农村最低生活保障问题研究
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摘要
本文以农村最低生活保障现状分析作为研究的切入点,借助于制度经济学、管理学等理论分析工具,采用宏观数据与问卷调查、实证与规范相结合等分析方法,对农村最低生活保障问题作了系统的描述和分析。
     全文共分为四个部分:一是农村最低生活保障的一般分析(第1、2章),包括导论、研究范围界定与分析基础;二是农村最低生活保障运行的现状分析(第3、4、5、6章),包括农村最低生活保障对象研究、农村最低生活保障标准研究、农村最低生活保障资金研究以及农村最低生活保障管理研究;三是完善农村最低生活保障问题的对策研究(第7章),主要是在现状部分研究的基础上提出完善农村最低生活保障问题的相应对策;四是结论与讨论(第8章),对全文内容进行了总结与展望。
     通过研究,本文得出如下主要结论:
     第一,通过研究我们发现,农村最低生活保障对象的瞄准率有提升空间。(1)各地均有针对保障对象例外人群的相关规定,但我们调查发现,例外人群的生活境况并不令人乐观。(2)保障对象的主要认定条件——收入水平,在实践中准确确定存在困难。(3)实践中各级政府一般会限定低保率,通常采用“分配指标”、“贫中选贫”等方式确定对象,随意性较大,导致保障对象的认定程序不够规范,多达54%的未享受低保的贫困户调查者认为自己也应当享受低保。(4)保障对象的动态管理落实不够,主要表现为在绝对数量上存在进易退难,在相对数量上存在构成稳定,在入户调查上存在总体次数偏少等现象。
     第二,分析数据显示,农村最低生活保障标准的科学化水平仍可提高。(1)保障标准整体水平偏低。1991——2010二十年间,农村贫困标准年平均增长率为15.95%,农村人均纯收入年平均增长率为36.77%,二者相差一倍之多。此外,农村贫困标准占当年农民人均纯收入的比重却在不断降低。1991年的比率为42.90%,而在2010年该比率为21.52%,2008年该比率最低仅为16.51%,造成农村贫困人口的实际购买力不升反降;整体来看,城乡低保标准水平均在不断上升,但农村却始终低于城市的同期相应指标,且城乡之间在绝对量上的差距在不断扩大,2007年6月、2008年6月、2009年6月、2010年6月以及2011年6月二者之间的差距分别为:105.40、119.00、125.45、127.98和141.20元/人、月。(2)各地的保障标准差距悬殊。农村低保标准相差最大季度的最低的保障标准还不足最高的保障标准的10%,其他月份的最低的保障标准也仅为最高的保障标准的20%左右;保障标准水平高低的一般规律是:东部沿海发达地区较其他地区明显偏高,保障标准与地区经济发展水平呈正相关关系,区域间的水平不平衡。(3)动态调整不规范。各地在农村低保标准调整的时间间隔上缺少规范,一个季度、两个季度、三个季度、一年一调整的情况都存在;整体来看,保障标准调整幅度最大的内蒙古自治区(247.20%)是调整幅度最小的福建省(23.22%)的十倍还多。横向来看,同期各省的保障标准调整幅度参差不齐且表现出不规律性。纵向来看,各省的保障标准增长率,只有少数省份基本稳定,其余大部分省份的增长率均呈现出不规律性。
     第三,数据分析表明:农村最低生活保障资金缺口大。本文通过采用问卷调查、国家公布数据和模型估算三种方法测算出,2008年、2009年和2010年实现“应保尽保”情况下的农村低保资金缺口量分别为1200亿元左右、1500亿元左右和1800亿元左右。由于保障资金缺乏,导致各地的实际低保率远低于当地的应享低保率。调查显示,应享低保率为7.09%,而实际享受低保的比率为4.06%,仅占应享低保率的57.26%,且只能满足低保户理想需求量的30%左右。
     第四,分析结果显示,相对于完善的城市最低生活保障立法,农村最低生活保障立法存在明显的不足。(1)城乡低保的立法层次和保障层次存在差异。对于城市低保立法,我国已经形成了较为完整的法律体系,有国务院的行政法规、各部委的部门规章、各级政府的地方规章以及其他效力性文件,基本实现了城市居民的全覆盖。而农村低保立法的法律依据更多是各种“通知”、“条例”、“决定”和“办法”等,效力级别较低,针对农村低保的法律体系尚未形成。(2)城乡低保立法涵盖的内容存在差异。城市低保立法涵盖了城市居民的吃、住、行等基本的生活需求,并且伴随社会生活的变化,国家能够提供较为及时的帮助,而农村低保立法只能满足最基本的吃饭、饮水等生活需求。
     第五,分析调查结果表明:农村低保管理的规范化建设亟需加强。(1)农村贫困人口对于低保的认知程度不够。未享受低保的贫困户中有63%的调查者知道低保,但能够完全知道并了解这项制度的仅占42.84%;农村贫困人口中未享受低保的原因中,不知道有这项制度和不愿申请的两类人员占调查者的比例为66%;有19%的调查者不知道申请低保的程序;在不申请低保的原因中,首要原因就是调查者不了解低保制度,所占比例为58%。(2)政策措施衔接不够配套。首先,现行农村低保制度忽视了针对低保边缘群体的救助。调查中发现,低保边缘户与低保户境遇基本相同而待遇却不同,这种情况容易造成人们对于低保制度的误解,产生对执行这一制度的政府职能部门的怨言,从而降低政府的公信力。其次,各制度之间缺乏衔接。调查显示,在当前我国农村五保供养制度和低保制度同时并存,二者的救助水平有天壤之别的情况下,出现了相同的贫困程度得到的救助程度却相差很大的现实问题,这种情况导致了在农村贫困人口中产生了严重的攀比心理。(3)针对农村低保的监督力度不够。调查得知,保障对象的认定成为“乡村治理”的重要手段,“关系保”、“人情保”、“福利保”、“难缠保”等不规范做法经常被采用,低保政策在农村出现了严重的扭曲和变形;实践中,各地政府逐年提标的做法,主要是政绩考量,农村低保标准被人为政绩化了,标准仅仅成为一个摆设;调查中还发现,各地是普遍采取根据财政能力逐步扩大低保保障面、直至做到应保尽保目标的。当前,能够达到应保尽保的村庄只占24%,所谓的“应保尽保”实际上是视资金情况的“能保尽保”,低保这项救助制度目前在很多地方还很难做到名副其实。
     第六,研究表明,建立农村低保基金的筹资机制是解决资金筹集不足的有效且可行手段。(1)构建农村低保基金可以克服现行筹资机制的不足。我国的特殊国情决定了对于农村贫困人口的救助不是临时性的,农村低保制度不是一项临时的过渡性措施,它在我国将延续相当长的一个时期,必须用战略的眼光来看待;构建低保基金,将各级财政在基金中所占比例予以明确化、制度化,将有利于把筹资责任落到实处;构建低保基金,将各级政府承担的农村低保资金列入财政预算的同时,明确规定此项经费应占当年财政支出的比例,并相应地以法律形式将其规范,可使基金在国家的支持下,建立起固定来源和稳定增长的机制。(2)本文提出的中央、省、市、县和镇五级财政在构建农村低保基金中的筹资比例分别为70%、21%、6.3%、2.7%和0%,而2008年农村低保资金分级预算支出安排中,上述五级财政的分担比例分别为40.03%、27.56%、6.73%、23.87%和1.81%;以测算出的“应保尽保”情况下的农村低保资金需求总量的上限为基础,在本文提出的筹资机制下,县级财政需担负的低保资金总额为39.15亿元,低于2008年县级财政预算安排的低保资金支出55.84亿元,县级财政资金到账不成问题。可见,本文提出的新的筹资责任中,除应当在贫困人口救助中发挥更大作用的中央政府的责任加大外,其余各级政府的筹资责任都在减轻,基层财政负担的切实减轻必然带来筹资机制的良性循环,论文提出的各级财政的筹资责任具备可行性。
On the base of the present situation analysis of the rural minimum life security systemand by means of institutional economics, management and other theoretical tools, this papermakes a systematic description and analysis on the rural minimum life security system usingthe methods of micro data combined with questionnaire survey, empirical analysis andnormal analysis.
     This paper is divided into four parts: the first part (chapter1and chapter2) is the generalanalysis of the rural minimum life security, including introduction, the scope of the researchand the base of analysis; the second part (chapter3, chapter4and chapter5and chapter6)analyzes the present situation of the rural minimum life security movement, including thestudy of rural minimum life security object, standard, fund and management; the third part(chapter7) is the study about the countermeasures to improve rural minimum life security,mainly corresponding measures on the basis of the study about the present situation; thefourth part (chapter8) is the conclusion and discussion part, which concludes the wholedissertation and presents the prospect.
     Through research, the main conclusions gained are as follows:
     Firstly, after research we can find that rural minimum life security aiming rate has roomfor improvement.(1) There are relevant provisions all over our country for exceptionalpeople among the rural minimum life security objects. Through the survey we find that theliving condition of the exceptional people remains depressing.(2) In practice there isdifficulty in accurately determining income which is the main condition to identify securityobject.(3) The governments at all levels usually limit the minimum life security rate inpractice. The methods such as quota distribution, selecting the poorest of the poorest etc. areadopted to identify the objects. With great random the process of accreditation is notnormative.54%of the respondents among the poor families that don’t enjoy minimumassurance think they should enjoy it.(4) The dynamic management of security objects iscarried out insufficiently, which is mainly manifested as a dilemma in the absolute quantity, astable structure in relative quantity and the insufficiency of the frequency of security household survey is, etc.
     Secondly, statistics show that the scientific level of the rural minimum life securitystandard can still be improved.(1) The whole level of the security standard is somewhat low.During the two decades from1991to2010, the average annual growth rate of the ruralper-capita net income is36.77%, more than double that of the rural minimum life securitystandard which is15.95%. Moreover the share of the rural minimum life security standard inthe annual rural per-capita net income continues to be down. The percentage is42.90%in1991,21.5%in2010and the lowest16.51%in2008. This causes the fact that the purchasingpower of the rural people in poverty decreases instead of increasing. Overall, the minimumlife security standard of both rural and urban areas continue to rise, but the related index ofthe same period in the countryside has been consistently lower than that in the city and thegap between countryside and city is widening and in June2007, June2008, June2009, June2010, and June2011the gap is105.40,119.00,125.45,127.98, and141.20yuan per personper month respectively.(2) There is a huge gap about the security standard in different places.The minimum standard is about10%~20%of the highest standard by month. The general ruleof the security level is: the security level is significantly higher in the eastern coastaldeveloped areas than that in other areas; the security standard is positively related to theregional economy development level; the level between regions is unbalanced.(3) Thedynamic adjustment is not normative. The time interval between the rural minimum lifesecurity standard adjustment is very irregular. The adjustment happens every quarter, everytwo quarters, three ones or four ones of a year. By and large, the biggest adjustment(247.20%), ten times more than the smallest adjustment (23.22%) which is in Fujian province,appears in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. From the horizontal point of view, thesecurity standard adjustment of different provinces over the same period is both uneven andirregular. Seen vertically, the growth rate of security standard is basically stable only in asmall number of provinces; while the growth rate in most of the rest provinces presentsirregularity.
     Thirdly, data analysis indicates that the gap of rural minimum life security fund is big.By means of questionnaire, the figures released by the Chinese government and modelestimation it is predicted that there was a funding gap of120billion yuan in2008,150billion yuan in2009and180billion yuan in2010in order to fulfill the aim of making all eligibleminimum assurance receivers get security payment. Owning to lack of fund the general actualrate of minimum life security everywhere is far below enjoyable rate. The survey shows thatthe enjoyable rate of minimum life security is7.09%, but the actual rate is4.06%, which is57.26%of the enjoyable rate, and reaches only30%of the ideal need.
     Fourthly, the analysis result shows that the rural minimum life security legislationis obviously inadequate compared with the perfect urban minimum life security legislation.(1)There are differences in legislation level and security level of the minimum life securitybetween rural and urban areas. A comparatively intact legal system for urban minimum lifesecurity has been set up in china, including the administrative regulations by the StateCouncil, the department rules of the central ministries and commissions, the local regulationsof local governments and other legal documents. It basically achieves full coverage ofurbanites. While the legal basis for the rural minimum life security legislation is more oftensome kinds of notifications, regulations, decisions, measures and so on, whose efficacy is at arelatively low level. The legal system in allusion to the rural minimum life security hasn’t yetcome into being.(2) There is difference in the content of urban and rural minimum lifesecurity legislation. The urban minimum life security legislation covers the residents’ basicdemand such as food, shelter and transportation and so on, and the country will offerrelatively timely help with the change of social life. But the rural minimum life securitysystem can only meet the basic need for life such as food and water.
     Fifthly, the investigation result shows that it is urgent to strengthen the standardizationconstruction of the rural minimum life security management.(1) The rural impoverishedpeople don’t know enough about the rural minimum life security. Among the impoverishedhouseholds that haven’t enjoyed the minimum assurance63%of the respondents know aboutthe minimum assurance but only42.84%of them understand this system exactly;66%of therespondents don’t know about the minimum life security system or are reluctant to apply forminimum assurance;19%of them don’t know the application procedure; the primary reasonwhy rural poor people don’t apply for the minimum assurance is that the respondents don’tknow about the system and the percentage is58%.(2) There aren’t enough supportingpolicies and measures. First, the present minimum life security system ignores the aid for the minimum assurance marginal group. The survey reveals that the minimum assurancemarginal households and the minimum assurance households are roughly in the samesituation but receive different treatment. It is easy for people to misunderstand the minimumlife security system and have resentment over the government’s functional departments tocarry out the system so as to decrease the credibility of the government. Second, the systemslack good convergence. The survey shows that now the five-guarantee supply system and theminimum life security system coexist in rural areas of China but there is a world of differencebetween their level of assistance and it makes the people in poverty to keep up with Joneses.(3) The supervision for the rural minimum assurance is inadequate. Through the survey wefind that accreditation of security objects has become an important means of villagegovernance. Some nonstandard ways such as “Relation assurance”,“favor assurance”,“welfare assurance” and “hard-nut assurance”, etc. are often adopted, which renders the ruralminimum life security system seriously distorted; In practice the rural minimum securitystandard becomes only a sham, regarded as one of the local government’s achievements; it isalso found that generally the security system coverage is extended according to the fiscalcapacity in different places until to fulfill the aim of making all eligible minimum assurancereceivers get security payment. Now only24%of the villages can meet the relatedrequirement which actually depends on the financial situation. The assistance system ofminimum life security is difficult to come true in many places up to now.
     Sixthly, the research shows that to establish rural minimum security financing channel isan effective and feasible means of solving the problem on capital shortage of rural minimumsecurity.(1) To build up rural minimum life security fund can overcome an insufficiency ofthe present financing mechanism. The special situation of our country determines that therural minimum security system is not a temporary traditional measure and it will last for along period of time, which should be looked upon from a strategic point of view; to build upthe rural minimum security fund and make the ratio of different levels of finances crystallizedand institutionalized is beneficial to implement the financing responsibility; to build up therural minimum security fund, list the security fund born by the government of all level intothe budget, make clear the percentage of the fund in the financial expenditure of the year andaccordingly make it standardized can establish a mechanism of fixed source and stable growth with the fund supported by the nation.(2) The five levels of finances including thecentral finance, the provincial finance, the municipal finance, the county finance and the townfinance mentioned in this paper offer70%,21%,6.3%,2.7%and0%of the minimumsecurity fund, but according to the budget, the percentage should be40.03%,27.56%,6.73%,23.87%and1.81%respectively. In the situation that all eligible poor residents will have theiressential needs met, on the base of the upper limit of the total financial need for the ruralminimum life security and in the financing mechanism proposed in this paper, the total fundthat the county finance needs to bear is3.915billion yuan, lower than the financialexpenditure5.584billion yuan that the budget requests in2008. There should be no problemfor the county finance to afford this fund. Thus, it is obvious that the financing responsibilityof the central government is growing and the responsibility of the other levels of governmentsis reducing. The relief of grassroots financial burden is sure to form a virtuous circle of thefinancing mechanism. The financing responsibility of the financial departments at all levelspresented in this dissertation has its feasibility.
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