基于COI基因和ITS2基因序列对寄生蚌螨系统发育的研究
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摘要
寄生蚌螨是一类在淡水水域中营寄生生活的水生螨类,是淡水贝类主要的寄生虫。我国已知的寄生蚌螨主要有:弯弓蚌螨Unionicola arcuata、Y纹蚌螨Unionicola ypsilophora、螯爪蚌螨Unionicola chelata、敏捷蚌螨Unionicola agilex等。各种寄生蚌螨在外部形态上差异很小,其分类往往是基于形态特征。此外,其繁殖力强、世代周期短、发育进度快、能与宿主产生协同进化而造成在形态上的差异。因此,寄生蚌螨分类的各个阶元或多或少存在系统学的争议。
本研究从长江中下游主要湖泊(鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、巢湖、洪湖)采集到的寄生于淡水贝类中的5种寄生蚌螨和1种自由生活的厚蚌螨Unionicolacrassipes,测定了17个样品的线粒体COI基因和核糖体ITS2区段部分序列,通过对其基因序列的分析来探讨其系统发育,主要结论如下:
1.基于mtDNA COI基因序列分析表明,螯爪蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最远,壮肢蚌螨和螯爪蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最近。从系统发育树上可以看出弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,而敏捷蚌螨可能是最早从自由生活的蚌螨祖先中分化出来的种,为相对原始种。
2.基于rDNA ITS2区段序列分析表明,敏捷蚌螨和壮肢蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最远,壮肢蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最近。从系统发育树上可以看出弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,而Y纹蚌螨可能是最早从蚌螨祖先中分化出来的种,为相对原始种。
3.结合这两个分子标记综合分析显示,COI基因和ITS2基因均富含A+T。长江中下游不同湖泊对寄生蚌螨的遗传差异较小,而宿主的特异性是影响寄生蚌螨遗传分化的主要因素。弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,鉴于相对原始种及其亲缘关系在COI和ITS2分子标记中不稳定,需要借助于形态鉴定和分子标记相结合来确定,这也是解决物种分类和鉴定难题的必然途径。
Parasitic unionicolid mites are a group of water mites which living in freshwater; there are several parasitic unionicoild mites in China, such as U. arcuata、U. ypsilophora、U. chelata、U. agilex and so on, they are the mainly parasites in freshwater bivalves. Morphological differences among species of parasitic unionicolid mites are comparatively minor, with taxonomic distinctions among most members of the taxon based on subtle differences in one or two morphological characters. In addition, because of their high productivity, short generation cycle, fast development progress and they can coevolution with their host that result in morphological differences, so in systematics, there exist a lots of argument on parasitic unionicolid mites' taxon.
In the present study, partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA COI gene and ribosomal DNA ITS2 gene of seventeen samples including five species of parasitic unionicolid mites in the freshwater bivalves and a free-living Unionicola crassipes were sequenced, these water mites were collected from the main lakes (Poyang Lake、Dongting Lake、Taihu Lake、Chaohu Lake、Honghu Lake) on the low and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. All these COI and ITS2 sequences data were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of parasitic unionicolid mites. The major achievements of this paper were as follows:
1. From the sequence analysis of COI gene, The relationship between U. chelata and U. arcuata was the farthest among all the parasitic unionicolid mites, the relationship between U. ischyropalpus and U. arcuata was the closest. from the phylogenetic trees, we can see that U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species and U. agilex sp. nov. was relatively original species.
2. From the sequence analysis of ITS2 gene, The relationship between U. agilex and U. ischyropalpus was the farthest among all the parasitic unionicolid mites, the relationship between U. ischyropalpus and U. chelata was the closest. from the phylogenetic trees, we can see that U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species and U. ypsilophora was relatively original species.
3. Combining the two molecular markers, we can find that their nucleotide sequences were rich in A and T. the main lakes on the low and middle reaches of the Yangtze River had little effect on the genetic structure of parasitic unionicolid mites, and host specificity was the mian reason of genetic diversity. U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species, respecting the relatively original species and their relationship were indefinite in both COI gene and ITS2 gene, it needs to combine the molecular marker with morphological identification, this is also the necessary path to solve the puzzle of species' taxon and identification.
本研究从长江中下游主要湖泊(鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、巢湖、洪湖)采集到的寄生于淡水贝类中的5种寄生蚌螨和1种自由生活的厚蚌螨Unionicolacrassipes,测定了17个样品的线粒体COI基因和核糖体ITS2区段部分序列,通过对其基因序列的分析来探讨其系统发育,主要结论如下:
1.基于mtDNA COI基因序列分析表明,螯爪蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最远,壮肢蚌螨和螯爪蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最近。从系统发育树上可以看出弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,而敏捷蚌螨可能是最早从自由生活的蚌螨祖先中分化出来的种,为相对原始种。
2.基于rDNA ITS2区段序列分析表明,敏捷蚌螨和壮肢蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最远,壮肢蚌螨和弯弓蚌螨之间的亲缘关系最近。从系统发育树上可以看出弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,而Y纹蚌螨可能是最早从蚌螨祖先中分化出来的种,为相对原始种。
3.结合这两个分子标记综合分析显示,COI基因和ITS2基因均富含A+T。长江中下游不同湖泊对寄生蚌螨的遗传差异较小,而宿主的特异性是影响寄生蚌螨遗传分化的主要因素。弯弓蚌螨在所研究的寄生蚌螨中为相对进化种,鉴于相对原始种及其亲缘关系在COI和ITS2分子标记中不稳定,需要借助于形态鉴定和分子标记相结合来确定,这也是解决物种分类和鉴定难题的必然途径。
Parasitic unionicolid mites are a group of water mites which living in freshwater; there are several parasitic unionicoild mites in China, such as U. arcuata、U. ypsilophora、U. chelata、U. agilex and so on, they are the mainly parasites in freshwater bivalves. Morphological differences among species of parasitic unionicolid mites are comparatively minor, with taxonomic distinctions among most members of the taxon based on subtle differences in one or two morphological characters. In addition, because of their high productivity, short generation cycle, fast development progress and they can coevolution with their host that result in morphological differences, so in systematics, there exist a lots of argument on parasitic unionicolid mites' taxon.
In the present study, partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA COI gene and ribosomal DNA ITS2 gene of seventeen samples including five species of parasitic unionicolid mites in the freshwater bivalves and a free-living Unionicola crassipes were sequenced, these water mites were collected from the main lakes (Poyang Lake、Dongting Lake、Taihu Lake、Chaohu Lake、Honghu Lake) on the low and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. All these COI and ITS2 sequences data were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of parasitic unionicolid mites. The major achievements of this paper were as follows:
1. From the sequence analysis of COI gene, The relationship between U. chelata and U. arcuata was the farthest among all the parasitic unionicolid mites, the relationship between U. ischyropalpus and U. arcuata was the closest. from the phylogenetic trees, we can see that U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species and U. agilex sp. nov. was relatively original species.
2. From the sequence analysis of ITS2 gene, The relationship between U. agilex and U. ischyropalpus was the farthest among all the parasitic unionicolid mites, the relationship between U. ischyropalpus and U. chelata was the closest. from the phylogenetic trees, we can see that U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species and U. ypsilophora was relatively original species.
3. Combining the two molecular markers, we can find that their nucleotide sequences were rich in A and T. the main lakes on the low and middle reaches of the Yangtze River had little effect on the genetic structure of parasitic unionicolid mites, and host specificity was the mian reason of genetic diversity. U. arcuata was relatively evolutionary species, respecting the relatively original species and their relationship were indefinite in both COI gene and ITS2 gene, it needs to combine the molecular marker with morphological identification, this is also the necessary path to solve the puzzle of species' taxon and identification.
引文
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