]Keith M Erikson, Domingo J Pinero et al.Regional Brain Iron, Ferritin and Transferrin Concentrations during Iron Deficiency and Iron Repletion in Developing Rats[J]. J Nutr 1997 127(10);2030-2038
[137]兰莉、台虹、李明等．骨髓细胞外铁及血清铁蛋白在缺铁性贫血中的对比分析[J]．云南医学．2000 21(1)；46～47
[138]孔荣．六种血液病与缺铁性贫血血清铁蛋白的检测[J]．南京医科大学学报．199818(5)；454
[139]Ming Qian Z, Sheng Xiao D, Kui Liao Q et al.Effect of different durations of exercise on transferrin-bound iron uptake by rat erythroblast[J]. J Nutr Biochem 2002 Jan;13(1):47-54
[140]蒋达和、钱忠明．小肠铁吸收机制及相关疾病研究进展[J]．中华医学杂志．200181(24)；1533～1535
[141]周祖钊、谢建新、秦江梅等．小鼠生长期富铁干预对成年期铁代谢影响的初步研究[J]．石河子大学学报．2001 5(2)；137～140
[142]胡若愚、叶飞、詹乾钢等．血清铁蛋白检测的临床价值[J]．中国误诊学杂志．20011(7)；1089～1090
[143]林宗广．乙肝后肝硬化失代偿期血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、铜蓝蛋白的临床意义及与中医辨证关系[J]．中国中西医结合脾胃杂志．2000 8(5)；275～277
[144]Hellman NE, Gitlin JD.Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function[J]. Annu Rev Nutr 2002;22:439-58
[145]Mukhopadhyay CK, Attieh ZK, Fox PL.Role of cemloplasmin in cellular iron uptake[J]. Science 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):714-7
[146]Harris ZL, Durley AP, Man TK, Gitlin JD.Targeted gene disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron effiux[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 Sep 14;96(19): 10812-7
[147]Mzhel'skaya TI.Biological functions of ceruloplasmin and their deficiency caused by
mutation in genes regulating copper and iron metabolism[J].Bull Exp Biol Med 2000 Aug; 130(8):719-27
[148]Gitlin JD.Aceruloplasminemia[J]. Pediatr Res 1998 Sep;44(3):271-6
[149]董连宇、田庆印．冠心病患者血清铜蓝蛋白与血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白水平的测定及其相互关系[J]．心血管康复医学杂志．2000 9(1)；23～24
[150]高世良、张光彩、惠红霞．急性白血病血清转铁蛋白和铜蓝蛋白的变化[J]．河南医药信息．19975(4)；26
[151]庞宝森、袁梅珍、窦叔咸等．慢性肺心病急性发作期血清铜蓝蛋白氧化酶测定及肝素对其影响[J]．北京医学．1996 18(6)；373～374
[152]冯佑民、张新堂、张友尚．结合铁及其它金属离子的Tf与其受体的相互作用[J]．生物化学杂志．1987 19，333～338
[153]Aldred A R, Dickson P W, Marley P D et al.Distribution of transferring synthesis in brain and other tissues in the rat[J].J Biol Chem.1987 262;5293～5297
[154]Alan E.M, Morey A. B,Ann M. G, Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations[J]. Clin Che. 1998;44:45-51
[155]Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Konig D, Berg A. Effects of exercise on soluble transferrin receptor and other variables of the iron status[J].Br J Sports Med 2002 36(3): 195-9
[156]R'zik S, Beguin Y. Serum soluble transferrin receptor concentration is an accurate estimate of the mass of tissue receptors[J].Exp Hematol 2001 29(6);677-85
[157]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Tang PL et al.Increased expression of transferrin receptor on membrane of erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats[J].J Appl PHysiol 1999 87(2);523-9
[158]Mendelzon D,Boissier F, Zakin M M.The binding site for the liver-specific transcription factor Tf-LF1 and TATA box of the human transferring gene promoter are the only elements necessary to direct liver-specific transcription in vitro[J].Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 18;5717～5721
[159]胡小燕、胡一平、孔峰等．运动性贫血防治措施的研究[J]．山东体育学院学报．1999．15(41)；29～30
[160]沈玉雷、谭齐贤、张纯源等．贫血病人血清转铁蛋白受体水平的研究[J]．青岛医学院学报．1994 30(3)；189～190
[161]王伟良、李蓉生、李琦．贫血患者血清可溶性转铁蛋白受体的变化[J]．中国血液学杂志．1997．18(1)；592
[162]乔宏、吴春梅、管洪在等．贫血患者血清转铁蛋白受体测定的临床意义[J]．山东医药．2000．40(6)；5～6
[163]张育苗、王招定、李蓉萍等．缺铁性贫血伴感染患儿的MCV／RDW和血清铁蛋白分析[J]．浙江临床医学．2001 3(1)；30～31
[164]胡瑜、成立科．血清转铁蛋白受体与血清铁鉴别缺铁性贫血和慢性贫血的意义[J]．江苏大学学报．2002 12(1)；40～42
[165]Flowers CH, Skikne BS, Covell AM, et al. The clinical measurement of serum transferrin receptor[J].J Lab Clin Med 1989;114:368～377.
[166]Kohgo Y, Niitsu Y, Kondo H, et al. Serum transferrin receptor as a new index of
erythropoiesis[J].Blood 1987;70:1955～1958.
[167]Cook JD. The measurement of serum transferrin receptor[J].Am J Med Sci 1999;318:269～276.
[168]Suominen P, Punnonen K, Rajamaki A et al. Serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor-ferritin index idemify healthy subjects with subclinical iron deficits[J].Blood 1998;92:2934～2939.
[169]Weight LM,Alexander D,Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: analogous to the acute-pHase response? [J]. Clin Sci 1991;81:677～683.
[170]Ahluwalia N.Diagnostic utility of serum transferrin receptors measurement in assessing iron status[J]. Nutr Rev 1998;56:133～141.
[171]Beguin Y. The soluble transferrin receptor: biological aspects and clinical usefulness as quantitative measure of erythropoiesis[J]. Haematologica 1992;77:1～10
[172]Takubo T, Yamane Y, Hino M et al. The value of serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) determination in hematological malignancies[J]. Haematologica 1998;29:259～260.
[173]冯连世、洪平、宗丕芳等．高原训练对男子中长跑运动员血清激素的影响[J]．体育科学．2000 20(4)；49～52．
[174]冯连世、赵中应、洪平等．模拟高原训练对大鼠促红细胞生成素(EPO)表达的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2001 20(4)；358～360．
[175]张之南、李蓉生主编．红细胞疾病基础与临床[M]．科学出版社．2000
[176]徐晓阳、冯炜权、冯美云等．大鼠“运动性低血睾酮”与“肾阳虚”模型骨骼肌α—actin基因表达的比较研究[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2000 19(2)；143～145
[177]武桂新、谢敏豪、冯炜权．运动应激与睾酮合成研究进展[J]．北京体育大学学报．2001 24(3)；342～346
[178]尤同建、谢敏豪．运动训练对雄性大鼠垂体—性腺轴功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1997 16(4)；252～256
[180]金其贯．过度训练对大鼠垂体—性腺轴的影响[J]．浙江体育科学．1998 20(1)；43～46
[181]钱风雷．补肾中药对大运动量训练大鼠下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴功能的调节作用．北京体育大学硕士论文，1999
[182]谢敏豪等．补肾中药对训练者下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴及运动能力的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1996 15(1)；12～15
[183]张春林．中药营养合剂治疗运动性贫血的效果观察[J]中国体育科技．1999 35(8)；
[184]郑澜、潘珊珊．实验性运动性贫血与心肌缺氧发生的相关研究[J]．上海体育学院学报．2002 26(1)；
[185]杨建昌、续敏．力竭性游泳对大鼠红细胞膜脂质流动性及膜脂质过氧化的影响[J]．西安体育学院学报．2002 19(1)
[186]许豪文、常波、衣雪洁．力竭游泳对红细胞膜的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2001 20(2)；
[187]朱小南、潘敬运、王锦群等．腺嘌呤诱导的肾性贫血的大鼠模型[J]．中国药理学通报．1999 3；
[188]刘永学、魏汉东、吴祖泽．腺嘌吟诱发大鼠肾性贫血模型的特点及鉴定[J]．中华肾脏病杂
志．1998，1
[2] Cammack R,Wriggleworth J M,Baum H.Iron-dependent enzymes in mammalian systerms.In,Ponka P,ed.Iron transport and storage[J].Boca Raton,FL,CPC Press. 1990． 17-39
[3] A．M．费旁D．R．威廉斯．生物无机化学[M]．复旦大学出版社，1984
[4] 曲绵域、高云秋、浦均宗等．实用运动医学[M]．北京科学技术出版社，1996
[5] 钱忠明．铁代谢-基础与临床[M]．科学出版社，2000
[6] Skikne B S.Lynch S.R,Cook J D. Role of gastric acid in food iron absorption. [J] Gastroenterology . 1981,81:1068-1071
[7] Wheby M S,Spyker D A.Hemoglobin iron absorption kinetics in the iron-deficient dog.[J]Am.J.Cli.Nutr. 1981,34: 1686-1693
[8] Conrad M E,Umbreit J N,Moore E GA role for mucin in the absorption of inorganic iron and other metal cations. [J]Gastroenterology.l991, 100:129-136
[9] Beard J L,Dawson H D.Iron:In:Dell B L and Sunde R A(eds)Marcel Dekker Inc.New York. 1997,278-280
[10] Charlton R W,Bothwell T H.Iron absorption.[J]Annu. Rev. Med. 1983,34:55-68
[11] Sanyal A J.Hirsch J I,Moore E W. Premicellar taurocholate avidly binds ferrous(Fe2+) iron:a potential pHysiologic role for bile salts in iron absorption.[J]J.Lab. Clin.Med. 1990,1 16:76-86
[12] Bezwoda w,Charlton R,Bothwell T H et al.The relative dietary importance of haem and non-haemiron.[J]S.AFR.med.J.1983,64:552~556
[13] Cook J D. Adaptation in iron metabolism.[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr.l990,51:301-308
[14] Skikne B S,Lynch S R, Robinson R G et al. The effect of food consistency on iron absorption.[J]Am.J.Gastroenterol.l983,78:607-610
[15] Lynch S R,Hurrell R F.Dassenko S A et al.The effect of dietary protein on iron bioavailability in man.[J]Adv.Exp. Med.Biol. 1989,249: 11 7-1 32
[16] Christensen J M,Ghannam M,Ayres J W. Effects of divalent amino acids on iron absorption. [J] J.PHarm.Sci. 1 984,73 : 1 245-1 248
[17] Taylor P Gmartinez-Torres C,Romano E L et al.The effect of cysteinecontaining peptides released during meat digestion on iron absorption in humans. [J] Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 1986,43:68-71
[18] Hurrell R F,Lynch S R,Trinided T P et al. Iron adsorption in humans:bovine serum albumin compared with beef muscle and egg white.[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr.l988,47;102-107
[19] Kapsokefalou M,Miller D D.Effects of meat and selected food components on the valence of nonheme iron during in vitro digestion.[J].J.Food.Sci.!991,56;352-358
[20] Zhang D,Carpenter C E,Mahoney A W. A mechanistic hypothesis for meat enhancement of nonheme iron absorption:Saimulation of gastric secretions and iron chelation.[J]Nutr.Res. 1 990, 10;929-935
[21] Siegenberg D,Baynes R D,Bothwell T H et al. Ascorbic acid prevents the dose-dependent inhibitory effectsof polypHenols and pHytate on nonheme iron absorption.[J] Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 1991,53;537-541
[22] Looker A, Sempos C T, Johnson C et al. Vitamin-mineral supplement use: association with dietary intake and iron state of adults.[J]J.Am.Diet.Assoc.l988,88;808-814
[23] Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthen L.Is there a pHysiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption data?[J]Ann.NYAcad.Sci.l987,498:324-332
[24] Tuntawiroon M, Sritongkul N, Rossander-Hulten L et al.Rice and iron absorption in man[J].Eur.J.Clin.Nutr.l990,44:489-497
[25] Hallberg L, Rossander L, Skanberg A B.PHytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man[J]Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987,45:988-996
[26] P．A．惠特克、S．M．丹克．线粒体[M]．科学出版社，1982
[27] Hallberg L, Brune M, Erlandsson M et al. Calcium:Effect of different amounts on nonheme-and heme-iron absorption in human[J].Am.J.Clin.Nutr.1991,53:112-119
[28] Beard JL.Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning [J].J Nutr 2001; 131 (2S-2) :568-579
[29] 杰姆斯．鲁德．铁与运动能力[J]．山东体育科技，1991，2：4-9
[30] 董斌、张力军、解长福等．运动员缺铁对运动能力的影响[J]．哈尔滨体育学院学报，1993， 37：65-68
[31] Newhouse I J,Clement D B.Iron status in athletes[J].An update.sports Med. 1988,5:337-352
[32] Banister E W,Hamilton C L.Variation in iron status with fatigue modeled from training in female distance runners[J].Eur.J.Appl.PHysiol. 1985,54:16-23
[33] Larrich J W,Cresswell P.Modulation of cell surface iron transferrin receptors by cellular density and state of activation[J]J.Supramol.Struct. 1979,11:579-586
[34] Strause L,Hegenauer L,Saltman R.Effects of exercise on iron metabolism in rats[J].Nutr.Res. 1983,3:70-89
[35] Clement D B,Asmundson R C.Nutritional intake and hematological parameters in endurance runners.[J]The PHysician and Sports Med. 1982,10:37-43
[36] Newhouse IJ, Clement DB. Iron status in athletes. An update[J]. Sports Med 1988 Jun;5(6) :337-352
[37] Klingshirn LA, Pate RR, Bourque SP et al. Effect of iron supplementation on endurance capacity in iron-depleted female runners[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 Jul;24(7) :819-24
[38] Beard J,Tobin B.Iron status and exercise[J].Am J Clin Nutr.2000,72(2) ;594-597
[39] Haymes EM, Spillman DM. Iron status of women distance runners, sprinters, and control women[J]. Int J Sports Med 1989,10(6) :430-433
[40] Ruckman K,Sherman A.Effects of exercise on iron and copper metabolism in rats[J]. J.Nutr. 1981,111; 1593-1601
[41] Prsad M K,Pratt C A.The effects of exercise and two levels of dietary iron status[J].Nutr.Res.l990,10:1273-1283
[42] Pakarinen A.Ferritin in sports medicine[J].Nordilab Newsletters. 1980,4:20-28
[43] Mouton G, Sluse FE, Bertrand A et al. Iron status in runners of various running specialties[J]. Arch Int PHysiol Biochim 1990 ,98(1) :103-109
[44] John Beard. Iron treatment and human intestinal Caco-2 cells[J].Am J Clin
Nutr.2000,72(3);677～678
[45]Feder JN.The hereditary hemochromatosis gene (HFE): a MHC class I-like gene that functions in the regulation of iron homeostasis[J]. Immunol Res 1999;20:175～85.
[46]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Ke Y et al. Increased nitric oxide is one of the causes of changes of iron metabolism in strenuously exercised rats[J].Am J PHysiol Regul Integr Comp PHysiol 2001 ;280(3):739～743
[47]Xiao DS, Qian ZM. Plasma nitric oxide and iron concentrations in exercised rats are negatively correlated[J].Mol Cell Biochem 2000 ;208(1-2): 163～166
[48]Ehn L, Carlmark B, Hoglund S.Iron status in athletes involved in intense pHysical activity[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980 ;12(1):61～64
[49]Balaban EP. Sports anemia[J].Clin Sports Med 1992 Apr;11(2):313～325
[50]Haymes EM, Spillman DM.Iron status of women distance runners, sprinters, and control women[J].Int J Sports Med 1989 ;10(6):430～433
[51]Weight LM, Jacobs P, Noakes TD. Dietary iron deficiency and sports anaemia[J]. Br J Nutr 1992 ;68(1):253～260
[52]Spodaryk K.Iron metabolism in boys involved in intensive physical training[J].PHysiol Behav 2002 ;75(1-2):201～206
[53]丛玉隆主编．现代血液分析技术与临床[M]．人民卫生出版社北京．1997
[54]丛玉隆．MCV／RDW贫血分类法临床实用价值初步探讨[J]．中华医学检验杂志．1990，13；47
[55]剑龙、徐风华、华维．红细胞MCV／RDW值鉴别贫血的临床价值[J]．临床检验杂志．1995，13；244～245
[56]庞保军．MCV／RDW在诊断MIDS和IDA中的初步探讨[J]．上海医学检验杂志1995，10；217
[57]Uchida T. Chang in red blood cell distribution width with iron dificiency[J].Cli Lab Haeuat. 1989,11 ;117
[58]沈晓英、徐嘉林．缺铁性贫血产妇红细胞体积分布宽度测定及临床应用[J]．临床检验杂志1997．15；186
[59]Shehata H A,Ali M M,Evans-Jones J C et al. Red cell distribution width (RDW) changes in pregnancy[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998,62(1);43～46
[60]Ashenden MJ, Pyne DB, Parisotto R et al. Can reticulocyte parameters be of use in detecting iron deficient erythropoiesis in female athletes?[J] J Sports Med PHys Fitness 1999,39(2);140～146
[61]李家增、王鸿利、韩忠朝．血液试验学[M]．上海科学技术出版社．1997，第一版
[62]Constance V, Judy A.Driskell. Sports Nutrition—Minerals Eledtrolytes[M].1995 by CRC Press,Inc
[63]肖德生、钱忠明．运动诱导的低铁状态大鼠骨髓细胞铁摄入的变化[J]．生理学报．2000，52(2)；147～151
[64]Cook J D,Baynes R D,Skikne B C.Iron deficiency and the assessment of iron status[J].Nutr. Rev. 1992,5; 189～202
[65]Patton W N, Cave R J,Harris R I et al.A study of change in red cell volume and haemoglobin
concetration during pHleotomy induced iron deficiency and repletion using the Ichnion H I[J].Clin. Lab. Haematol. 1991,13; 153～161
[66]Van Zeben D,Bieger R, Van Wermeckerken R K A et al.Evaluation of microcytosis using serum ferritin and red blood cell distribution. [J].Eur. J.Haematol. 1991,44; 106～109
[67]Baynes R D, Shih Y T, Cook J D.Production of solube transferrin receptor by K562 erythroleukemia cells[J].Br.J.Haematol. 1991,78;450～455
[68]Hueber H A,Beguin Y, Pootrakul P et al. Intact transferrin receptors in heman plasma and their relation to erythropoiesis[J].Blood. 1990,75; 102～107
[69]Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A.Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with high concentrations of transferrin receptor in serum[J].Clin.Chem. 1994,40(5);774～776
[70]Hinton PS, Giordano C, Brownlie T et al. Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women[J]. J.Appl.PHysiol. 2000,88(3); 1103～1111
[71]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Tang PL et al. Increased expression of transferrin receptor on membrane of erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats[J].J.Appl.PHysiol. 1999,87(2);523～529
[72]Skikne B S,Flowers H,Cook J D.Serum transferrin receptor, A quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency[J].Blood. 1990,75; 1870～1876
[73]Spodaryk K, Szygula Z,Dabrowski Z et al. The acitivity of erythrocyte enzyme in rats subjected to running exercise[J].Eur. J.Appl. PHysio. 1985,54;533～537
[74]叶剑飞、余闽、芩浩望．过度训练的病理生理及康复——I大鼠过度训练模型的建立[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1992，11(2)；15～21
[75]朱全、浦钧宗、张敏．游泳方法建立大鼠模拟过度训练模型[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1998，17(2)；137～140
[76]郑陆、隋波、潘力平等．过度训练动物模型的建立[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2000，19(2)；179～181
[77]Pate R R, Miller B J,Davis J M et al. Iron status of female runners[J].Int. J.Sport Nutr. 1993,3 ;222～231
[78]Aruoma O I,Reilly T, Maclaren D et al. Iron,copper and zinc concentration in human sweat and plasma; the effect of exercise[J].Clin. Chim. Acta. 1988,177;81～88
[79]Lamanca J J,Haymes E M,Daly J A et al. Sweat iron loss of male and female runners during exercise[J].Int. J.Sports Med. 1988,9;52～55
[80]Waller M F, Haymes E M.The effects of heat and exercise on sweat iron loss[J].Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 1996,28; 197～203
[81]Brune M,Magnusson B,Persson H et al.Iron losses in sweat[J].Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1986,43 ;438～443
[82]Boileau M,Fuchs E,Barry J et al. Stress hematutia, athletic pseudo-nepHritis in marathoners[J].Urology. 1980,15(5;)471～474
[83]Magnusson B,Hallberg L,Rossander L et al.Iron matabolism and sports anemia. A haematologic comparison of elite runners and control subjects[J].Acta. Med. Scand. 1984,216; 157～164
[84]Fisher R L,Mcmahon Jr L F, Ryan M J et al.Gastrointestinal bleeding in competitive runners[J].Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986,31 (11); 1226～1228
[85]Mccabe M E,Peura D A,Kadalda S Z et al. Gastrointestinal blood loos associated with running a marathon [J]. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1986,31 (11); 1229～1232
[86]Clement D B,Sawchuk L L.Iron status and sports performance[J].Sports Med. 1984,1 ;65～74
[87]Fogelholm M,Jaakkola L,Lampisjarvi T. Effects of iron supplementation in femal athletes with low ferritin concentration[J].Int. J.Sports Med. 1992,13; 158～162
[88]Klingshirn L A,Pate R R, Bourque S P et al.Effect of iron supplementation on endurance capacity in iron-depleted female runners[J].Med. Sci. Sports Exe. 1992,24;819～824
[89]Kalkwarf HJ, Harrast SD. Effects of calcium supplementation and lactation on iron status[J].Am.J,Clin. Nutr. 1998,67(6); 1244～1249
[90]Snyder AC, Dvorak LL, Roepke JB.Influence of dietary iron source on measures of iron status among female runners[J].Med. Sci. Sports Exe. 1989,21 (1);7～10
[91]颜世铭、熊丽萍．元素间的相互影响[J]．广东微量元素科学．2000，7(11)；1～6
[92]陶祝良、陈吉棣、刘晓鹏．膳食中油脂、锌、钙对非色素铁体外吸收的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1996，15(2)；98～101
[93]Martinez C, Ros G, Periago MJ et al.Iron bioavailability in food[J].Arch. Latinoam.Nutr. 1999,49(2) 106～113
[94]Kaltwasser JP, Gottschalk R.Erythropoietin and iron[J]. Kidney. Int. Suppl. 1999,69;49～56
[95]罗兴华、龚惠兰、雷桂成等．少儿运动员贫血，Fe、Cu、Ze缺乏及营养对策研究[J]．广东体育学院学报．1993，13(1)；16～21
[96]谢敏豪等．小鼠流动游泳水槽[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1988 7(1)；35～36
[97]陈吉棣主编．运动营养学[M]．北京医科大学出版社，2002
[98]杨慧明、万朝敏．婴幼儿铜代谢紊乱与疾病[J]．广州微量元素科学．20029(2)：7～10[]
[99]邬建军、蒋雨平．铜转运与相关基因病[J]．生理科学进展．2000 31(4)：341～344[]
[100]常彦忠、钱忠明．铜蓝蛋白与脑铁代谢[J]．生理科学进展．2002 33(2)：101～105[]
[101]黄坚、倪静斌．中药微量元素锌、铜、铁、锰的研究[J]．19974(9)：13～17[]
[102]Bonkovsky HL.Iron and the liver[J]. Am J Med Sci 1991 Jan;301(1):32-43
[103]Lesnefsky EJ.Tissue iron overload and mechanisms of iron-catalyzed oxidative injury[J].Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;366:129-46
[104]Kang JO, Jones C, Brothwell B.Toxicity associated with iron overload found in hemochromatosis: possible mechanism in a rat model[J].Clin Lab Sci 1998 Nov-Dec; 11 (6):350-4
[105]Valerio LG Jr, Petersen DR.Formation of liver microsomal MDA-protein adducts in mice with chronic dietary iron ovefioad[J].Toxicol Lett 1998 Sep 1 ;98(1-2):31-9
[106]Britton RS. Metal-induced hepatotoxicity[J]. Semin Liver Dis 1996 Feb; 16(1):3-12
[107]Navas FJ,Cordova. Iron distribution in different tissues in rats following exercise[J]. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000 Mar;73(3):259-268
[108]陈莹莹、钱中明．心脏铁代谢及其相关疾病的研究进展[J]．中华心血管病杂志．2002 30(1)：59～62
[109]Zhong mingqian, Qin Wang. Expression of iron transport proteins and excessive ironaccumulation in the brain in neurodegenerative disorders[J] .Brain ResearchReview. 1998;27:257-267
[110]刘建宏、郭兰英、张卉．地区营养性贫血患者血清锌铁铜含量的分析报告[J]．微量元素与健康研究．199411(2)；
[111]孙玉萍、赵建强、刘传勇等．缺铁性贫血患儿血清铁、铜、锌水平玉血红蛋白浓度的相关分析[J]．广东微量元素科学．1997 4(11)；63-65
[112]Williams DM, Kennedy FS, Green BG.Hepatic iron accumulation in copper-deficient rats[J]. Br J Nutr 1983 Nov;50(3):653-60
[113]Yu S, West CE, Beynen AC.Increasing intakes of iron reduce status, absorption and biliary excretion of copper in rats[J]. Br J Nutr 1994 Jun;71(6):887-95
[114]刘盛辉、丁学勤、张美玉等．锌原卟啉测定对铁缺乏症的诊断价值[J]．临床荟萃．2001 16(16)；733
[115]陈则永、陈贵良、李为红等．泡利酚对缺铁性贫血成龄大鼠脾脏铁、酮、锌含量的影响[J]．广州微量元素科学．19996(6)；42-44
[116]邹伟、刘波、那兰．极量运动对小鼠体内4种器官微量元素影响的性别差异[J]．中国运动医学杂志．199918(2)；167-168
[117]李兰娜．儿童缺铁性贫血与锌原卟啉间的关系[J]．现代临床医学生物工程学杂志．20006(1)；28～29
[118]张建萍、李希发、张云秀等．锌原卟啉测定对孕妇缺铁性贫血的临床诊断意义[J]．中国优生与遗传杂志．1997 5(2)；33～34
[119]张丽娜、陈吉庆．正常儿、肺炎及缺铁性贫血患儿的锌卟啉分析[J]．中国厂矿医学．2000 13(1)；23～24
[120]常虹、郝国平、杨生梅等．儿童血锌原卟啉测定与小儿缺铁性贫血的早期诊断[J]．山西妇幼卫生．2000 11(1)；1～2
[121]李士军、王斌、高泽斌等．转铁蛋白受体和铁蛋白在缺铁性贫血诊断中的意义[J]．大连医科大学学报．2001 23(3)；209～211
[122]林小明、龙珠、沈小毅等．铁缺乏儿童血清转铁蛋白受体的变化及对铁干预的反应[J]．万方数据
[123]王伟良、李蓉生、陈嘉林等．MEL细胞系中铁对转铁蛋白受体mRNA和铁螯合酶mRNA表达的调节[J]．中华血液学杂志．1999(1)
[124]Marita A,Virtanen,Lasse U Viinikka et al.Higher concentrations of serum transferrin receptorin children than in adults[J]. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 69(2);256-260
[125]王强、廖清奎、董巍．转铁蛋白受体在慢性病贫血大鼠骨髓红细胞中的表达[J]．临床血液学杂志．2002 15(4)；174～175
[126]Hlosukwazi Khumalo, Zvenyika A. R. Gomo, Victor M. Moyo et al. Serum transferrin receptors are decreased in the presence of iron overload[J]. Clinical Chemistry. 1998,44:40-44.
[127]刘怡平、马小曼王凯等．营养性贫血病儿血清微量元素的变化[J]．青岛医学院学报．199935(2)
[128]Campbell WW, Anderson RA.Effects of aerobic exercise and training on the trace minerals chromium, zinc and copper[J]. Sports Med 1987 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-18
[129]Bacon BR, Britton RS.Hepatic injury in chronic iron overload. Role of lipid peroxidation[J]. Chem Biol Interact 1989;70(3-4): 183-226
[130]Britton RS, Ramm GA, Olynyk J et al. PathopHysiology of iron toxicity[J].Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;356:239-53
[131]Britton RS, Bacon BR.Role of free radicals in liver diseases and hepatic fibrosis[J]. Hepatogastroenterology 1994 Aug;41(4):343-8
[132]Stal P. Iron as a hepatotoxin[J].Dig Dis 1995 Jul-Aug;13(4):205-22
[133]Zhong Ming Qian, De Sheng Xiao, Ya Ke et al. Increased nitric oxide is one of the causes of changes of iron metabolism in strenuously exercised rats[J]. Am J PHysiol Regul Integr Comp PHysiol 2001 280: R739-R743,
[134]Gisolfi CV. Is the GI System Built For Exercise? [J].News PHysiol Sci 2000 Jun; 15:114-119
[135]胡浩、夏虹、陈婉茜等．骨髓铁蛋白测定对缺铁性贫血诊断的意义[J]．数理医药学杂志．2001 14(2)；167～168
[136]Keith M Erikson, Domingo J Pinero et al.Regional Brain Iron, Ferritin and Transferrin Concentrations during Iron Deficiency and Iron Repletion in Developing Rats[J]. J Nutr 1997 127(10);2030-2038
[137]兰莉、台虹、李明等．骨髓细胞外铁及血清铁蛋白在缺铁性贫血中的对比分析[J]．云南医学．2000 21(1)；46～47
[138]孔荣．六种血液病与缺铁性贫血血清铁蛋白的检测[J]．南京医科大学学报．199818(5)；454
[139]Ming Qian Z, Sheng Xiao D, Kui Liao Q et al.Effect of different durations of exercise on transferrin-bound iron uptake by rat erythroblast[J]. J Nutr Biochem 2002 Jan;13(1):47-54
[140]蒋达和、钱忠明．小肠铁吸收机制及相关疾病研究进展[J]．中华医学杂志．200181(24)；1533～1535
[141]周祖钊、谢建新、秦江梅等．小鼠生长期富铁干预对成年期铁代谢影响的初步研究[J]．石河子大学学报．2001 5(2)；137～140
[142]胡若愚、叶飞、詹乾钢等．血清铁蛋白检测的临床价值[J]．中国误诊学杂志．20011(7)；1089～1090
[143]林宗广．乙肝后肝硬化失代偿期血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、铜蓝蛋白的临床意义及与中医辨证关系[J]．中国中西医结合脾胃杂志．2000 8(5)；275～277
[144]Hellman NE, Gitlin JD.Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function[J]. Annu Rev Nutr 2002;22:439-58
[145]Mukhopadhyay CK, Attieh ZK, Fox PL.Role of cemloplasmin in cellular iron uptake[J]. Science 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):714-7
[146]Harris ZL, Durley AP, Man TK, Gitlin JD.Targeted gene disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron effiux[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999 Sep 14;96(19): 10812-7
[147]Mzhel'skaya TI.Biological functions of ceruloplasmin and their deficiency caused by
mutation in genes regulating copper and iron metabolism[J].Bull Exp Biol Med 2000 Aug; 130(8):719-27
[148]Gitlin JD.Aceruloplasminemia[J]. Pediatr Res 1998 Sep;44(3):271-6
[149]董连宇、田庆印．冠心病患者血清铜蓝蛋白与血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白水平的测定及其相互关系[J]．心血管康复医学杂志．2000 9(1)；23～24
[150]高世良、张光彩、惠红霞．急性白血病血清转铁蛋白和铜蓝蛋白的变化[J]．河南医药信息．19975(4)；26
[151]庞宝森、袁梅珍、窦叔咸等．慢性肺心病急性发作期血清铜蓝蛋白氧化酶测定及肝素对其影响[J]．北京医学．1996 18(6)；373～374
[152]冯佑民、张新堂、张友尚．结合铁及其它金属离子的Tf与其受体的相互作用[J]．生物化学杂志．1987 19，333～338
[153]Aldred A R, Dickson P W, Marley P D et al.Distribution of transferring synthesis in brain and other tissues in the rat[J].J Biol Chem.1987 262;5293～5297
[154]Alan E.M, Morey A. B,Ann M. G, Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations[J]. Clin Che. 1998;44:45-51
[155]Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Konig D, Berg A. Effects of exercise on soluble transferrin receptor and other variables of the iron status[J].Br J Sports Med 2002 36(3): 195-9
[156]R'zik S, Beguin Y. Serum soluble transferrin receptor concentration is an accurate estimate of the mass of tissue receptors[J].Exp Hematol 2001 29(6);677-85
[157]Qian ZM, Xiao DS, Tang PL et al.Increased expression of transferrin receptor on membrane of erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats[J].J Appl PHysiol 1999 87(2);523-9
[158]Mendelzon D,Boissier F, Zakin M M.The binding site for the liver-specific transcription factor Tf-LF1 and TATA box of the human transferring gene promoter are the only elements necessary to direct liver-specific transcription in vitro[J].Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 18;5717～5721
[159]胡小燕、胡一平、孔峰等．运动性贫血防治措施的研究[J]．山东体育学院学报．1999．15(41)；29～30
[160]沈玉雷、谭齐贤、张纯源等．贫血病人血清转铁蛋白受体水平的研究[J]．青岛医学院学报．1994 30(3)；189～190
[161]王伟良、李蓉生、李琦．贫血患者血清可溶性转铁蛋白受体的变化[J]．中国血液学杂志．1997．18(1)；592
[162]乔宏、吴春梅、管洪在等．贫血患者血清转铁蛋白受体测定的临床意义[J]．山东医药．2000．40(6)；5～6
[163]张育苗、王招定、李蓉萍等．缺铁性贫血伴感染患儿的MCV／RDW和血清铁蛋白分析[J]．浙江临床医学．2001 3(1)；30～31
[164]胡瑜、成立科．血清转铁蛋白受体与血清铁鉴别缺铁性贫血和慢性贫血的意义[J]．江苏大学学报．2002 12(1)；40～42
[165]Flowers CH, Skikne BS, Covell AM, et al. The clinical measurement of serum transferrin receptor[J].J Lab Clin Med 1989;114:368～377.
[166]Kohgo Y, Niitsu Y, Kondo H, et al. Serum transferrin receptor as a new index of
erythropoiesis[J].Blood 1987;70:1955～1958.
[167]Cook JD. The measurement of serum transferrin receptor[J].Am J Med Sci 1999;318:269～276.
[168]Suominen P, Punnonen K, Rajamaki A et al. Serum transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor-ferritin index idemify healthy subjects with subclinical iron deficits[J].Blood 1998;92:2934～2939.
[169]Weight LM,Alexander D,Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: analogous to the acute-pHase response? [J]. Clin Sci 1991;81:677～683.
[170]Ahluwalia N.Diagnostic utility of serum transferrin receptors measurement in assessing iron status[J]. Nutr Rev 1998;56:133～141.
[171]Beguin Y. The soluble transferrin receptor: biological aspects and clinical usefulness as quantitative measure of erythropoiesis[J]. Haematologica 1992;77:1～10
[172]Takubo T, Yamane Y, Hino M et al. The value of serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) determination in hematological malignancies[J]. Haematologica 1998;29:259～260.
[173]冯连世、洪平、宗丕芳等．高原训练对男子中长跑运动员血清激素的影响[J]．体育科学．2000 20(4)；49～52．
[174]冯连世、赵中应、洪平等．模拟高原训练对大鼠促红细胞生成素(EPO)表达的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2001 20(4)；358～360．
[175]张之南、李蓉生主编．红细胞疾病基础与临床[M]．科学出版社．2000
[176]徐晓阳、冯炜权、冯美云等．大鼠“运动性低血睾酮”与“肾阳虚”模型骨骼肌α—actin基因表达的比较研究[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2000 19(2)；143～145
[177]武桂新、谢敏豪、冯炜权．运动应激与睾酮合成研究进展[J]．北京体育大学学报．2001 24(3)；342～346
[178]尤同建、谢敏豪．运动训练对雄性大鼠垂体—性腺轴功能的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1997 16(4)；252～256
[180]金其贯．过度训练对大鼠垂体—性腺轴的影响[J]．浙江体育科学．1998 20(1)；43～46
[181]钱风雷．补肾中药对大运动量训练大鼠下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴功能的调节作用．北京体育大学硕士论文，1999
[182]谢敏豪等．补肾中药对训练者下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴及运动能力的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．1996 15(1)；12～15
[183]张春林．中药营养合剂治疗运动性贫血的效果观察[J]中国体育科技．1999 35(8)；
[184]郑澜、潘珊珊．实验性运动性贫血与心肌缺氧发生的相关研究[J]．上海体育学院学报．2002 26(1)；
[185]杨建昌、续敏．力竭性游泳对大鼠红细胞膜脂质流动性及膜脂质过氧化的影响[J]．西安体育学院学报．2002 19(1)
[186]许豪文、常波、衣雪洁．力竭游泳对红细胞膜的影响[J]．中国运动医学杂志．2001 20(2)；
[187]朱小南、潘敬运、王锦群等．腺嘌呤诱导的肾性贫血的大鼠模型[J]．中国药理学通报．1999 3；
[188]刘永学、魏汉东、吴祖泽．腺嘌吟诱发大鼠肾性贫血模型的特点及鉴定[J]．中华肾脏病杂
志．1998，1