路面抗滑性能检测与评价技术研究
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摘要
公路路面的抗滑性能与行车安全性密切相关，机场道面的抗滑性能对飞机安全起落也起着至关重要的作用。路面和机场跑道的抗滑性能受天气(气候)、路表状况等诸多因素影响，因此先进的检测技术与设备就显得尤为重要。但是我国目前的路面抗滑性能检测技术、设备及评价方法在某些方面还存在不足，与国外先进国家相比仍显落后。开展路面抗滑性能方面的研究以寻求更合适的检测设备和评价方法，已成为当前亟待解决的课题。
目前在路面抗滑性能检测与评价方面有两个问题比较突出：
(1) 摩擦系数测试设备性能的可靠性问题
目前用于路面及机场道面摩擦系数检测的设备数量众多，类型各异。但是，其中有些设备的测试结果受测试条件、环境以及操作过程等因素影响而表现出较差的稳定性，并且有些设备的测试结果不能真实地的反映路面实际抗滑性能。
(2) 路面抗滑性能评价标准不统一
路面抗滑性能的评价标准的不统一给路面抗滑性能检测与评价工作带来诸多不便。主要表现为：一方面，利用不同的抗滑性能检测设备对同一路段的路面进行测试会得到不同的结果，也就是说不同的检测设备有不同的抗滑标准；另一方面，世界上各个国家根据自己国家的具体实际制定了本国的标准，也就是说不同的国家有不同的抗滑标准。由于这两方面的原因，各国道路研究者在进行相互交流时存在着很大的困难，并且这对开展路面抗滑性能的研究也造成了许多阻碍。
GripTester摩擦系数仪是英国近年来开发研制的新型抗滑检测设备，在多项工程检测中表现出优良的技术特性，如自备洒水系统，计算机控制，全自动操作，测试结果稳定性好等。GripTester参与了世界道路协会(PIARC)1992年的抗滑性能及路表构造检测设备对比与协调试验。
本文围绕GripTester摩擦系数仪试验，主要从路面抗滑性能检测设备及评价指标两个方面进行探讨，具体工作分为以下几个方面：
(1) 系统分析轮胎与路面间摩擦的形成机理及其影响因素。
郑州大学硕士学位论文 摘要
一
轮胎与路面间的摩擦力主要有四个方面：轮胎与路面间的分子力作用：
轮胎与路面间的粘着作用；胎面橡胶的弹性变形；路面上小尺寸微凸体的微
切削作用。
路面抗滑性能影响因素有以下几个方面：轮胎方面的因素（包括轮胎的
种类、胎面花纹、充气压力及胎面磨损等）；路面方面的因素（主要与路表
构造有关）；行车速度的影响；介质（水膜及路表污染）的影响；温度以及
季节变化的影响；材料因素的影响。
门）对当前的路面抗滑性能检测设备进行深入的分析，重点分析了几
种常用设备的性能特性。
摩擦系数检测设备可分为定点式摩擦系数测试仪和连续式摩擦系数测
试仪（Cominual Friction Measwe Equipment）两种。月者主要指英国的摆式
摩擦系数仪 BPT（British Pendulum Tester）。CFME可以分为四种基本类型：
锁定轮型（Locked Wheel Tester）、侧向力型（Side Force Measurement）、固
定滑移率型（Fixed Slip Device）和可变滑移率型（Vaiable Slip Device）。
路面粗构造测试设备分为断面类（Texture Device）、体积法（Volumetric）
和流出仪（Outflow）三类。
本文对我国路面规范中的抗滑测试设备：SCRIM、摆式仪、铺砂法等做
了较详细的介绍，并深入分析了它们的性能特点。
u）通过试验全面研究新型（路面及机场路面）摩擦系数仪GripTester
的技术性能和特点，重点研究该设备测试结果的可靠性。
、本文介绍了GriPTester摩擦系数仪的主要构造、技术指标、设计原理、
测试方式、应用领域等基本情况。在轮胎与路面问摩擦的影响因素分析基础
上设计了 GriPTester试验，较全面地研究了 GriPTeter的技术性能及特点。本
次试验主要从GriPTester重复测试结果稳定性，与测试速度、水膜厚度等的
关系及与摆式仪所测摆值、铺砂法所测路面构造深度的相关性等几个方面进
行研究。
N）在路面抗滑性能评价方面引入国际摩阻指数D，探讨IFI作为路
面抗滑性能评价指标的使用方法、可行性、适用性及其还需解决
的问题。
— —11 一
一
世界道路协会oIARC）于 1992年在比利时、西班牙进行了一次大规
模的路面抗滑性能检测设备的对比与协调试验，在试验基础上提出了国际摩
阻指数 IFI日 Friction Index）的概念。国际摩阻指?
The pavement skid resistance is very important for cars to run safely and so does the runway skid resistance to the take-off and landing of airplanes. The skid resistance of pavement and runway is influenced by the weather, climate, the situation of pavement and so on. So the advanced technology and equipment to measure the pavement skid resistance is very important. However, the technology, equipment and the evaluating method are old and insufficient in China, which get behind to other developed countries. As a result, it is a urgent problem to develop the research on the pavement skid resistance and look for better equipment and evaluating methods.
There are two problems on the pavement skid resistance measuring and evaluating.
(1) The reliability of the friction measure equipment is bad.
Nowadays, there are many types of equipment to measure the friction of pavement. However, the stability of some equipment is bad because the measure results of some equipment are affected by the testing condition, environment, operation process and so on. And some equipment can't give appropriate result for the pavement skid resistance of truly.
(2) The standard to evaluate the pavement skid resistance is not uniform. The standard to evaluate the pavement skid resistance is not uniform, which
makes much inconvenience. There are two aspects: a) different equipments have different standards because the measure results are different for the same pavement by using different equipment; b) different countries have different standards because those countries set down the skid resistance standards according to their countries own situation. So, the researchers who come from different countries have much difficulty in communicating with others on the pavement skid resistance which makes much encumbrance to study it.
GripTester, a new friction measure device, is developed by British several years ago, which performs excellent in many aspects when it is used in several
friction survey projects. The main advantages for GripTester are: a) it has a automatic water deposition system; b) it is controlled by computer, c) the operation is full automatic; d) the measure result has good stability and so on. GripTester took part in the International PIARC Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements which was hold by PIARC in 1992.
The paper makes some research in the equipment and the evaluating method for measure the pavement skid resistance based on GripTester experiments. The main content of the paper is as follow.
(1) Analyze the mechanism of the friction between the tyre and pavement and the factors which affect the friction;
The friction between tyre and pavement involves four aspects: the molecule force, the adhesion between tyre and pavement, the elastic distortion of rubber on the tyre surface and the tiny cutting of the little-size protruding on pavement.
The factors which affect the skid resistance of pavement include: the tyre (such as tyre type, tyre tread pattern, pressure, wear and tear of the tyre and so on ); the pavement (related to the texture of pavement especially); driving speed; medium(water or pollution between tyre and pavement); the temperature and the season variation; the material and so on.
(2) Analyze the technology performance of the equipment which is used to measure the pavement or runway skid resistance and compare the technology performance of some familiar equipments
The friction measure equipment can be classed into two types: spot friction measure equipment and Continual Friction Measure Equipment. The former usually is British Pendulum Tester. CFME can be classed into four types: Locked Wheel Tester, Side Force Measurement, Fixed Slip Device and Variable Slip Device.
The macro-texture measure equipment can be classed into three types: Texture Device, Volumetric and Outflow.
The paper introduces SCRIM, British Pendulum Tester and Sand patch method in detail which are mentioned in China criterion.
(3) Study the technology performanc
目前在路面抗滑性能检测与评价方面有两个问题比较突出：
(1) 摩擦系数测试设备性能的可靠性问题
目前用于路面及机场道面摩擦系数检测的设备数量众多，类型各异。但是，其中有些设备的测试结果受测试条件、环境以及操作过程等因素影响而表现出较差的稳定性，并且有些设备的测试结果不能真实地的反映路面实际抗滑性能。
(2) 路面抗滑性能评价标准不统一
路面抗滑性能的评价标准的不统一给路面抗滑性能检测与评价工作带来诸多不便。主要表现为：一方面，利用不同的抗滑性能检测设备对同一路段的路面进行测试会得到不同的结果，也就是说不同的检测设备有不同的抗滑标准；另一方面，世界上各个国家根据自己国家的具体实际制定了本国的标准，也就是说不同的国家有不同的抗滑标准。由于这两方面的原因，各国道路研究者在进行相互交流时存在着很大的困难，并且这对开展路面抗滑性能的研究也造成了许多阻碍。
GripTester摩擦系数仪是英国近年来开发研制的新型抗滑检测设备，在多项工程检测中表现出优良的技术特性，如自备洒水系统，计算机控制，全自动操作，测试结果稳定性好等。GripTester参与了世界道路协会(PIARC)1992年的抗滑性能及路表构造检测设备对比与协调试验。
本文围绕GripTester摩擦系数仪试验，主要从路面抗滑性能检测设备及评价指标两个方面进行探讨，具体工作分为以下几个方面：
(1) 系统分析轮胎与路面间摩擦的形成机理及其影响因素。
郑州大学硕士学位论文 摘要
一
轮胎与路面间的摩擦力主要有四个方面：轮胎与路面间的分子力作用：
轮胎与路面间的粘着作用；胎面橡胶的弹性变形；路面上小尺寸微凸体的微
切削作用。
路面抗滑性能影响因素有以下几个方面：轮胎方面的因素（包括轮胎的
种类、胎面花纹、充气压力及胎面磨损等）；路面方面的因素（主要与路表
构造有关）；行车速度的影响；介质（水膜及路表污染）的影响；温度以及
季节变化的影响；材料因素的影响。
门）对当前的路面抗滑性能检测设备进行深入的分析，重点分析了几
种常用设备的性能特性。
摩擦系数检测设备可分为定点式摩擦系数测试仪和连续式摩擦系数测
试仪（Cominual Friction Measwe Equipment）两种。月者主要指英国的摆式
摩擦系数仪 BPT（British Pendulum Tester）。CFME可以分为四种基本类型：
锁定轮型（Locked Wheel Tester）、侧向力型（Side Force Measurement）、固
定滑移率型（Fixed Slip Device）和可变滑移率型（Vaiable Slip Device）。
路面粗构造测试设备分为断面类（Texture Device）、体积法（Volumetric）
和流出仪（Outflow）三类。
本文对我国路面规范中的抗滑测试设备：SCRIM、摆式仪、铺砂法等做
了较详细的介绍，并深入分析了它们的性能特点。
u）通过试验全面研究新型（路面及机场路面）摩擦系数仪GripTester
的技术性能和特点，重点研究该设备测试结果的可靠性。
、本文介绍了GriPTester摩擦系数仪的主要构造、技术指标、设计原理、
测试方式、应用领域等基本情况。在轮胎与路面问摩擦的影响因素分析基础
上设计了 GriPTester试验，较全面地研究了 GriPTeter的技术性能及特点。本
次试验主要从GriPTester重复测试结果稳定性，与测试速度、水膜厚度等的
关系及与摆式仪所测摆值、铺砂法所测路面构造深度的相关性等几个方面进
行研究。
N）在路面抗滑性能评价方面引入国际摩阻指数D，探讨IFI作为路
面抗滑性能评价指标的使用方法、可行性、适用性及其还需解决
的问题。
— —11 一
一
世界道路协会oIARC）于 1992年在比利时、西班牙进行了一次大规
模的路面抗滑性能检测设备的对比与协调试验，在试验基础上提出了国际摩
阻指数 IFI日 Friction Index）的概念。国际摩阻指?
The pavement skid resistance is very important for cars to run safely and so does the runway skid resistance to the take-off and landing of airplanes. The skid resistance of pavement and runway is influenced by the weather, climate, the situation of pavement and so on. So the advanced technology and equipment to measure the pavement skid resistance is very important. However, the technology, equipment and the evaluating method are old and insufficient in China, which get behind to other developed countries. As a result, it is a urgent problem to develop the research on the pavement skid resistance and look for better equipment and evaluating methods.
There are two problems on the pavement skid resistance measuring and evaluating.
(1) The reliability of the friction measure equipment is bad.
Nowadays, there are many types of equipment to measure the friction of pavement. However, the stability of some equipment is bad because the measure results of some equipment are affected by the testing condition, environment, operation process and so on. And some equipment can't give appropriate result for the pavement skid resistance of truly.
(2) The standard to evaluate the pavement skid resistance is not uniform. The standard to evaluate the pavement skid resistance is not uniform, which
makes much inconvenience. There are two aspects: a) different equipments have different standards because the measure results are different for the same pavement by using different equipment; b) different countries have different standards because those countries set down the skid resistance standards according to their countries own situation. So, the researchers who come from different countries have much difficulty in communicating with others on the pavement skid resistance which makes much encumbrance to study it.
GripTester, a new friction measure device, is developed by British several years ago, which performs excellent in many aspects when it is used in several
friction survey projects. The main advantages for GripTester are: a) it has a automatic water deposition system; b) it is controlled by computer, c) the operation is full automatic; d) the measure result has good stability and so on. GripTester took part in the International PIARC Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements which was hold by PIARC in 1992.
The paper makes some research in the equipment and the evaluating method for measure the pavement skid resistance based on GripTester experiments. The main content of the paper is as follow.
(1) Analyze the mechanism of the friction between the tyre and pavement and the factors which affect the friction;
The friction between tyre and pavement involves four aspects: the molecule force, the adhesion between tyre and pavement, the elastic distortion of rubber on the tyre surface and the tiny cutting of the little-size protruding on pavement.
The factors which affect the skid resistance of pavement include: the tyre (such as tyre type, tyre tread pattern, pressure, wear and tear of the tyre and so on ); the pavement (related to the texture of pavement especially); driving speed; medium(water or pollution between tyre and pavement); the temperature and the season variation; the material and so on.
(2) Analyze the technology performance of the equipment which is used to measure the pavement or runway skid resistance and compare the technology performance of some familiar equipments
The friction measure equipment can be classed into two types: spot friction measure equipment and Continual Friction Measure Equipment. The former usually is British Pendulum Tester. CFME can be classed into four types: Locked Wheel Tester, Side Force Measurement, Fixed Slip Device and Variable Slip Device.
The macro-texture measure equipment can be classed into three types: Texture Device, Volumetric and Outflow.
The paper introduces SCRIM, British Pendulum Tester and Sand patch method in detail which are mentioned in China criterion.
(3) Study the technology performanc
引文
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[2] 沙庆林，高速公路沥青路面早期破坏现象及预防，人民交通出版社，2001，5。
[3] 曾天翔，飞机事故及其原因统计分析，航空标准化与质量，1998(6)：37-43。
[4] PIARC,International PIARC Experiment To Compare And Harmonize Texture And Skid Resistance Measurements,1995。
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[2] 沙庆林，高速公路沥青路面早期破坏现象及预防，人民交通出版社，2001，5。
[3] 曾天翔，飞机事故及其原因统计分析，航空标准化与质量，1998(6)：37-43。
[4] PIARC,International PIARC Experiment To Compare And Harmonize Texture And Skid Resistance Measurements,1995。
[5] 中国人民共和国行业标准，公路沥青路面设计规范(JTJ 014-97)，人民交通出版社，1997。
[6] 李建才，邹晓波，用摆值 F．评价路面抗滑性能探讨，中南公路工程，1997(1)：16-17。
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