微弱激光功率检测方法与技术研究
|
摘要
微弱激光功率检测系统最大的特点在于快速精确地检测微弱激光功率,用于测量激光信号传输衰减与损耗,在当代高速发展的光纤通信工程及相关科学实验和教学中起着重要的作用。针对目前微弱激光功率检测系统精度、速度、重复度越来越高的特点,对微弱激光功率检测方法和技术进行研究,探索微弱激光功率检测系统精确测量、信号搜索和监测跟踪的融合机制,研究灵敏度——精度——响应时间的相关规律,提出微弱激光功率检测系统设计方案。主要研究工作包括以下几个部分：
1、检测系统噪声研究
从噪声源入手,围绕噪声功率谱密度,建立噪声传递模型,提出了微弱激光功率检测系统噪声分析方法。采用Multisim工具,对噪声传递模型进行了仿真分析,结果表明：所提出的噪声分析方法可行,并且它为微弱激光功率计的硬件方案设计提供依据。
2、微弱激光功率计硬件方案设计
分析了微弱激光功率计的技术难点,提出了硬件系统的设计方案。主要从光探头参数选择、噪声网络匹配、放大电路设计、增益切换和误差消减等5个方面构建微弱激光功率计硬件。
3、检测系统软件编译
根据检测系统硬件需求,编译检测系统增益切换、误差消减、温度报警、通信及显示软件,并对检测结果进行自适应噪声抵消的程序设计。
4、检测系统实验研究
构建了微弱激光功率检测系统,检测结果表明：设计的微弱激光功率检测系统具有光功率检测功能,整体性能与设计指标相仿。其灵敏度为-60dBm、动态范围为70dB、响应时间处在毫秒量级。
Weak laser power detection system, which can detect weak laser power quickly and accurately, is a kind of precise instrument in judging Laser signal transmission attenuation and loss, and play an important role in optical fiber communication engineering, related scientific experiments and teaching. Aimed at better performances of weak laser power detection system in precision, response speed and multiplicity, the methods and techniques of weak laser power detection are studied, fused mechanism of accurate measurement, signal search and monitor tracking are analyzed, and the rules between parameters of detection system are presented. The purpose of this work is to propose weak laser power detection system design scheme. The contents are presented as follows:
1、Noise of detection system is researched.
On the base of noise sources and noise power spectral density, noise transmission model is established and noise analysis method is analyzed. The results prove that the noise analysis method which can provide theoretical direction to the hardware construction of weak laser power detection system is right.
2、A hardware system of detection system is proposed.
Technical difficulties of detection system are analyzed. Then, solutions and design scheme of hardware system are present from probe preferences, noise networks matching, magnifying circuits design, gain switching and error cancelling.
3、A software system of detection system is programmed.
According to the requirements of hardware system, software block diagrams which include gain switching, error cancelling, temperature warning, communication and display of detection system are compiled, and adaptive noise canceller is used in the form of software.
4、The error of debugged detection system is analyzed.
A weak laser power detection system is debugged. The results prove that the hardware of the weak laser power detection system, which realize -60dBm sensitivity, 70dBm dynamic range and response time of ms level, is feasible and efficiency.
1、检测系统噪声研究
从噪声源入手,围绕噪声功率谱密度,建立噪声传递模型,提出了微弱激光功率检测系统噪声分析方法。采用Multisim工具,对噪声传递模型进行了仿真分析,结果表明：所提出的噪声分析方法可行,并且它为微弱激光功率计的硬件方案设计提供依据。
2、微弱激光功率计硬件方案设计
分析了微弱激光功率计的技术难点,提出了硬件系统的设计方案。主要从光探头参数选择、噪声网络匹配、放大电路设计、增益切换和误差消减等5个方面构建微弱激光功率计硬件。
3、检测系统软件编译
根据检测系统硬件需求,编译检测系统增益切换、误差消减、温度报警、通信及显示软件,并对检测结果进行自适应噪声抵消的程序设计。
4、检测系统实验研究
构建了微弱激光功率检测系统,检测结果表明：设计的微弱激光功率检测系统具有光功率检测功能,整体性能与设计指标相仿。其灵敏度为-60dBm、动态范围为70dB、响应时间处在毫秒量级。
Weak laser power detection system, which can detect weak laser power quickly and accurately, is a kind of precise instrument in judging Laser signal transmission attenuation and loss, and play an important role in optical fiber communication engineering, related scientific experiments and teaching. Aimed at better performances of weak laser power detection system in precision, response speed and multiplicity, the methods and techniques of weak laser power detection are studied, fused mechanism of accurate measurement, signal search and monitor tracking are analyzed, and the rules between parameters of detection system are presented. The purpose of this work is to propose weak laser power detection system design scheme. The contents are presented as follows:
1、Noise of detection system is researched.
On the base of noise sources and noise power spectral density, noise transmission model is established and noise analysis method is analyzed. The results prove that the noise analysis method which can provide theoretical direction to the hardware construction of weak laser power detection system is right.
2、A hardware system of detection system is proposed.
Technical difficulties of detection system are analyzed. Then, solutions and design scheme of hardware system are present from probe preferences, noise networks matching, magnifying circuits design, gain switching and error cancelling.
3、A software system of detection system is programmed.
According to the requirements of hardware system, software block diagrams which include gain switching, error cancelling, temperature warning, communication and display of detection system are compiled, and adaptive noise canceller is used in the form of software.
4、The error of debugged detection system is analyzed.
A weak laser power detection system is debugged. The results prove that the hardware of the weak laser power detection system, which realize -60dBm sensitivity, 70dBm dynamic range and response time of ms level, is feasible and efficiency.
引文
[1]淳静.光纤有源器件激光焊接封装的关键技术研究[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2006.
[2]郑煜,段吉安.平面光波导与阵列光纤耦合分析[J].中南大学学报,2009,40(3)：681-686.
[3]郑小兵,吴浩宁.高精度光辐射定标和标准传递方法[J].科学通报,2000,45(12)：1341-1344.
[4]王雷,黎高平,杨照金.激光功率能量计计量方法研究[J].应用光学,2006,27：41-46.
[5]刘忠厚.迭加原理的错误及纠正—评PN结光生伏特效应[J].、半导体光电,1990,11(3)：297-299.
[6]徐波.一种通用光功率计的实现原理[J].电子质量,2006,(5)：3-6.
[7]M. Skold, M. Westlund, H. Sunnerud. All-optical waveform sampling in high-speed optical communication systems using advanced modulation formats[J]. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology,2009,27(16):3662-3671.
[8]张煦.光纤通信技术进展——从国外光纤通信技术的趋向来考虑国内光纤通讯技术的发展[J].光通讯研究,1980,(2)：]-28.
[9]Y. Minejirna, T. Touqe, H. Fujiwara. High-sensitivity optical power meter for fiber-optic applications[J]. IEEE Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal,1978,14(2):63-85.
[10]Agilent.8163B光波万用表技术手册[EB/OL],2003, http://www.agilent.com/.
[11]Agilent. N7714光波万用表技术手册[EB/OL],2007 http://www.agilent.com/.
[12]Newport.2835C多功能光功率计说明书[EB/OL],2006 http://www.newport.com/.
[13]Exfo.ISQ精密光功率检测系统说明书[EB/OL],2007 http://www.exfo.com/.
[14]上海嘉惠.台式光功率技术手册[EB/01], http://www.joinwit.com/.
[15]祖晓明,王红茹,赵长有.精密光纤功率计的设计[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,33(3)：291-292.
[16]王启明,周炳琨.展望21世纪Si基光子学的发展[J].光电子技术与信息,2000,13(2)：1-6.
[17]汤定元.世纪之交话光电子技术与产业[J].激光与红外,2001,31(4)：67-70.
[18]Y. R. Ma, Q. Yang, Y. Tang.1-Tb/s single-channel coherent optiacal OFDM transmission over 600-km SSMF fiber with subwavelength bandwidth access [J]. IEEE Optics Express,2009,17(11): 9421-9427.
[19]王启明,姜燕冰,张秀达.采集强干扰下微弱信号的APD电路系统研究[J].光子学报,2008,37(9)：1753-1755.
[20]肖雪芳,杨国华,归强InGaAs/Inp APD探测器光电特性检测[J].电子科技大学学报,2008,37(3)：460-463.
[21]M. Skold, M. Westlund, H. Sunnerud. All-optical waveform sampling in high-speed optical communication systems using advanced modulation formats[J]. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology.2009,27(16):3662-3671.
[22]M. Marco, C. Alfonso, J. L. Antonio. Two-stage differential charge and transresistance amplifiers[J]. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurment,2008,57(2):309-320.
[23]F. Michael, S. Kerstin, Z. Horst. Simple current-to-voltage converter without stability problems[J]. Semiconductor Conference,2002,1:181-184.
[24]张燕,曾光宇,洪志刚.硅PIN光电二极管探测系统的研究[J].核电子学与探测技术,2008,28(2)：391-393.
[25]T. Hui, B. Fowler,A.E. Gamal. Analysis of temporal noise in CMOS photodiode active pixel sensor[J]. Solid-State Circuits,2002,36(1):92-101.
[26]周金林.光收发模块监测系统的设计与实现[D].北京：北京邮电大学,2010.
[27]张宇.光波导GeSi光电探测器的研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2007.
[28]顾兴志.稳定光源与光功率计的研制[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004.
[29]E.J. McDowell, J. Ren, C.H. Yang. Fundamental sensitivity limit imposed by dark 1/f noise in the low optical signal detection regime[J]. IEEE Optics Express,2008,16(10):6822-6832.
[30]张宝荣,郑德忠,孙长伟.基于伪随机序列的微弱光信号检测[J].电子学报,2009,(3)：2082-2084.
[31]Y.J. Chiang, L. Wang, H.S. Chen. Multipoint temperature- independent fiber-Bragg-grating strain-sensing system employing an optical-power-detection scheme[J]. Applied Optics,2002, 41(9):1661-1667.
[32]方志豪,朱秋萍.光纤通信：原理、设备和网络应用[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004.
[33]J. Hecht光纤光学[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2004.
[34]S.M. Wang, Y.J. Chiang, L. Wang. New structure for multipoint temperature-independent strain sensing system employing optical power detection scheme[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2007,14(2):167-171.
[35]T. Guo, Q.D. Zhao, H. Zhang. Temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating force sensor via a bandwidth modulation and optical-power detection technique[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2006,24(10):3797-3802.
[36]Q.Q. Jia, Y.H. Yang, J.H. Song. Application of optical current transducer to single-phase grounding fault current detection in power distribution systems[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2001,25(11):41-44.
[37]苏翼凯,冷鹿峰.高速光纤传输系统[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2009.
[38]Y. Ben-Ezra, U. Mahlab, B.I. Lembrikov. Automatic detection and classification of power transients in optical communication networks[J]. Journal of Optical Networking,2006,5(7): 568-574.
[39]杜玉杰,杜晓晴,常本康.国外GaAs光电阴极光谱响应特性比较与分析[J].红外技术,2005,27(3)：254-256.
[40]A. Tella, P.O. Adekunle. An assessment of librarian social competence and information technology self-efficacy:implications for library practice in the digital era[J]. PNLA Quarterly, 2007,71(4):12-16.
[41]何晓颖,黄德修,李蔚.光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的多参量优化分析[J].光子学报,2006,7：961-965.
[42]G. Wang, Y. Yoneda, I. Hanawa. Highly reliable high performance waveguide-integrated InP/InGaAs pin photodiodes for 40 Gbit/s fibre-optical communication application[J]. Electronics Letters,2003,39(15):1147-1149.
[43]谭显裕.脉冲激光测距仪雪崩光电探测器最佳工作状态和接收灵敏度研究[J].光电子技术,2001,21(2)：129-137.
[44]钟嫄,罗宗南.光探测器在光源测量中的选用[J].电子器件,2003,26(1)：95-98.
[45]R.B. Marks. A multiline method of network analyzer calibration[J]. Microwave Theory and Techniques,1991,39(7):1205-1215.
[46]C.C. Hoyt, P.V. Foukal. Cryogenic radiometers and their application to metrology[J]. Metrologia,1991,28:163-167.
[47]G. Baili, M. Alouini, D. Dolfi. Shot-noise-limited operation of a monomode high-cavity-finesse semiconductor laser for microwave photonics applications[J]. Optics Letters, 2007,32(6):650-652.
[48]李春梅.散粒噪声分析方法及软件研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2009.
[49]刘飞连,周铁戈,赵新杰.热噪声对约瑟夫森结I—V特性及微波感应台阶的影响研究[J].低温与超导,2008,36(12)：28-31.
[50]W.J. Liu, O.T.C. Chen, L.K. Dai. A CMOS photodiode model[J]. International Workshop on Behavioral Modeling and Simulation,2001:102-105.
[51]赵声衡.半导体二极管和三极管中的散弹噪声[J].压电晶体技术,1997,3：40-51.
[52]L. Pancheri, M. Scandiuzzo, D. Stoppa. Low-noise avalanche photodiode in standard 0.35-μm CMOS technology[J]. Electron Devices,2008,55(1):475-461.
[53]R. Narasimha, S.P. Bandi, R.M. Rao.1/f noise synthesis model in discrete-time for circuit simulation[J]. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2005, 52(6):1104-1114.
[54]高晋占.微弱信号检测[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[55]刘俊,张斌珍.微弱信号检测技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.
[56]M. Robert光通信技术与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1998.
[57]Ti. OPA627数据表[EB/OL],2005, http://www.ti.com/.
[58]V.F. Gerasimenko, V.S. Kabak. A basic operational-amplifier model[J]. Radioelectronics and Communication Systems,1990,33(6):92-94.
[59]Osioptoelectronics. An optical communication photodiodes and receivers[EB/OL],2008, http://www.osioptoelectronics.com.
[60]E. Gramsch, K.G. Lynn, M. Weber. Silicon PIN photo detectors in high resolution nuclear spectroscopy[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 1992,311(3):529-538.
[61]张志勇,刘止山.硅光电二极管与电荷灵敏前置放大器在中微子实验中的设计应用研究[J].核电子学与探测技术,2002,22(3)：136-138.
[62]Analog. OP07数据表[EB/OL],2005,http://www.analog.com.
[63]Eosystems. IGA-020光探头数据表[EB/OL],2009, http://www.eosystems.com.
[2]郑煜,段吉安.平面光波导与阵列光纤耦合分析[J].中南大学学报,2009,40(3)：681-686.
[3]郑小兵,吴浩宁.高精度光辐射定标和标准传递方法[J].科学通报,2000,45(12)：1341-1344.
[4]王雷,黎高平,杨照金.激光功率能量计计量方法研究[J].应用光学,2006,27：41-46.
[5]刘忠厚.迭加原理的错误及纠正—评PN结光生伏特效应[J].、半导体光电,1990,11(3)：297-299.
[6]徐波.一种通用光功率计的实现原理[J].电子质量,2006,(5)：3-6.
[7]M. Skold, M. Westlund, H. Sunnerud. All-optical waveform sampling in high-speed optical communication systems using advanced modulation formats[J]. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology,2009,27(16):3662-3671.
[8]张煦.光纤通信技术进展——从国外光纤通信技术的趋向来考虑国内光纤通讯技术的发展[J].光通讯研究,1980,(2)：]-28.
[9]Y. Minejirna, T. Touqe, H. Fujiwara. High-sensitivity optical power meter for fiber-optic applications[J]. IEEE Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal,1978,14(2):63-85.
[10]Agilent.8163B光波万用表技术手册[EB/OL],2003, http://www.agilent.com/.
[11]Agilent. N7714光波万用表技术手册[EB/OL],2007 http://www.agilent.com/.
[12]Newport.2835C多功能光功率计说明书[EB/OL],2006 http://www.newport.com/.
[13]Exfo.ISQ精密光功率检测系统说明书[EB/OL],2007 http://www.exfo.com/.
[14]上海嘉惠.台式光功率技术手册[EB/01], http://www.joinwit.com/.
[15]祖晓明,王红茹,赵长有.精密光纤功率计的设计[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,33(3)：291-292.
[16]王启明,周炳琨.展望21世纪Si基光子学的发展[J].光电子技术与信息,2000,13(2)：1-6.
[17]汤定元.世纪之交话光电子技术与产业[J].激光与红外,2001,31(4)：67-70.
[18]Y. R. Ma, Q. Yang, Y. Tang.1-Tb/s single-channel coherent optiacal OFDM transmission over 600-km SSMF fiber with subwavelength bandwidth access [J]. IEEE Optics Express,2009,17(11): 9421-9427.
[19]王启明,姜燕冰,张秀达.采集强干扰下微弱信号的APD电路系统研究[J].光子学报,2008,37(9)：1753-1755.
[20]肖雪芳,杨国华,归强InGaAs/Inp APD探测器光电特性检测[J].电子科技大学学报,2008,37(3)：460-463.
[21]M. Skold, M. Westlund, H. Sunnerud. All-optical waveform sampling in high-speed optical communication systems using advanced modulation formats[J]. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology.2009,27(16):3662-3671.
[22]M. Marco, C. Alfonso, J. L. Antonio. Two-stage differential charge and transresistance amplifiers[J]. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurment,2008,57(2):309-320.
[23]F. Michael, S. Kerstin, Z. Horst. Simple current-to-voltage converter without stability problems[J]. Semiconductor Conference,2002,1:181-184.
[24]张燕,曾光宇,洪志刚.硅PIN光电二极管探测系统的研究[J].核电子学与探测技术,2008,28(2)：391-393.
[25]T. Hui, B. Fowler,A.E. Gamal. Analysis of temporal noise in CMOS photodiode active pixel sensor[J]. Solid-State Circuits,2002,36(1):92-101.
[26]周金林.光收发模块监测系统的设计与实现[D].北京：北京邮电大学,2010.
[27]张宇.光波导GeSi光电探测器的研究[D].天津：天津工业大学,2007.
[28]顾兴志.稳定光源与光功率计的研制[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004.
[29]E.J. McDowell, J. Ren, C.H. Yang. Fundamental sensitivity limit imposed by dark 1/f noise in the low optical signal detection regime[J]. IEEE Optics Express,2008,16(10):6822-6832.
[30]张宝荣,郑德忠,孙长伟.基于伪随机序列的微弱光信号检测[J].电子学报,2009,(3)：2082-2084.
[31]Y.J. Chiang, L. Wang, H.S. Chen. Multipoint temperature- independent fiber-Bragg-grating strain-sensing system employing an optical-power-detection scheme[J]. Applied Optics,2002, 41(9):1661-1667.
[32]方志豪,朱秋萍.光纤通信：原理、设备和网络应用[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2004.
[33]J. Hecht光纤光学[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2004.
[34]S.M. Wang, Y.J. Chiang, L. Wang. New structure for multipoint temperature-independent strain sensing system employing optical power detection scheme[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2007,14(2):167-171.
[35]T. Guo, Q.D. Zhao, H. Zhang. Temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating force sensor via a bandwidth modulation and optical-power detection technique[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2006,24(10):3797-3802.
[36]Q.Q. Jia, Y.H. Yang, J.H. Song. Application of optical current transducer to single-phase grounding fault current detection in power distribution systems[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2001,25(11):41-44.
[37]苏翼凯,冷鹿峰.高速光纤传输系统[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2009.
[38]Y. Ben-Ezra, U. Mahlab, B.I. Lembrikov. Automatic detection and classification of power transients in optical communication networks[J]. Journal of Optical Networking,2006,5(7): 568-574.
[39]杜玉杰,杜晓晴,常本康.国外GaAs光电阴极光谱响应特性比较与分析[J].红外技术,2005,27(3)：254-256.
[40]A. Tella, P.O. Adekunle. An assessment of librarian social competence and information technology self-efficacy:implications for library practice in the digital era[J]. PNLA Quarterly, 2007,71(4):12-16.
[41]何晓颖,黄德修,李蔚.光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器的多参量优化分析[J].光子学报,2006,7：961-965.
[42]G. Wang, Y. Yoneda, I. Hanawa. Highly reliable high performance waveguide-integrated InP/InGaAs pin photodiodes for 40 Gbit/s fibre-optical communication application[J]. Electronics Letters,2003,39(15):1147-1149.
[43]谭显裕.脉冲激光测距仪雪崩光电探测器最佳工作状态和接收灵敏度研究[J].光电子技术,2001,21(2)：129-137.
[44]钟嫄,罗宗南.光探测器在光源测量中的选用[J].电子器件,2003,26(1)：95-98.
[45]R.B. Marks. A multiline method of network analyzer calibration[J]. Microwave Theory and Techniques,1991,39(7):1205-1215.
[46]C.C. Hoyt, P.V. Foukal. Cryogenic radiometers and their application to metrology[J]. Metrologia,1991,28:163-167.
[47]G. Baili, M. Alouini, D. Dolfi. Shot-noise-limited operation of a monomode high-cavity-finesse semiconductor laser for microwave photonics applications[J]. Optics Letters, 2007,32(6):650-652.
[48]李春梅.散粒噪声分析方法及软件研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学,2009.
[49]刘飞连,周铁戈,赵新杰.热噪声对约瑟夫森结I—V特性及微波感应台阶的影响研究[J].低温与超导,2008,36(12)：28-31.
[50]W.J. Liu, O.T.C. Chen, L.K. Dai. A CMOS photodiode model[J]. International Workshop on Behavioral Modeling and Simulation,2001:102-105.
[51]赵声衡.半导体二极管和三极管中的散弹噪声[J].压电晶体技术,1997,3：40-51.
[52]L. Pancheri, M. Scandiuzzo, D. Stoppa. Low-noise avalanche photodiode in standard 0.35-μm CMOS technology[J]. Electron Devices,2008,55(1):475-461.
[53]R. Narasimha, S.P. Bandi, R.M. Rao.1/f noise synthesis model in discrete-time for circuit simulation[J]. Circuits and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications,2005, 52(6):1104-1114.
[54]高晋占.微弱信号检测[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[55]刘俊,张斌珍.微弱信号检测技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005.
[56]M. Robert光通信技术与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1998.
[57]Ti. OPA627数据表[EB/OL],2005, http://www.ti.com/.
[58]V.F. Gerasimenko, V.S. Kabak. A basic operational-amplifier model[J]. Radioelectronics and Communication Systems,1990,33(6):92-94.
[59]Osioptoelectronics. An optical communication photodiodes and receivers[EB/OL],2008, http://www.osioptoelectronics.com.
[60]E. Gramsch, K.G. Lynn, M. Weber. Silicon PIN photo detectors in high resolution nuclear spectroscopy[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 1992,311(3):529-538.
[61]张志勇,刘止山.硅光电二极管与电荷灵敏前置放大器在中微子实验中的设计应用研究[J].核电子学与探测技术,2002,22(3)：136-138.
[62]Analog. OP07数据表[EB/OL],2005,http://www.analog.com.
[63]Eosystems. IGA-020光探头数据表[EB/OL],2009, http://www.eosystems.com.