背角无齿蚌寄生蚌螨种群生物学及内部结构研究
|
摘要
本论文对背角无齿蚌中Y纹蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨种群动态进行了调查,结果显示Y纹蚌螨总感染率为45.91%,丰度为18.41±22.49,5月份感染率最高;弯弓蚌螨总感染率为17.47%,丰度为3.41±12.88,6月感染水平最高。两种螨类对体长150-170mm的背角无齿蚌感染率最高,对雌雄蚌无特异性选择。Y纹蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨都偏好选择寄主的外套膜和鳃部。利用卡方对种间关联关系进行检验,表明两种蚌螨之间呈负关联关系(x~2=14.12,V=-0.073)。
利用自制趋光性装置研究了三种蚌螨趋光性,结果表明Y纹蚌螨、弯弓蚌螨和簇刺蚌螨的趋光性与光强以及光色有关。在不同光强下,三种蚌螨的趋光性指数差异均显著(P＜0.05);1300Lux,1000Lux,400Lux和100Lux光强下三种蚌螨的趋光性差异极显著(P＜0.01);在700Lux光强下差异显著(P＜0.05)。Y纹蚌螨随着光强增加,趋光指数有随之增加的趋势;簇刺蚌螨在光强度为1000Lux趋光指数达到最大;弯弓蚌螨只有在光强度为700Lux表现为正趋光性,其它条件下均表现为负趋光性。弯弓蚌螨在三种颜色的光下均表现为正趋光性,对于红光的趋光性反应较黄、蓝光更为敏感;簇刺蚌螨只有在黄光条件下表现为正趋光性,在蓝光和红光条件下均表现为负趋光性,而且红光下负趋光性行为相当显著;Y纹蚌螨在红光下表现为正趋光性,在黄光和蓝光条件下表现为负趋光性。由此可见,不同的蚌螨种类对不同光色也具有不同趋向性反应。
通过对弯弓蚌螨的连续石蜡切片进行了观察,发现其消化道包括咽、胃、中肠、结肠和直肠。背腺末端浸于中肠附近的组织中,开口于背部。雌性弯弓蚌螨的生殖腺由外膜和内生殖上皮组成,内生殖上皮分布有滤泡细胞。雄性生殖腺有一对精巢,内含许多由血淋巴细胞包围的精囊,精囊或精子通过输精管排出体外。
Population dynamics of the water mite U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata was investigated in freshwater bivalve A.woodiana woodiana during the period from August 2006 to July 2007 in Nanchang. A pattern of seasonal variation was observed, with prevalence and abundance of U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata peaked in May and Jun, respectively. The number of mites in individual host was significantly correlated with the size, but not with the sex, of bivalves. The U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata have a site preference for mantles and gill of the host, respectively. Analysis for interspecific association indicated that it was obviously negative association between U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata; it was possible that they were parasitic on different positions or the ecological niches isolated.
The phototactic behavior of U. ypsilophora, U. arcuata and U. penicillatus were studied by artificial equipment. The phototactic index, which had been detected under the conditions of different light intensity and varied colour light, was considered as an important performance in phototactic behavior research .The result indicated that there was significant difference in all of three species mites (P<0.05). In all light intensity excluded 700 Lux, there were extremely significant difference (P<0.01). For U. ypsilophora, with the increase of light intensity, the phototactic index increased; U. penicillatus the phototactic index reached the max value on the 1000 Lux; while U. arcuata performanced differently with the former two species, which showed positive phototactic on 700Lux while performanced negative phototactic under otherelse ones. However, U. arcuata showed positive phototaxis in red, blue and yellow light, which become more sensitive under red light than blue and yellow. U. penicillatus holded positive phototaxis only, while under other colour light becomes negative phototaxis. U. ypsilophora performanced positive phototaxis under red light only.
The digestive system and gonad of adult U. arcuata are described from serial paraffin sections. The alimentary canal consists of pharynx, stomach, mesenteron, colon and rectum. There were no obvious wall cells in alimentary tract. The gonad of female U. arcuata contains outer membrane and inner epithelium; the gonad of male U. arcuata abounds with spermatophores which were surrounded by hemocytes.
利用自制趋光性装置研究了三种蚌螨趋光性,结果表明Y纹蚌螨、弯弓蚌螨和簇刺蚌螨的趋光性与光强以及光色有关。在不同光强下,三种蚌螨的趋光性指数差异均显著(P＜0.05);1300Lux,1000Lux,400Lux和100Lux光强下三种蚌螨的趋光性差异极显著(P＜0.01);在700Lux光强下差异显著(P＜0.05)。Y纹蚌螨随着光强增加,趋光指数有随之增加的趋势;簇刺蚌螨在光强度为1000Lux趋光指数达到最大;弯弓蚌螨只有在光强度为700Lux表现为正趋光性,其它条件下均表现为负趋光性。弯弓蚌螨在三种颜色的光下均表现为正趋光性,对于红光的趋光性反应较黄、蓝光更为敏感;簇刺蚌螨只有在黄光条件下表现为正趋光性,在蓝光和红光条件下均表现为负趋光性,而且红光下负趋光性行为相当显著;Y纹蚌螨在红光下表现为正趋光性,在黄光和蓝光条件下表现为负趋光性。由此可见,不同的蚌螨种类对不同光色也具有不同趋向性反应。
通过对弯弓蚌螨的连续石蜡切片进行了观察,发现其消化道包括咽、胃、中肠、结肠和直肠。背腺末端浸于中肠附近的组织中,开口于背部。雌性弯弓蚌螨的生殖腺由外膜和内生殖上皮组成,内生殖上皮分布有滤泡细胞。雄性生殖腺有一对精巢,内含许多由血淋巴细胞包围的精囊,精囊或精子通过输精管排出体外。
Population dynamics of the water mite U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata was investigated in freshwater bivalve A.woodiana woodiana during the period from August 2006 to July 2007 in Nanchang. A pattern of seasonal variation was observed, with prevalence and abundance of U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata peaked in May and Jun, respectively. The number of mites in individual host was significantly correlated with the size, but not with the sex, of bivalves. The U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata have a site preference for mantles and gill of the host, respectively. Analysis for interspecific association indicated that it was obviously negative association between U. ypsilophora and U. arcuata; it was possible that they were parasitic on different positions or the ecological niches isolated.
The phototactic behavior of U. ypsilophora, U. arcuata and U. penicillatus were studied by artificial equipment. The phototactic index, which had been detected under the conditions of different light intensity and varied colour light, was considered as an important performance in phototactic behavior research .The result indicated that there was significant difference in all of three species mites (P<0.05). In all light intensity excluded 700 Lux, there were extremely significant difference (P<0.01). For U. ypsilophora, with the increase of light intensity, the phototactic index increased; U. penicillatus the phototactic index reached the max value on the 1000 Lux; while U. arcuata performanced differently with the former two species, which showed positive phototactic on 700Lux while performanced negative phototactic under otherelse ones. However, U. arcuata showed positive phototaxis in red, blue and yellow light, which become more sensitive under red light than blue and yellow. U. penicillatus holded positive phototaxis only, while under other colour light becomes negative phototaxis. U. ypsilophora performanced positive phototaxis under red light only.
The digestive system and gonad of adult U. arcuata are described from serial paraffin sections. The alimentary canal consists of pharynx, stomach, mesenteron, colon and rectum. There were no obvious wall cells in alimentary tract. The gonad of female U. arcuata contains outer membrane and inner epithelium; the gonad of male U. arcuata abounds with spermatophores which were surrounded by hemocytes.
引文
[1]Mitchell R.D.& Pitchford W.G.1953.On mites parasitizing Anodonta in England.Journal of Conchology,London,23:365-370.
[2]Mitchell,R.D.1955.Anatomy,life history,and evolution the mites parasitizing freshwater mussels.Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology,University Michigan.89:1-28.
[3]Davids,C.1973.The relations between mites of the genus Unionicola and the mussels Anodonta and Unio.Hydrobiologia,41:37-44.
[4]Bottger,K.1977.The general life cycle of fresh water mites(Hydrachnellae,Acari).Acarol.,t.x Ⅷ,fasc.3:496-502.
[5]Smith,I.M.& Oliver,D.R.1986.Review of parasitic associations of larval water mites(Acari:Parasitengona:Hydrachnida)with insect hosts.Can.Entomol.,118:407-472.
[6]Lundblad,O.1927.Die Hydracarinen schwedens.Ⅰ.Beitra zur Systematic Embryologie,Okologie und Verbreitungeschichte der schwedischen Arten.Zool.Bidrag,11:181-540.
[7]Gledhill,T.1985.Water mites-Predators and parasites.Freshwater Biological Association Annual Report,53:45-59.
[8]Paterson,R.D.& Macleod R.K.1979.Observation on the life history of the water mite,Unionicola formosa(Acari:Hydrachnellae).Canadian J.Zool.,57:2047-2049.
[9]Mitchell,R.D.1957.Major evolutionary lines in water mites.Syst.Zool.,6(63):137-148.
[10]Jones,R.K.H.1965.Parasitism by larvae of Unionicola intermedia Koenike and another Unionicola sp.(Acarina:Pionae)on chironomids.Nat.,London,207:317-318.
[11]Bottger,K.1976.Types of parasitism by larvae of water mites(Acari:Hydrachnellae).Freshwater Biol,6:497-500.
[12]Whitsel,R.H.& Schoeppner,R.F.1973.Mites associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic Diptera from San Mateo County,California.Proc.Entomol.Soc.Wash.,75:71-77.
[13]Smith,I.M.& Oliver,D.R.1976.Parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects,especially Chironomidae.Can.Entomol.,108:1427-1442.
[14]Jones,R.K.H.1978.Parasitism by Unionicola spp.larvae on chironomids.Hydrobiol,60:81-87.
[15]Bottger,K.1972.Wassermilben in der Mantelhohle von Susswasserschnecken.Zool.Anz.,189:233-235.
[16]Hevers,J.1978.Interspezifische Beziehungen zwischen Unionicola-Larven(Hydrachnellae,Acari)und Chironomidae(Diptera,Insecta).Verhhandlungen Gesellschaft fur Okologie.7:211-217.
[17]Imamura,T.1954.Studies on Water-mites from Hokkaido.Jour.Hokkaido Gakugei Univ.B,Suppl,1:1-148.
[18]文春根 2005中国蚌螨属种类的系统学与生态学研究 中国科学院博士学位论文
[19]Hevers,J.1978.Zur Sexualbiologie der Gattung Unionicola(Hydrachnellae,Acari).Zoologische Jahrbucher zur Systematik.105:33-64.
[20]Gledhill,T.2002.A new genus and species of water mite(Acari:Hydrachnidia:Hygrobatidae)from the prosobranch gastropod Lanistes libycus(Morelet)(Streptoneura:Ampullariidae)in Nigeria.In:Smith IM(ed.).An Acarological Tribute to David R.Cook-From Yankee Springs to Wheeny Creek.Indina Publishing House,Michigan,75-82.
[21]Marshall,R.1919.New species of water mites of the genus Arrenurus.Trans.American Micr.Soc.,38:275-281.
[22]Walter,C.1923.Uber einige Wassermilben aus China.Zool.Anz.,124:286-287.
[23]Uchida,T.& T.lmamura,1940.Description of a new genus of water mites.Annot.Zool.Japon.,19(3):238-244.
[24]Lundblad,O.1936.Schwedisch-Chinesische wissenschaftiche Expedition nach den nordwestichen Provinzen Chinas unter Leitung von Dr.Sven Hedin und Prof.SU Ping-Chang.Wassermilben.Arkiv.F.Zool.,29:1-40.
[25]Imamura,T.1953a.Some stenophilous water-mites from Hyogo Prefecture.J.Fac.Sci.,Hokkaido Univ.,11(2):261-276.
[26]Viets,K.1938.Uber einige Wassermilben aus China.Zool.Anz.,Bd.124:286-287.
[27]Uchida,T.1941.Water mites from Manchoukuo.Bull.Biogeogr.Soc.Japan,11(15):117-119.
[28]吴家荣 1959.贵州锦屏蚊虫的初步调查研究.昆虫学报,9:57.
[29]陈健行,顾宏达 1960.按蚊体外寄生螨Arrhenurus madaraszi Daday的研究.动物学报,12:201.
[30]袭明华 1962.重庆所见中华按蚊及饭蝇体外寄生螨类对宿主生殖的影响.昆虫学报,11:135.
[31]刘亦仁 1965.湖北地区常见蚊虫若干生态习性的观察——中华按蚊体外水螨寄生情况.寄生虫学报,2:194.
[32]蓝艳华,魏红雨,吴永芳等 1991.体外寄生物对按蚊影响的观察.四川动物,10(4):14.
[33]樊天宝,何培绩,甄天民 1995.水螨寄生中华按蚊情况的调查.中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,13(2):156.
[34]姜在阶 1991.第八届国际蜱螨学会议.昆虫知识,(2):125-127.
[35]姜在阶 1992.中国蜱螨学研究进展概况.昆虫知识,(5):159-162.
[36]金道超 1997.水螨分类理论和中国区系初志.贵州科技出版社,117-119.
[37]忻介六 1988.农业螨类学.农业出版社,1-466.
[38]金道超 1990.中国水螨科属初记.贵州农学院学报,9(2):39-42.
[39]Davids,C.1973.The relations between mites of the genus Unionicola and the mussels Anodonta and Unio.Hydrobiol.41:37-44.
[40]Baker,R.A.1977.Nutrition of the mite Unionicola intermedia,Koenike and its relationship to the inflammatory response induced in its molluscan host Anodonta anatine L.Parasitology, 75:301-308.
[41]Gordon,M.J.,Swan,B.K.& Paterson,C.G.1979.The biology of Unionicola formosa(Dana and Wheipley):a water mite parasitic in the unionid bivalve,Anodonta cataracta(Say),in a New Brunswick Lake.Canadian J.Zool.,57:1748-1756.
[42]Dimock,R.V.Jr.1985a.Spectral sensitivity and photo-behaviour of the water mite genus Unionicola.J.Exp.Biol,119:349-363.
[43]Roberts,E.A.,Dimock R.V.Jr.& Forward R.B.Jr.1978.Positive and host-induced negative phototaxis of the symbiotic water mite Unionicola formosa.Biol.Bull.,155:599-607.
[44]Portillo,H.A.& Dimock,R.V.Jr.1982.Specificity of the host-induced negative phototaxis of the symbiotic water mite,Unionicolaformosa.Biol.Bull.,162:163-170.
[45]文春根,谢向阳,朱志民 2001.丫纹蚌螨种群的聚集型研究 南昌大学学报(理科版)25(专辑):36-37.
[46]谢院荣,李汉全,吴兰,文春根,朱志明 2003三角帆蚌中寄生弯弓蚌螨空间分布型 南昌大学学报(理科版),27(2):135-137.
[47]Vidrine M.F 1986.Revision of the Unionicolinae(Acar:Unionicolidae).International Journal of Acaralogy.12,233-43.
[48]Baker.R.A.1976.Tissue damage and leukocytic infiltration following attachment of the mite Unionicola intermedia to the gills of the bivalve molluse Anodonta anatina.Journal of Invertebr pathol.27:371-376
[49]陈英鸿,司亚东,陆春明,张春康,唐建中 1992.淡水育珠疾病诊断与综合防治研究.鱼类病害研究,15(1):1-7.
[50]赵志模,郭依泉.1990.群落生态学原理与方法[M]重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,73-192
[51]Dimock,R.V.Jr.1985b.Population dynamics of Unionicola formosa(Acari:Unionicolidae),a water mite with a harem.Amer.Midland Nat.,114(1):168-179.
[52]Agbolade,O.M.& Odaibo,A.B.2004.Dockovdia cookarum infection and the prosobranch gastropod Lanistes libycus host in Omi Stream,Ago-Iwoye,south-western,Nigeria.African journal of biotechnology,3(3):202-205.
[53]Fashuyi,S.A.1990.Occurrence of Unionicola(Pentatax)macani Gledhill(hydrachnellae,acari)in the prosobranch mollusc Lanistes ovum Peters in Ajara Fish Ponds in Badagry,Nigeria.Hydrobiol,202:171-174.
[54]Conroy,J.C.1974.The taxonomy and ecology of Unionicola crassipes(Muller),a water mite parasitic on the freshwater Sponge,Spongilla lacustris(Linne),in Marion Lake,British Columbia.Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology.135-142.
[55]Humes,A.G.,& Jamnback H.A.1950.Najadicola ingens(Koenike),a water-mite parasitic in fresh-water clams.Psyche,57:77-87.
[56]Mitchell,R.D.1965.Papulation regulation of a water mite parasitic on unionid mussels.J.Parasit.,51:990-996.
[57]Cook,D.R.1967.Water mite from India.Mere.Amer.Ent.Inst.,No.9:1-411.
[58]Lanciani,C.A.1975.Parasite-induced alterations in host reproduction and survival.Ecology,56:689-695.
[59]Eduwards,D.D and Smith,H.G.2003.Host sex preferences and transmission success by the water mite Unionicolafoili(Acari:Unionicolidae)parasitic on the midge chironomus tentans(Diptera:Chironomidae).J.parasitol.,89(4):681-685.
[60]Vidrine,M.F.1993.Majumderatax,new subgenus(Acari:Unionicolidae:Unionicolinae:Unionicola),in Europe and Asia.Int.J.Acarol.,13(4):101-102.
[61]Fisher,G.R.,Dimock,R.V.Jr.& Kuhn,R.E.2000.The symbiotic water mite Unionicola formosa(Acari:Unionicolidae)ingests mucus and tissue of its molluscan host.J.Parasit.,86:1254-1258.
[62]Minor M A,Volk T A,Norton R A.Effects of site preparation techniques on communities of soil mites(Acari:Oribatida,Acari.Camasida)under short—rotation forestry plantings in New York USA[J].Appl Soil Ecol,2004(25):181-192
[63]Edwards D D,Vidrine M F.1994,A new species in the water mites subgenus Parasitatax(Acari:Unionicolidae:Unionicola)from north American freshwater mussel,Utterbackia Imbecillis(Bivalvia:Unionidae)[J].J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc,110(1):1-6
[64]Vidrine M F.Clark D R.1993.Freshwater mussel mite association in the Upper Ouachita River,Montgomery County,Arkansas[J].Proc Louisiana Acad Sci,(56):8-12
[65]Gledhill T,Vidrine M F.2002,Two new sympatric water mites(Acari:Hydrachnidia:Unionicolidae)from the mutelid bivalve Aspatharia sinuate(von Martens)in Nigeria with some data on Unionicoline-bivalve relationship[J].J Nat Hist,(36):1351-1381
[66]Gerard C,Mone H,Yheron A.1993,Schistosoma mansoni-biomphalaria glabrata:dynamics of the sporocyst population in relation to the miracidial dose and the host size[J].Can J Zool,(71):1880-1885
[67]Scott M E.1987,Temporal changes in aggregation:a laboratory study[J].Parasitol,(94):583-595.
[68]Salminen J,Sulkava P.1996,Distribution of soil animals in patchily contaminated soil[J].Soil Bio Biochem,28(10/11):1349-1355.
[69]Anderson R M,Gordon D M.1982,Process influencing the distribution of parasite numbers within host populations with special emphasis on parasite-induced host mortalities[J].Parasitol,(85):373-398.
[70]王迎春,苏锦祥 1999.光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长、发育及摄食的影响[J].水产学报,23(1):6-12.
[71]Denzer,U.1935.Heiligkeits-und Farbensinn bei deutschen Susswasseregen[J].Zoology Jahrbuch Physiology.55:525-562.
[72]吴京一 1990.番茄夜蛾复眼光谱感光性[J].中华昆虫,10:151-158.
[73]魏国树 1999.棉铃虫复眼三视网膜电位研究[J].生物物理学报,15(4):681-688.
[74]Meester,D.L.1993.Genotypes,fish-mediated chemicals and phototactic behavior in Daphnia magna[J].Ecology,(74):1467-1474.
[75]吴永贵,黄建国,袁玲 2004.利用水溞的趋光行为监测水质[J].中国环境科学,24(3):336-339.
[76]杨静,袁玲,唐毅 2006.利用隆线搔趋光行为检测水体中五氯酚钠和镐的研究[J].环境科学学报,26(6):1011-101.
[77]文春根,朱志民 1999.江西蚌螨属七种记述[J].动物分类学报,24(1):30-37.
[78]文春根,高谦,朱志民 2005.中国蚌螨属水螨一新种记述[J].动物分类学报,30(3):535-537
[79]Wen,CG.,Nie,P.& Zhu,ZM.2006.Population dynamics of the water mite Unionieola arcuata(Unionicolidae)in the freshwater bivalve Cristaria plicata(Unionidae)in Poyang Lake,eastern China[J].Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,72(1-2):123-127.
[80]Welsh,J.H.1930.Reversal of phototropism in a parasitic water mite[J].Biological Bulletin,59:165-169.
[81]Smith,B.P & Barr,D.1977.Swimming by the water mite Limnochares Americana Lundblad(Acari Parasitengona,Limnocharidae)[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,62:1114-1120.
[82]Downes,B.J.1989.Host specificity,host location and dispersal:experimental conclusions from freshwater mites(Unionicola spp.)parasitizing unionid mussels[J].Parasitology,98:189-196.
[83]Vogel,S.1981.Life in moving Fluids:The Physical Biology of Flow[M].Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
[84]Barr,D.& Smith,B.P.1979.The contribution of setal blades to effective swimming in the aquatic mite Limnochares americana(Acari:Postigmata:Limnocharidae)[J].Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.65,55-69.
[85]Thorson,G.1964.Light as an ecological factor in the diaspersal and settlement of larvae of marine bottom invertebrates[J].Ophclia,1:167-208.
[86]Forward,RB.Negative phototaxis in crustacean larvae:possible functional significance.[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biological and Ecology,197416:11-17.
[87]Wasserman,GS.1974.Invertebrate color vision and the tuned-receptor paradigm[J].Science,180:268-275.
[88]魏开建 2001.鳜鱼苗在光场中反应行为的初步研究[J].水利渔业,21(1):4-6.
[89]魏开建,张桂蓉,张海明 2001.鳜鱼不同生长阶段中趋光特性的研究[J].华中农业大学学报,20(2):164-168.
[90]Huffaker,CBM.& Ver,McMurtry,JA.1969.The ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural control[J].Annual Review of Entomology,14:25-174.
[91]Burrows,MT.,Gibson,RN.& Maelean,A.1994.Effects of endogenous rhythrus and light conditions on foraging and predator-avoidance in juvenile plaice[J].Journal of Fish Biology,45A:171-180.
[92]Fraser,NHC.Huntmgford,FA.& Thorpe,JE.1994.The effect of light intensity on the nightly movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon alevins away from the redd[J].Journal of Fish Biology,45:143-150
[93]Vijayambika.V & John P.A.1974.Internal morphology and histology of the fish mite Lardoglyphus konoi(sasa and asanuma)[J].Acarologia.4,709-718
[94]Jaroslav.Smrz.2002.Microanatomical and microbiological characteristics of the quiescent state of Scutovertex minutus(Acari:Oribatida)Experimental and Applied Acarology 27:103-112,
[95]Krantz,G.W.1978.A manusl of Acarology.Oregon State Univ.Corvallis,Book Stores,1-509.
[96]忻介六 1988.农业螨类学.农业出版社,1-466.
[97]金道超 1997a.水螨分类理论和中国区系初志.贵州科技出版社,117-119.
[98]Hughes T.E,1950.The physiology of the alimentary canal of Tyroglyphus farinae.Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.91:45-61
[99]Kuo,J.S & Nesbitt,N.H.J.1970.The internal morphology and histology of adult Caloglyphum mycophagus.Canadian Journal of Zoology,48(3):505-518
[100]Michael,A.1901.British Tyroglyphen.[M].Vol:1,Ray Society
[101]陈福生 1998 大蜂螨的血淋巴[J]养蜂科技,2:34-35
[102]上官步敏 1991 锯缘青蟹卵巢发育的组织学观察[J].水产学报,15:2;96-101
[2]Mitchell,R.D.1955.Anatomy,life history,and evolution the mites parasitizing freshwater mussels.Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology,University Michigan.89:1-28.
[3]Davids,C.1973.The relations between mites of the genus Unionicola and the mussels Anodonta and Unio.Hydrobiologia,41:37-44.
[4]Bottger,K.1977.The general life cycle of fresh water mites(Hydrachnellae,Acari).Acarol.,t.x Ⅷ,fasc.3:496-502.
[5]Smith,I.M.& Oliver,D.R.1986.Review of parasitic associations of larval water mites(Acari:Parasitengona:Hydrachnida)with insect hosts.Can.Entomol.,118:407-472.
[6]Lundblad,O.1927.Die Hydracarinen schwedens.Ⅰ.Beitra zur Systematic Embryologie,Okologie und Verbreitungeschichte der schwedischen Arten.Zool.Bidrag,11:181-540.
[7]Gledhill,T.1985.Water mites-Predators and parasites.Freshwater Biological Association Annual Report,53:45-59.
[8]Paterson,R.D.& Macleod R.K.1979.Observation on the life history of the water mite,Unionicola formosa(Acari:Hydrachnellae).Canadian J.Zool.,57:2047-2049.
[9]Mitchell,R.D.1957.Major evolutionary lines in water mites.Syst.Zool.,6(63):137-148.
[10]Jones,R.K.H.1965.Parasitism by larvae of Unionicola intermedia Koenike and another Unionicola sp.(Acarina:Pionae)on chironomids.Nat.,London,207:317-318.
[11]Bottger,K.1976.Types of parasitism by larvae of water mites(Acari:Hydrachnellae).Freshwater Biol,6:497-500.
[12]Whitsel,R.H.& Schoeppner,R.F.1973.Mites associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic Diptera from San Mateo County,California.Proc.Entomol.Soc.Wash.,75:71-77.
[13]Smith,I.M.& Oliver,D.R.1976.Parasitic associations of larval water mites with imaginal aquatic insects,especially Chironomidae.Can.Entomol.,108:1427-1442.
[14]Jones,R.K.H.1978.Parasitism by Unionicola spp.larvae on chironomids.Hydrobiol,60:81-87.
[15]Bottger,K.1972.Wassermilben in der Mantelhohle von Susswasserschnecken.Zool.Anz.,189:233-235.
[16]Hevers,J.1978.Interspezifische Beziehungen zwischen Unionicola-Larven(Hydrachnellae,Acari)und Chironomidae(Diptera,Insecta).Verhhandlungen Gesellschaft fur Okologie.7:211-217.
[17]Imamura,T.1954.Studies on Water-mites from Hokkaido.Jour.Hokkaido Gakugei Univ.B,Suppl,1:1-148.
[18]文春根 2005中国蚌螨属种类的系统学与生态学研究 中国科学院博士学位论文
[19]Hevers,J.1978.Zur Sexualbiologie der Gattung Unionicola(Hydrachnellae,Acari).Zoologische Jahrbucher zur Systematik.105:33-64.
[20]Gledhill,T.2002.A new genus and species of water mite(Acari:Hydrachnidia:Hygrobatidae)from the prosobranch gastropod Lanistes libycus(Morelet)(Streptoneura:Ampullariidae)in Nigeria.In:Smith IM(ed.).An Acarological Tribute to David R.Cook-From Yankee Springs to Wheeny Creek.Indina Publishing House,Michigan,75-82.
[21]Marshall,R.1919.New species of water mites of the genus Arrenurus.Trans.American Micr.Soc.,38:275-281.
[22]Walter,C.1923.Uber einige Wassermilben aus China.Zool.Anz.,124:286-287.
[23]Uchida,T.& T.lmamura,1940.Description of a new genus of water mites.Annot.Zool.Japon.,19(3):238-244.
[24]Lundblad,O.1936.Schwedisch-Chinesische wissenschaftiche Expedition nach den nordwestichen Provinzen Chinas unter Leitung von Dr.Sven Hedin und Prof.SU Ping-Chang.Wassermilben.Arkiv.F.Zool.,29:1-40.
[25]Imamura,T.1953a.Some stenophilous water-mites from Hyogo Prefecture.J.Fac.Sci.,Hokkaido Univ.,11(2):261-276.
[26]Viets,K.1938.Uber einige Wassermilben aus China.Zool.Anz.,Bd.124:286-287.
[27]Uchida,T.1941.Water mites from Manchoukuo.Bull.Biogeogr.Soc.Japan,11(15):117-119.
[28]吴家荣 1959.贵州锦屏蚊虫的初步调查研究.昆虫学报,9:57.
[29]陈健行,顾宏达 1960.按蚊体外寄生螨Arrhenurus madaraszi Daday的研究.动物学报,12:201.
[30]袭明华 1962.重庆所见中华按蚊及饭蝇体外寄生螨类对宿主生殖的影响.昆虫学报,11:135.
[31]刘亦仁 1965.湖北地区常见蚊虫若干生态习性的观察——中华按蚊体外水螨寄生情况.寄生虫学报,2:194.
[32]蓝艳华,魏红雨,吴永芳等 1991.体外寄生物对按蚊影响的观察.四川动物,10(4):14.
[33]樊天宝,何培绩,甄天民 1995.水螨寄生中华按蚊情况的调查.中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,13(2):156.
[34]姜在阶 1991.第八届国际蜱螨学会议.昆虫知识,(2):125-127.
[35]姜在阶 1992.中国蜱螨学研究进展概况.昆虫知识,(5):159-162.
[36]金道超 1997.水螨分类理论和中国区系初志.贵州科技出版社,117-119.
[37]忻介六 1988.农业螨类学.农业出版社,1-466.
[38]金道超 1990.中国水螨科属初记.贵州农学院学报,9(2):39-42.
[39]Davids,C.1973.The relations between mites of the genus Unionicola and the mussels Anodonta and Unio.Hydrobiol.41:37-44.
[40]Baker,R.A.1977.Nutrition of the mite Unionicola intermedia,Koenike and its relationship to the inflammatory response induced in its molluscan host Anodonta anatine L.Parasitology, 75:301-308.
[41]Gordon,M.J.,Swan,B.K.& Paterson,C.G.1979.The biology of Unionicola formosa(Dana and Wheipley):a water mite parasitic in the unionid bivalve,Anodonta cataracta(Say),in a New Brunswick Lake.Canadian J.Zool.,57:1748-1756.
[42]Dimock,R.V.Jr.1985a.Spectral sensitivity and photo-behaviour of the water mite genus Unionicola.J.Exp.Biol,119:349-363.
[43]Roberts,E.A.,Dimock R.V.Jr.& Forward R.B.Jr.1978.Positive and host-induced negative phototaxis of the symbiotic water mite Unionicola formosa.Biol.Bull.,155:599-607.
[44]Portillo,H.A.& Dimock,R.V.Jr.1982.Specificity of the host-induced negative phototaxis of the symbiotic water mite,Unionicolaformosa.Biol.Bull.,162:163-170.
[45]文春根,谢向阳,朱志民 2001.丫纹蚌螨种群的聚集型研究 南昌大学学报(理科版)25(专辑):36-37.
[46]谢院荣,李汉全,吴兰,文春根,朱志明 2003三角帆蚌中寄生弯弓蚌螨空间分布型 南昌大学学报(理科版),27(2):135-137.
[47]Vidrine M.F 1986.Revision of the Unionicolinae(Acar:Unionicolidae).International Journal of Acaralogy.12,233-43.
[48]Baker.R.A.1976.Tissue damage and leukocytic infiltration following attachment of the mite Unionicola intermedia to the gills of the bivalve molluse Anodonta anatina.Journal of Invertebr pathol.27:371-376
[49]陈英鸿,司亚东,陆春明,张春康,唐建中 1992.淡水育珠疾病诊断与综合防治研究.鱼类病害研究,15(1):1-7.
[50]赵志模,郭依泉.1990.群落生态学原理与方法[M]重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,73-192
[51]Dimock,R.V.Jr.1985b.Population dynamics of Unionicola formosa(Acari:Unionicolidae),a water mite with a harem.Amer.Midland Nat.,114(1):168-179.
[52]Agbolade,O.M.& Odaibo,A.B.2004.Dockovdia cookarum infection and the prosobranch gastropod Lanistes libycus host in Omi Stream,Ago-Iwoye,south-western,Nigeria.African journal of biotechnology,3(3):202-205.
[53]Fashuyi,S.A.1990.Occurrence of Unionicola(Pentatax)macani Gledhill(hydrachnellae,acari)in the prosobranch mollusc Lanistes ovum Peters in Ajara Fish Ponds in Badagry,Nigeria.Hydrobiol,202:171-174.
[54]Conroy,J.C.1974.The taxonomy and ecology of Unionicola crassipes(Muller),a water mite parasitic on the freshwater Sponge,Spongilla lacustris(Linne),in Marion Lake,British Columbia.Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Acarology.135-142.
[55]Humes,A.G.,& Jamnback H.A.1950.Najadicola ingens(Koenike),a water-mite parasitic in fresh-water clams.Psyche,57:77-87.
[56]Mitchell,R.D.1965.Papulation regulation of a water mite parasitic on unionid mussels.J.Parasit.,51:990-996.
[57]Cook,D.R.1967.Water mite from India.Mere.Amer.Ent.Inst.,No.9:1-411.
[58]Lanciani,C.A.1975.Parasite-induced alterations in host reproduction and survival.Ecology,56:689-695.
[59]Eduwards,D.D and Smith,H.G.2003.Host sex preferences and transmission success by the water mite Unionicolafoili(Acari:Unionicolidae)parasitic on the midge chironomus tentans(Diptera:Chironomidae).J.parasitol.,89(4):681-685.
[60]Vidrine,M.F.1993.Majumderatax,new subgenus(Acari:Unionicolidae:Unionicolinae:Unionicola),in Europe and Asia.Int.J.Acarol.,13(4):101-102.
[61]Fisher,G.R.,Dimock,R.V.Jr.& Kuhn,R.E.2000.The symbiotic water mite Unionicola formosa(Acari:Unionicolidae)ingests mucus and tissue of its molluscan host.J.Parasit.,86:1254-1258.
[62]Minor M A,Volk T A,Norton R A.Effects of site preparation techniques on communities of soil mites(Acari:Oribatida,Acari.Camasida)under short—rotation forestry plantings in New York USA[J].Appl Soil Ecol,2004(25):181-192
[63]Edwards D D,Vidrine M F.1994,A new species in the water mites subgenus Parasitatax(Acari:Unionicolidae:Unionicola)from north American freshwater mussel,Utterbackia Imbecillis(Bivalvia:Unionidae)[J].J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc,110(1):1-6
[64]Vidrine M F.Clark D R.1993.Freshwater mussel mite association in the Upper Ouachita River,Montgomery County,Arkansas[J].Proc Louisiana Acad Sci,(56):8-12
[65]Gledhill T,Vidrine M F.2002,Two new sympatric water mites(Acari:Hydrachnidia:Unionicolidae)from the mutelid bivalve Aspatharia sinuate(von Martens)in Nigeria with some data on Unionicoline-bivalve relationship[J].J Nat Hist,(36):1351-1381
[66]Gerard C,Mone H,Yheron A.1993,Schistosoma mansoni-biomphalaria glabrata:dynamics of the sporocyst population in relation to the miracidial dose and the host size[J].Can J Zool,(71):1880-1885
[67]Scott M E.1987,Temporal changes in aggregation:a laboratory study[J].Parasitol,(94):583-595.
[68]Salminen J,Sulkava P.1996,Distribution of soil animals in patchily contaminated soil[J].Soil Bio Biochem,28(10/11):1349-1355.
[69]Anderson R M,Gordon D M.1982,Process influencing the distribution of parasite numbers within host populations with special emphasis on parasite-induced host mortalities[J].Parasitol,(85):373-398.
[70]王迎春,苏锦祥 1999.光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长、发育及摄食的影响[J].水产学报,23(1):6-12.
[71]Denzer,U.1935.Heiligkeits-und Farbensinn bei deutschen Susswasseregen[J].Zoology Jahrbuch Physiology.55:525-562.
[72]吴京一 1990.番茄夜蛾复眼光谱感光性[J].中华昆虫,10:151-158.
[73]魏国树 1999.棉铃虫复眼三视网膜电位研究[J].生物物理学报,15(4):681-688.
[74]Meester,D.L.1993.Genotypes,fish-mediated chemicals and phototactic behavior in Daphnia magna[J].Ecology,(74):1467-1474.
[75]吴永贵,黄建国,袁玲 2004.利用水溞的趋光行为监测水质[J].中国环境科学,24(3):336-339.
[76]杨静,袁玲,唐毅 2006.利用隆线搔趋光行为检测水体中五氯酚钠和镐的研究[J].环境科学学报,26(6):1011-101.
[77]文春根,朱志民 1999.江西蚌螨属七种记述[J].动物分类学报,24(1):30-37.
[78]文春根,高谦,朱志民 2005.中国蚌螨属水螨一新种记述[J].动物分类学报,30(3):535-537
[79]Wen,CG.,Nie,P.& Zhu,ZM.2006.Population dynamics of the water mite Unionieola arcuata(Unionicolidae)in the freshwater bivalve Cristaria plicata(Unionidae)in Poyang Lake,eastern China[J].Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,72(1-2):123-127.
[80]Welsh,J.H.1930.Reversal of phototropism in a parasitic water mite[J].Biological Bulletin,59:165-169.
[81]Smith,B.P & Barr,D.1977.Swimming by the water mite Limnochares Americana Lundblad(Acari Parasitengona,Limnocharidae)[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,62:1114-1120.
[82]Downes,B.J.1989.Host specificity,host location and dispersal:experimental conclusions from freshwater mites(Unionicola spp.)parasitizing unionid mussels[J].Parasitology,98:189-196.
[83]Vogel,S.1981.Life in moving Fluids:The Physical Biology of Flow[M].Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
[84]Barr,D.& Smith,B.P.1979.The contribution of setal blades to effective swimming in the aquatic mite Limnochares americana(Acari:Postigmata:Limnocharidae)[J].Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.65,55-69.
[85]Thorson,G.1964.Light as an ecological factor in the diaspersal and settlement of larvae of marine bottom invertebrates[J].Ophclia,1:167-208.
[86]Forward,RB.Negative phototaxis in crustacean larvae:possible functional significance.[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biological and Ecology,197416:11-17.
[87]Wasserman,GS.1974.Invertebrate color vision and the tuned-receptor paradigm[J].Science,180:268-275.
[88]魏开建 2001.鳜鱼苗在光场中反应行为的初步研究[J].水利渔业,21(1):4-6.
[89]魏开建,张桂蓉,张海明 2001.鳜鱼不同生长阶段中趋光特性的研究[J].华中农业大学学报,20(2):164-168.
[90]Huffaker,CBM.& Ver,McMurtry,JA.1969.The ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural control[J].Annual Review of Entomology,14:25-174.
[91]Burrows,MT.,Gibson,RN.& Maelean,A.1994.Effects of endogenous rhythrus and light conditions on foraging and predator-avoidance in juvenile plaice[J].Journal of Fish Biology,45A:171-180.
[92]Fraser,NHC.Huntmgford,FA.& Thorpe,JE.1994.The effect of light intensity on the nightly movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon alevins away from the redd[J].Journal of Fish Biology,45:143-150
[93]Vijayambika.V & John P.A.1974.Internal morphology and histology of the fish mite Lardoglyphus konoi(sasa and asanuma)[J].Acarologia.4,709-718
[94]Jaroslav.Smrz.2002.Microanatomical and microbiological characteristics of the quiescent state of Scutovertex minutus(Acari:Oribatida)Experimental and Applied Acarology 27:103-112,
[95]Krantz,G.W.1978.A manusl of Acarology.Oregon State Univ.Corvallis,Book Stores,1-509.
[96]忻介六 1988.农业螨类学.农业出版社,1-466.
[97]金道超 1997a.水螨分类理论和中国区系初志.贵州科技出版社,117-119.
[98]Hughes T.E,1950.The physiology of the alimentary canal of Tyroglyphus farinae.Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.91:45-61
[99]Kuo,J.S & Nesbitt,N.H.J.1970.The internal morphology and histology of adult Caloglyphum mycophagus.Canadian Journal of Zoology,48(3):505-518
[100]Michael,A.1901.British Tyroglyphen.[M].Vol:1,Ray Society
[101]陈福生 1998 大蜂螨的血淋巴[J]养蜂科技,2:34-35
[102]上官步敏 1991 锯缘青蟹卵巢发育的组织学观察[J].水产学报,15:2;96-101