虚拟人微观仿真与宏观交互关键技术研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代计算机图形学的发展衍生出了虚拟现实技术及其“沉浸感、交互性、构想性”的特征。围绕这一特点，现实世界中的事物都可以在计算机虚拟环境中进行重现。对现实世界重现过程中，最具有挑战性的一项任务是在虚拟环境中完全模拟自然人。20世纪90年代“虚拟人”概念被首次提出以后，围绕着“智能化、行为能力和交互能力”三个核心需求，科学家们从建模到动作，从语言到情感，在虚拟人的各个领域都取得了显著的进步。同时在研究过程中也逐渐明确了虚拟人研究在技术上要达到的标准，即建立模型、对信息进行回应、具有真实大小、具有与人一样的外表以及在三维虚拟环境中进行活动。随着技术的进步和各相关学科研究的深入，虚拟人在外貌、动作等方面的已经相当成熟，而在语言、心理等感知层面和内部结构方面，则由不同学科进行着各自的专项研究。因为对虚拟人的理解和发展方向不同，形成了目前虚拟人研究的不同领域，同时也形成了许多学科间的交叉，最具代表性的就是医学与计算机科学在虚拟人研究方面的合作。
本文选取医学和计算机科学的交叉领域作为研究切入点，针对虚拟人在现有科学发展水平下如何统一协调发展，完善虚拟人的理论和关键技术，提出了三个需要解决的问题：第一，如何建立高效的虚拟人构造技术和统一的虚拟环境与衡量尺度；第二，如何寻找学科间的研究交叉点以带动统一的虚拟人系统的建立；第三，如何设计一个架构使不同学科的研究方法和技术手段得到统一利用和高效开发。
基于以上三个问题，本文从虚拟人的基本概念入手，将微观和宏观两个层面看做虚拟人研究的两个起点，把这两个层面的交叉部分作为实现统一的虚拟人系统实现的汇聚点，在此基础上可以建立统一的虚拟人。本文分别介绍了作为关键技术的微观层面仿真技术和宏观层面交互技术，对微观和宏观两个方向的发展现状和前景和技术特点进行分析，提出为虚拟人的建立设计可行的架构和严谨的规范。为验证分析观点的正确性并且探索建立统一的虚拟人的可行性，分别从微观仿真和宏观交互两个方向进行研究和实践，在微观仿真方面设计开发了VRKidney三维人体肾脏虚拟现实软件，利用VKH数据集重建了人体肾脏三维模型，并利用该模型实现了基本的肾脏药物排泄功能数值模拟，在生理功能仿真方面为未来的生理器官的建立探索了可行的方法。在宏观交互方面着重研究了虚拟人的建立对自然人的交互方式与感受有何影响，研究重点在交流方式和感知能力，通过建立三维虚拟病人并与自然人进行交流得出数据分析在交流过程中的感知情况。在此基础上，系统提出了虚拟人一体化集成的架构及规范，并将可感知性作为评价不同类型虚拟人系统的标准，采用实验方式初步验证不同虚拟人系统的可感知性情况。
本文的创新性工作主要有以下几点：
1）设计并实现了VRKidney软件。该软件是针对虚拟人体肾脏三维结构重建及生理功能仿真而开发的。基于VKH数据集，将传统医学图像研究领域中分散的技术进行了集成，使用户可以在VRKidney中完成以往需要借助多个软件完成的功能，同时软件在配准、分割算法上具有效率高的特点，在交互操作上采用了新技术和新方法，并且利用VRKidney对肾脏药物代谢过程进行了数值模拟。
2）在虚拟人研究中引入UGC模式，强调去中心化的虚拟人知识获取与信息发布方式，并提出“人际交互”与“人机交互”的区别。利用互联网的分布式特点，将传统的以对话为中心的人机交互系统模式提升为以人为中心的人际交互模式，并在此基础上开发了可视化的虚拟现实系统，并通过该系统进行了虚拟问诊的统计调查，验证了人际交互在对同情度认知上的积极作用。
3）提出了一种虚拟人一体化集成的架构设计，利用黑板模式的软件开发体系结构弥补了学科交叉研究过程中技术上难以实现自上而下系统结构设计的不足，充分保证虚拟人一体化集成后的完整性、通用性以及体验感受。对虚拟人系统的体系架构要素进行了系统阐述，并总结了虚拟人一体化集成的意义与需要注意的问题。
4）提出了评价虚拟人系统个一体化集成后的一种评价标准——可感知度评价方法，该方法的提出使虚拟人无论从微观还是宏观角度，或者是从不同学科的角度都可以找到以虚拟现实基础理论为依据的评价方法，在统一的评价体系中进行体验评价可以让一体化集成过程中的各系统进行可感知度的提升，并充分利用其它系统中的通用组件技术完善补充子系统的开发。
The emergence of Virtual Reality Technology, an integrated trio ofimmersion-interaction-imagination, was accompanied by the development ofComputer Graphic in1980s. Based on those features, things in the real world could bereproduced in virtual environment by computer. In the process of reproducing realworld, the most challenging work is to simulate the real human in the virtualenvironment. In1990s, the concept of “Virtual Human” was first proposed with threecore disciplines, intelligence, behavior and interaction. There are notable progresses inthis research area. Simple modeling was developed to motion simulation while simplespeech reorganization was developed to perception of emotion. In this progress, thetechnical standards were gradually formed, which are modeling, response, life-sizecharacters, human-like appearance and activities in virtual environment. Withdeveloping of techniques, it is matured in appearance, motion and voice. But in someaspects, such as natural language and psychology, which are related to the perceptionand internal structure of human body, were researched in different scientific areas.Because of the difference in the understanding of virtual human concept and thedevelopment direction, there are various fields in the research of virtual human, whichformed many interdisciplinary branches. The most remarkable area is the cooperationbetween medical science and computer science.
In this article, the starting point of the study was the interdisciplinary fieldbetween medical science and computer science. To improve the theory and keytechniques of virtual human in current progress of science and technology, threequestions were proposed: first, how to develop effective techniques for virtual humanconstruction and uniform metrics for virtual environment; second, how to seek thecommon concerns among different research areas to establish a shared and commonvirtual human system; third, how to design an architecture to integrate and takeadvantage of various research methods and techniques effectively in different disciplines.
Regarding the microscopic and macroscopic research of virtual human as thestarting points, this study is based on three questions mentioned above and the basicconcept of virtual human, motivated by how to find the method for the construction ofvirtual human system. In this article, the current progress and the technical featureswere introduced; the key techniques of microscopic simulation and macroscopicinteraction were presented; a feasible architecture was proposed for virtual humansystem development with the key points of regulation. To verify the theory proposedabove and explore a new method for virtual human establishment, two aspects studywork were introduced. In microscopic simulation, VRKidney, a kind of VR softwareof3D human kidney was designed, programmed and implemented. Using VRKidney,a human kidney model was reconstructed by VKH serial sectioned image data set. Itcan simulate the basic process of renal excretion of drug. This is a probable methodfor the future research of physiological virtual human kidney. In macroscopicinteraction, the key point of the study is to analyze the impacts of virtual to the feelingand behavior of human beings, especially the communication and perception. Theresults were concluded by the analysis of survey data. Furthermore, the architectureand regulation for integrated virtual human was presented. Perceptibility was takenthe criteria for evaluating the various virtual human systems. Two virtual humansystems in this study were evaluated by their perceptibility.
The innovative works of this study are as follow:
1) Designed, developed and implemented VRKidney. The purpose of VRKidenyis to reconstruct virtual human kidney and simulate its physiological functions. Basedon VKH data set, VRKidney has integrated registration, segmentation, reconstructionand other image processing methods. It has advantages in registration, segmentationand interaction. Using VRKidney, the simple simulation of drug excretion in kidneycan be carried out.
2) Introduced the new concept, UGC, into virtual human research.De-centralization is considered the new pattern of the knowledge acquisition andinformation distribution.Aclear distinction has been made between HCI and interpersonal interaction. The Internet has a merit of distribution. Using this merit, thetraditional conversational-centered mode of HCI has been improved tohuman-centered mode of interpersonal interaction.AVR system is developed basedon the human-centered mode and a survey has been finished. Through the survey, thepositive effect of interpersonal interaction on empathy cognition has been verified.
3)An integrated architecture for virtual human has been presented. Atop-downdevelopment architecture is not suitable for an interdisciplinary study. The blackboardarchitecture can avoid its disadvantage. Using this architecture, the integrated virtualhuman system can be implemented as a complete, common and user-friendly system.The concept and the basic elements of this architecture have been defined clearly. Theregulation has been summarized.
4) Propose the perceptibility as the criteria of evaluation a virtual human system.Whatever the starting points of the research or the various evaluating method indifferent subjects, it will improve the perceptibility to evaluate a virtual humanapplication by a common criteria.
本文选取医学和计算机科学的交叉领域作为研究切入点，针对虚拟人在现有科学发展水平下如何统一协调发展，完善虚拟人的理论和关键技术，提出了三个需要解决的问题：第一，如何建立高效的虚拟人构造技术和统一的虚拟环境与衡量尺度；第二，如何寻找学科间的研究交叉点以带动统一的虚拟人系统的建立；第三，如何设计一个架构使不同学科的研究方法和技术手段得到统一利用和高效开发。
基于以上三个问题，本文从虚拟人的基本概念入手，将微观和宏观两个层面看做虚拟人研究的两个起点，把这两个层面的交叉部分作为实现统一的虚拟人系统实现的汇聚点，在此基础上可以建立统一的虚拟人。本文分别介绍了作为关键技术的微观层面仿真技术和宏观层面交互技术，对微观和宏观两个方向的发展现状和前景和技术特点进行分析，提出为虚拟人的建立设计可行的架构和严谨的规范。为验证分析观点的正确性并且探索建立统一的虚拟人的可行性，分别从微观仿真和宏观交互两个方向进行研究和实践，在微观仿真方面设计开发了VRKidney三维人体肾脏虚拟现实软件，利用VKH数据集重建了人体肾脏三维模型，并利用该模型实现了基本的肾脏药物排泄功能数值模拟，在生理功能仿真方面为未来的生理器官的建立探索了可行的方法。在宏观交互方面着重研究了虚拟人的建立对自然人的交互方式与感受有何影响，研究重点在交流方式和感知能力，通过建立三维虚拟病人并与自然人进行交流得出数据分析在交流过程中的感知情况。在此基础上，系统提出了虚拟人一体化集成的架构及规范，并将可感知性作为评价不同类型虚拟人系统的标准，采用实验方式初步验证不同虚拟人系统的可感知性情况。
本文的创新性工作主要有以下几点：
1）设计并实现了VRKidney软件。该软件是针对虚拟人体肾脏三维结构重建及生理功能仿真而开发的。基于VKH数据集，将传统医学图像研究领域中分散的技术进行了集成，使用户可以在VRKidney中完成以往需要借助多个软件完成的功能，同时软件在配准、分割算法上具有效率高的特点，在交互操作上采用了新技术和新方法，并且利用VRKidney对肾脏药物代谢过程进行了数值模拟。
2）在虚拟人研究中引入UGC模式，强调去中心化的虚拟人知识获取与信息发布方式，并提出“人际交互”与“人机交互”的区别。利用互联网的分布式特点，将传统的以对话为中心的人机交互系统模式提升为以人为中心的人际交互模式，并在此基础上开发了可视化的虚拟现实系统，并通过该系统进行了虚拟问诊的统计调查，验证了人际交互在对同情度认知上的积极作用。
3）提出了一种虚拟人一体化集成的架构设计，利用黑板模式的软件开发体系结构弥补了学科交叉研究过程中技术上难以实现自上而下系统结构设计的不足，充分保证虚拟人一体化集成后的完整性、通用性以及体验感受。对虚拟人系统的体系架构要素进行了系统阐述，并总结了虚拟人一体化集成的意义与需要注意的问题。
4）提出了评价虚拟人系统个一体化集成后的一种评价标准——可感知度评价方法，该方法的提出使虚拟人无论从微观还是宏观角度，或者是从不同学科的角度都可以找到以虚拟现实基础理论为依据的评价方法，在统一的评价体系中进行体验评价可以让一体化集成过程中的各系统进行可感知度的提升，并充分利用其它系统中的通用组件技术完善补充子系统的开发。
The emergence of Virtual Reality Technology, an integrated trio ofimmersion-interaction-imagination, was accompanied by the development ofComputer Graphic in1980s. Based on those features, things in the real world could bereproduced in virtual environment by computer. In the process of reproducing realworld, the most challenging work is to simulate the real human in the virtualenvironment. In1990s, the concept of “Virtual Human” was first proposed with threecore disciplines, intelligence, behavior and interaction. There are notable progresses inthis research area. Simple modeling was developed to motion simulation while simplespeech reorganization was developed to perception of emotion. In this progress, thetechnical standards were gradually formed, which are modeling, response, life-sizecharacters, human-like appearance and activities in virtual environment. Withdeveloping of techniques, it is matured in appearance, motion and voice. But in someaspects, such as natural language and psychology, which are related to the perceptionand internal structure of human body, were researched in different scientific areas.Because of the difference in the understanding of virtual human concept and thedevelopment direction, there are various fields in the research of virtual human, whichformed many interdisciplinary branches. The most remarkable area is the cooperationbetween medical science and computer science.
In this article, the starting point of the study was the interdisciplinary fieldbetween medical science and computer science. To improve the theory and keytechniques of virtual human in current progress of science and technology, threequestions were proposed: first, how to develop effective techniques for virtual humanconstruction and uniform metrics for virtual environment; second, how to seek thecommon concerns among different research areas to establish a shared and commonvirtual human system; third, how to design an architecture to integrate and takeadvantage of various research methods and techniques effectively in different disciplines.
Regarding the microscopic and macroscopic research of virtual human as thestarting points, this study is based on three questions mentioned above and the basicconcept of virtual human, motivated by how to find the method for the construction ofvirtual human system. In this article, the current progress and the technical featureswere introduced; the key techniques of microscopic simulation and macroscopicinteraction were presented; a feasible architecture was proposed for virtual humansystem development with the key points of regulation. To verify the theory proposedabove and explore a new method for virtual human establishment, two aspects studywork were introduced. In microscopic simulation, VRKidney, a kind of VR softwareof3D human kidney was designed, programmed and implemented. Using VRKidney,a human kidney model was reconstructed by VKH serial sectioned image data set. Itcan simulate the basic process of renal excretion of drug. This is a probable methodfor the future research of physiological virtual human kidney. In macroscopicinteraction, the key point of the study is to analyze the impacts of virtual to the feelingand behavior of human beings, especially the communication and perception. Theresults were concluded by the analysis of survey data. Furthermore, the architectureand regulation for integrated virtual human was presented. Perceptibility was takenthe criteria for evaluating the various virtual human systems. Two virtual humansystems in this study were evaluated by their perceptibility.
The innovative works of this study are as follow:
1) Designed, developed and implemented VRKidney. The purpose of VRKidenyis to reconstruct virtual human kidney and simulate its physiological functions. Basedon VKH data set, VRKidney has integrated registration, segmentation, reconstructionand other image processing methods. It has advantages in registration, segmentationand interaction. Using VRKidney, the simple simulation of drug excretion in kidneycan be carried out.
2) Introduced the new concept, UGC, into virtual human research.De-centralization is considered the new pattern of the knowledge acquisition andinformation distribution.Aclear distinction has been made between HCI and interpersonal interaction. The Internet has a merit of distribution. Using this merit, thetraditional conversational-centered mode of HCI has been improved tohuman-centered mode of interpersonal interaction.AVR system is developed basedon the human-centered mode and a survey has been finished. Through the survey, thepositive effect of interpersonal interaction on empathy cognition has been verified.
3)An integrated architecture for virtual human has been presented. Atop-downdevelopment architecture is not suitable for an interdisciplinary study. The blackboardarchitecture can avoid its disadvantage. Using this architecture, the integrated virtualhuman system can be implemented as a complete, common and user-friendly system.The concept and the basic elements of this architecture have been defined clearly. Theregulation has been summarized.
4) Propose the perceptibility as the criteria of evaluation a virtual human system.Whatever the starting points of the research or the various evaluating method indifferent subjects, it will improve the perceptibility to evaluate a virtual humanapplication by a common criteria.
引文
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