运动员训练状态监测量表的研制
摘要
过度训练不仅降低运动员和身体活动参与者的机能状态，而且损害他们参与活动的情绪与动机，严重的过度训练还将导致他们退出所从事的活动。避免过度训练的最佳方法是系统的监测和有效的预防。而在过度训练的测量方面，Shephard等人认为心理学指标有时比生理生化指标更及时和更为有效，这一观点得到了不少学者的支持(浦钧宗，2000)。然而，目前国内尚没有一个专门监测过度训练的心理学简易工具。本研究基于上述考虑，试图通过编制【运动员训练状态监测量表】来填补这一领域的空白。
本研究根据【运动员应激-恢复问卷(The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes，RESTQ76-Sport)】(Kellmann & Kallus，2001)的测量结果和对中国部分项目教练员、运动员的非结构性访谈，建立了一个我国运动员过度训练的11因素模型，它包括情绪应激、感觉良好、疲劳、自我效能、自我调节、体能恢复、心理耗竭和心理疲劳8个一级因素；应激和恢复2个二级因素，以及过度训练1个三级因素。这一理论模型不仅较RESTQ76-Sport的因素结构更为简洁，而且更能适应中国体育文化背景。
本研究通过对总共1805名大学生运动员、体工队运动员和运动体校运动员的4项问卷调查，发展出了【运动员训练状态监测量表】及其相应的三个简表【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×7】、【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×5】和【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×3】。心理测量学的分析表明，这套量表具有较好的内部一致性信度、重测信度、内容效度、结构效度和同时效度。这些结果支持了上述过度训练11因素理论模型的构想，这套测量工具为教练员、体育科研人员以及社会体育指导员提供了一个简易、可靠和有效的心理学工具，帮助他们及时了解运动员或锻炼参与者的训练状态，及早发现过度训练症状，尽快调整运动负荷，避免过度训练的发生。
本研究提示，根据国外量表的理论框架，充分考虑中国文化和体育文化的特征和影响，按照心理测量学的基本要求，研制标准化的自陈量表，是一个很好的发展方向。
本研究的局限性在于：第一，虽然该量表及其简表具有较好的信度和效度。但是研究结果的适用性受取样范围的限制；第二，简表研制成功后，囿于条件，未能重新抽样测量以检验简表的信度和效度。为此作者期待该量表在后续的扩展研究中得到进一步完善。
Overtraining is harmful to not only the physical health of athletes and physical activity participants, but also harmful to their sport / exercise motivations and emotions. Severe overtraining even leads to dropping off. The best way of avoiding overtraining is the systematic monitor and effective prevention. Referring to the measurement to overtraining, Shephard et al. have suggested that sometimes psychological indices were more sensitive and effective than physiological or biochemical ones. This opinion has been accepted by most researchers (Junzong Pu, 2000). However, there hasn't been a standardized psychological scale of our own country for measuring overtraining at present day. Therefore the goal of present study was to try to supply the gap through the development of the Athletic Training State Monitor Scale, (ATSMS).
By means of transcultural validation to (he Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athlete, (RESTQ76-Sport)(Kellmann & Kallus, 2001) and through a non-structured interview to some Chinese coaches and athletes, a eleven-factor model on overtraining for Chinese athletes was preliminarily established, which consisted of eight layer-1 factors (emotion stress, well-being, fatigue, self-efficacy, self-regulation, physical recovery, burnout, and staleness), two layer-2 factors (stress and recovery) and one layer-3 factor (overtraining). This model was assumed to be more suitable to Chinese culture, and more concise than RESTQ76-Sport.
Four questionnaires were conducted to investigate 1805 university athletes and professional athletes. As the product, the Athletic Training State Monitor Scale and its three simplified versions were developed. This set of scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistence, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity and concurrent validity. Meanwhile, the assumed eleven-factor theoretical frame on overtraining was also validated via the method of structural equation modeling. Moreover, these scales practically provided coaches, sports scientists and exercise instructors with a new measurement tool, which is relatively simple, reliable, and valid for monitoring the training state of athletes or exercise participants.
There are at least two defects in the present study. The first one is that the application of research findings must within the confines of samples, although these scales with satisfying reliability and validity. The second one is that reliability and validity tests of the shortened versions of the scale needs further validation.
本研究根据【运动员应激-恢复问卷(The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes，RESTQ76-Sport)】(Kellmann & Kallus，2001)的测量结果和对中国部分项目教练员、运动员的非结构性访谈，建立了一个我国运动员过度训练的11因素模型，它包括情绪应激、感觉良好、疲劳、自我效能、自我调节、体能恢复、心理耗竭和心理疲劳8个一级因素；应激和恢复2个二级因素，以及过度训练1个三级因素。这一理论模型不仅较RESTQ76-Sport的因素结构更为简洁，而且更能适应中国体育文化背景。
本研究通过对总共1805名大学生运动员、体工队运动员和运动体校运动员的4项问卷调查，发展出了【运动员训练状态监测量表】及其相应的三个简表【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×7】、【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×5】和【运动员训练状态监测量表—32×3】。心理测量学的分析表明，这套量表具有较好的内部一致性信度、重测信度、内容效度、结构效度和同时效度。这些结果支持了上述过度训练11因素理论模型的构想，这套测量工具为教练员、体育科研人员以及社会体育指导员提供了一个简易、可靠和有效的心理学工具，帮助他们及时了解运动员或锻炼参与者的训练状态，及早发现过度训练症状，尽快调整运动负荷，避免过度训练的发生。
本研究提示，根据国外量表的理论框架，充分考虑中国文化和体育文化的特征和影响，按照心理测量学的基本要求，研制标准化的自陈量表，是一个很好的发展方向。
本研究的局限性在于：第一，虽然该量表及其简表具有较好的信度和效度。但是研究结果的适用性受取样范围的限制；第二，简表研制成功后，囿于条件，未能重新抽样测量以检验简表的信度和效度。为此作者期待该量表在后续的扩展研究中得到进一步完善。
Overtraining is harmful to not only the physical health of athletes and physical activity participants, but also harmful to their sport / exercise motivations and emotions. Severe overtraining even leads to dropping off. The best way of avoiding overtraining is the systematic monitor and effective prevention. Referring to the measurement to overtraining, Shephard et al. have suggested that sometimes psychological indices were more sensitive and effective than physiological or biochemical ones. This opinion has been accepted by most researchers (Junzong Pu, 2000). However, there hasn't been a standardized psychological scale of our own country for measuring overtraining at present day. Therefore the goal of present study was to try to supply the gap through the development of the Athletic Training State Monitor Scale, (ATSMS).
By means of transcultural validation to (he Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athlete, (RESTQ76-Sport)(Kellmann & Kallus, 2001) and through a non-structured interview to some Chinese coaches and athletes, a eleven-factor model on overtraining for Chinese athletes was preliminarily established, which consisted of eight layer-1 factors (emotion stress, well-being, fatigue, self-efficacy, self-regulation, physical recovery, burnout, and staleness), two layer-2 factors (stress and recovery) and one layer-3 factor (overtraining). This model was assumed to be more suitable to Chinese culture, and more concise than RESTQ76-Sport.
Four questionnaires were conducted to investigate 1805 university athletes and professional athletes. As the product, the Athletic Training State Monitor Scale and its three simplified versions were developed. This set of scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistence, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity and concurrent validity. Meanwhile, the assumed eleven-factor theoretical frame on overtraining was also validated via the method of structural equation modeling. Moreover, these scales practically provided coaches, sports scientists and exercise instructors with a new measurement tool, which is relatively simple, reliable, and valid for monitoring the training state of athletes or exercise participants.
There are at least two defects in the present study. The first one is that the application of research findings must within the confines of samples, although these scales with satisfying reliability and validity. The second one is that reliability and validity tests of the shortened versions of the scale needs further validation.
引文
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