集训警犬犬瘟热的流行病学调查及其综合防控
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摘要
犬瘟热(Canine distemper, CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(Canine distemper virus, CDV)感染引起犬科、釉科以及浣熊科等多种动物的一种急性、热性和高度接触性传染病,感染动物临床上主要表现为出现双相热型、支气管炎及卡他性肺炎等呼吸系统炎症、卡他性肠炎等严重的消化系统炎症等症状,部分病犬还出现有典型的神经症状。该病传染性强,发病率高,死亡率往往可高达80%以上,且很容易继发感染或发生二次感染,因此是严重影响警犬健康及其使用的重要疫病之一。
近年来,随着警犬集训活动的增多,犬瘟热成为警犬集训过程中的常见疫病之一。集训犬由于受长途运输、环境突变等应激因素的影响,容易引起其内分泌紊乱以及物质代谢障碍,从而造成机体的抵抗力下降,容易导致一些病原的趁虚而入。在本研究中,我们对近年来收集自警犬集训活动中的病历诊断资料进行了统计分析,以掌握不同地区警犬集训时应该重点防控的疾病类型,了解不同品种警犬集训时的易患疾病,对患病规律进行分析、总结,力求找到警犬在集训期间的常发疾病,有目的的预防各类疾病发生,统计结果显示呼吸系统和消化系统疾病等在德国牧羊犬、马里努阿犬、昆明犬等不同品种警犬常见疾病中仍占据非常大的比例。
为了解犬瘟热在集训警犬呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的作用及其发生流行情况,本研究以沈阳、昆明、南京三个地区数次重大集训活动中的警犬作为研究对象,对2008～2010年警犬集训期间犬瘟热的发生流行情况进行调查分析,我们分别应用RT-PCR方法和CDV金标检测试纸条对采自沈阳、昆明、南京三个地区警犬集训活动期间出现有呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的病犬眼部及结膜分泌物、鼻腔分泌物、唾液、肛门腺分泌物以及粪便样本进行CDV核酸及CDV抗原检测,病原学检测结果显示,应用RT-PCR方法和CDV金标检测试纸条均在以上病料样本中检测出CDV,其中RT-PCR方法检测的平均阳性率为17.81%(425/2386),CDV金标检测试纸条样本的平均阳性率为15.38%(367/2386),以上两种方法检测结果较为一致,而且均以眼及结膜分泌物、鼻分泌物以及唾液样品中的CDV抗原阳性率较高。以上检测结果表明,CDV感染是造成警犬集训活动期间呼吸系统及消化系统疾病发生的重要因素之一。
通过对集训活动期间来自不同地区有呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的病犬眼部及结膜分泌物、鼻腔分泌物、唾液、肛门腺分泌物以及粪便样本的CDV感染的阳性率进行分析发现,南京地区的CDV抗原阳性率较高,这可能与南京地区气候潮湿,空气湿度较大,地区环境因素容易滋生各种微生物,且容易接触到各种病原等有关。对不同品种警犬的CDV感染的阳性率分析发现,德国牧羊犬病料样品中CDV抗原阳性检出率最高,明显高于马里努阿犬和昆明犬的阳性检出率,这说明不同警犬品种的易感性不同,可能与德国牧羊犬抗逆性较差,对外界环境改变的应激性反应较大有关,从而降低了对疾病的抵抗能力。以上研究成果不仅为各级警犬技术工作人员提供警犬集训期间常见疾病的一手资料,而且为集训期间对警犬犬瘟热进行科学防控提供重要的理论依据。
根据近年来收集自警犬集训活动中的病历诊断资料的统计分析结果以及CDV分子流行病学调查结果,我们在此基础上,从临床症状观察、先进诊断方法的研究和应用、合理有效治疗方案制定、隔离检疫以及饲养管理等方面制定了相关的综合防治措施,这为及时有效控制该病的发生流行,减少造成的经济损失以及确保警犬的健康和安保工作的顺利进行奠定了坚实的基础。
Canine distemper is an acute, febric, high contagious disease of canine, glaze as well as the raccoon family animals which caused by Canine distemper virus (CDV). The main clinical symptoms of infected animals are diphasic fever, bronchitis and catarrhal pneumonia, catarrhal enteritis, and the typical neurological symptoms are observed in a few dogs. The infectivity and morbidity of the disease is very high, and the mortality rate is up to 80%. The disease easily occurs secondary infection or the repeat infection, so is an important disease which influences the health of police dogs.
In recent years, canine distemper becomes a common diaease of police dogs in the process of training. The trainging police dogs due to the influences of the stress factors such as long-distance transportation and environment mutation, easily lead to endocrine disturbance and substance metabolism dysbolism, thus cause the decrease of power of resistance and result in the invasion of other pathogens. In the study, we carried statistical analysis for the dataes of clinal cases collected from the period of training, in order to master the types of diseases which needed to prevent and control, understand the liability diseases of different species polica dogs, summarize and analyze the occurrence regularity of diseases, furthermore find the common diseases of police dog in the process of training, thus prevent the occurrence of a variety of diseases. The statistics results showed the diseases of respiratory system and digestive system occupied extremely high proportion in the common diseases of Belgian Malinois police dog, German Shepherd Dog and Kunming police dog.
In order to understand the prevalence condition of canine distemper in the process of training, we carried on investigation and analysis for the prevalence condition of canine distemper during the police dogs training from 2008 to 2010 years using the police dogs from Shenyang, Nanjing and Kunming areaes, which participated in major activities. The CDV nucleic acids and CDV antigens of discharge of eye, conjunctival secretion, blenna narium, saliva, discharge of anal glands, and sample of excrement and urine were detected by RT-PCR and strips. The detection result of aetiology showed that CDV were detected in the samples mentioned above by RT-PCR and strips. The average positive rate of CDV was 17.81%(425/2386)by RT-PCR, and the average positive rate of CDV was 15.38%(367/2386). The CDV positive rates of eye secretions, conjunctival secretions, blenna narium and saliva were more than other samples. The result indicated that CDV infection was an important reason which induced the occurrence of respiratory system and digestive system diseases.
The CDV infection positive rates of eye secretions, conjunctival secretions, saliva, nasal serections and anal glands serections collected from ill canines having respiratory system and digestive symptoms in the process of training were analyzed. The result showed that the positive rate in Nanjing district was more higher than other districts. It might be associated with climate moisture and more air humidity, thus easily multiply a variety of micro-organisms. The positive detection rate of CDV antigen in samples collected from German Shepherd Dogs, which was obviously higher than Belgian Malinois dogs and Kunming police dogs. The result showed that the susceptibility exsisted differences in different breeds. It might be associated with German Shepherd Dogs having less resistance and large stress responses due to the environment changes, thus reduced the resistance to diseases. The above results would not only provide first-hand information data of police common diseases in the process of police dogs training for police dog technology staffs, but also provide important theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control of canine distemper.
According to the medical diagnostic result of cases collected from ill police dogs in the process of training and the result of CDV molecular epidemiological survey, we enacted relative synthetic prevention and cure measures from the observation of clinical symptom, the research of advanced diagnostic method, the institution of reasonable and effective therapeutic regimen, quarantine and raising management. The measures would establish substantial foundation for the timely and effective controlling the occurrence of police diseases, reducing the economic loss and ensuring the police dogs health and the guarantee work proceeding smoothly.
近年来,随着警犬集训活动的增多,犬瘟热成为警犬集训过程中的常见疫病之一。集训犬由于受长途运输、环境突变等应激因素的影响,容易引起其内分泌紊乱以及物质代谢障碍,从而造成机体的抵抗力下降,容易导致一些病原的趁虚而入。在本研究中,我们对近年来收集自警犬集训活动中的病历诊断资料进行了统计分析,以掌握不同地区警犬集训时应该重点防控的疾病类型,了解不同品种警犬集训时的易患疾病,对患病规律进行分析、总结,力求找到警犬在集训期间的常发疾病,有目的的预防各类疾病发生,统计结果显示呼吸系统和消化系统疾病等在德国牧羊犬、马里努阿犬、昆明犬等不同品种警犬常见疾病中仍占据非常大的比例。
为了解犬瘟热在集训警犬呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的作用及其发生流行情况,本研究以沈阳、昆明、南京三个地区数次重大集训活动中的警犬作为研究对象,对2008～2010年警犬集训期间犬瘟热的发生流行情况进行调查分析,我们分别应用RT-PCR方法和CDV金标检测试纸条对采自沈阳、昆明、南京三个地区警犬集训活动期间出现有呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的病犬眼部及结膜分泌物、鼻腔分泌物、唾液、肛门腺分泌物以及粪便样本进行CDV核酸及CDV抗原检测,病原学检测结果显示,应用RT-PCR方法和CDV金标检测试纸条均在以上病料样本中检测出CDV,其中RT-PCR方法检测的平均阳性率为17.81%(425/2386),CDV金标检测试纸条样本的平均阳性率为15.38%(367/2386),以上两种方法检测结果较为一致,而且均以眼及结膜分泌物、鼻分泌物以及唾液样品中的CDV抗原阳性率较高。以上检测结果表明,CDV感染是造成警犬集训活动期间呼吸系统及消化系统疾病发生的重要因素之一。
通过对集训活动期间来自不同地区有呼吸系统及消化系统疾病的病犬眼部及结膜分泌物、鼻腔分泌物、唾液、肛门腺分泌物以及粪便样本的CDV感染的阳性率进行分析发现,南京地区的CDV抗原阳性率较高,这可能与南京地区气候潮湿,空气湿度较大,地区环境因素容易滋生各种微生物,且容易接触到各种病原等有关。对不同品种警犬的CDV感染的阳性率分析发现,德国牧羊犬病料样品中CDV抗原阳性检出率最高,明显高于马里努阿犬和昆明犬的阳性检出率,这说明不同警犬品种的易感性不同,可能与德国牧羊犬抗逆性较差,对外界环境改变的应激性反应较大有关,从而降低了对疾病的抵抗能力。以上研究成果不仅为各级警犬技术工作人员提供警犬集训期间常见疾病的一手资料,而且为集训期间对警犬犬瘟热进行科学防控提供重要的理论依据。
根据近年来收集自警犬集训活动中的病历诊断资料的统计分析结果以及CDV分子流行病学调查结果,我们在此基础上,从临床症状观察、先进诊断方法的研究和应用、合理有效治疗方案制定、隔离检疫以及饲养管理等方面制定了相关的综合防治措施,这为及时有效控制该病的发生流行,减少造成的经济损失以及确保警犬的健康和安保工作的顺利进行奠定了坚实的基础。
Canine distemper is an acute, febric, high contagious disease of canine, glaze as well as the raccoon family animals which caused by Canine distemper virus (CDV). The main clinical symptoms of infected animals are diphasic fever, bronchitis and catarrhal pneumonia, catarrhal enteritis, and the typical neurological symptoms are observed in a few dogs. The infectivity and morbidity of the disease is very high, and the mortality rate is up to 80%. The disease easily occurs secondary infection or the repeat infection, so is an important disease which influences the health of police dogs.
In recent years, canine distemper becomes a common diaease of police dogs in the process of training. The trainging police dogs due to the influences of the stress factors such as long-distance transportation and environment mutation, easily lead to endocrine disturbance and substance metabolism dysbolism, thus cause the decrease of power of resistance and result in the invasion of other pathogens. In the study, we carried statistical analysis for the dataes of clinal cases collected from the period of training, in order to master the types of diseases which needed to prevent and control, understand the liability diseases of different species polica dogs, summarize and analyze the occurrence regularity of diseases, furthermore find the common diseases of police dog in the process of training, thus prevent the occurrence of a variety of diseases. The statistics results showed the diseases of respiratory system and digestive system occupied extremely high proportion in the common diseases of Belgian Malinois police dog, German Shepherd Dog and Kunming police dog.
In order to understand the prevalence condition of canine distemper in the process of training, we carried on investigation and analysis for the prevalence condition of canine distemper during the police dogs training from 2008 to 2010 years using the police dogs from Shenyang, Nanjing and Kunming areaes, which participated in major activities. The CDV nucleic acids and CDV antigens of discharge of eye, conjunctival secretion, blenna narium, saliva, discharge of anal glands, and sample of excrement and urine were detected by RT-PCR and strips. The detection result of aetiology showed that CDV were detected in the samples mentioned above by RT-PCR and strips. The average positive rate of CDV was 17.81%(425/2386)by RT-PCR, and the average positive rate of CDV was 15.38%(367/2386). The CDV positive rates of eye secretions, conjunctival secretions, blenna narium and saliva were more than other samples. The result indicated that CDV infection was an important reason which induced the occurrence of respiratory system and digestive system diseases.
The CDV infection positive rates of eye secretions, conjunctival secretions, saliva, nasal serections and anal glands serections collected from ill canines having respiratory system and digestive symptoms in the process of training were analyzed. The result showed that the positive rate in Nanjing district was more higher than other districts. It might be associated with climate moisture and more air humidity, thus easily multiply a variety of micro-organisms. The positive detection rate of CDV antigen in samples collected from German Shepherd Dogs, which was obviously higher than Belgian Malinois dogs and Kunming police dogs. The result showed that the susceptibility exsisted differences in different breeds. It might be associated with German Shepherd Dogs having less resistance and large stress responses due to the environment changes, thus reduced the resistance to diseases. The above results would not only provide first-hand information data of police common diseases in the process of police dogs training for police dog technology staffs, but also provide important theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control of canine distemper.
According to the medical diagnostic result of cases collected from ill police dogs in the process of training and the result of CDV molecular epidemiological survey, we enacted relative synthetic prevention and cure measures from the observation of clinical symptom, the research of advanced diagnostic method, the institution of reasonable and effective therapeutic regimen, quarantine and raising management. The measures would establish substantial foundation for the timely and effective controlling the occurrence of police diseases, reducing the economic loss and ensuring the police dogs health and the guarantee work proceeding smoothly.
引文
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