中国虾产业比较优势和国际竞争力研究
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摘要
虾产业是我国传统的渔业产业,虾类产品的捕捞和养殖生产具有悠久的历史。虾类产品的加工和贸易发展迅速,已经成为我国水产业中非常重要的高价值产品。近年来,世界虾产品的需求量大幅度上升,进出口贸易活跃,贸易量增长迅速,已经成为渔业经济新的增长点。虾类产品也成为许多发展中国家出口创汇的主要水产品之一
目前世界虾类生产主要集中在发展中国家,而虾类产品的消费则集中在发达国家。由于虾类生产主要依赖自然资源条件和日益发达的养殖技术进步,而世界虾类产品消费市场相对比较集中,世界各虾类主要生产国之间的竞争表现得非常激烈；在虾类产品国际贸易方面,由于发达国家不断打着各种旗号对自由贸易进行限制,食品质量安全标准和反倾销诉讼成为了发达国家限制发展中国家虾类产品出口贸易的工具,发展中国家虾产业发展面临极其严峻的挑战。
2002年,欧盟由于虾类产品质量问题对我国出口虾类产品进行了禁运；2004年,美国对我国暖水虾产品销售提出了反倾销诉讼,我国虾产业的可持续发展一度成为了人们热议的话题,引起了广泛的关注。我国虾产业的比较优势和国际竞争力问题也引起政府部门和业内专家的重视。本文旨在分析评价我国虾产业的生产和贸易现状,探讨我国虾产业的比较优势和国际竞争力,进一步分析影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的各种因素,借鉴世界主要虾类生产国的发展经验,寻求扩大我国虾产业的生产规模,提高产品质量标准,扩大对外贸易,促进我国虾产业可持续和健康发展的有效途径,为我国虾产业的可持续发展提出相关政策建议,这对于指导我国虾产业的可持续发展具有理论和实践意义。
本文综合运用经济学、农业经济学、国际贸易学、比较优势理论和竞争优势理论以及水产养殖学原理,在大量搜集相关数据、信息资料的基础上,采取定性研究和定量研究相结合、实证研究与规范研究相结合以及抽象分析、比较分析的方法,对我国虾产业的生产、贸易等比较优势和竞争力进行了系统研究。
本文除导言外,分七章,按逻辑顺序对我国虾产业进行比较分析研究：
在导言部分,首先提出了研究问题,阐明了研究的目的和意义,回顾及评述了国内外农产品和水产品比较优势和竞争优势的研究进展,说明了研究思路、方法与框架,最后介绍了本研究的创新点。
第一章回顾了比较优势理论和竞争优势理论,以及比较优势和竞争优势的关系,对本文研究的理论基础进行了总结。
第二章分析了世界虾产业的生产现状和贸易格局,分析了世界虾类生产的主要地区和世界重要的虾类进出口贸易国和地区。说明了世界虾产业的生产和贸易主要特征,阐明了中国在世界主要虾类生产和贸易中的地位。
第三章分析了中国虾产品的生产和贸易现状及特征,指出了中国虾类产品生产的主要特征和在国际贸易的特征变化。
第四章先对研究比较优势的指标和计算方法进行了回顾,然后对中国虾产业在区域比较优势和总体比较优势两个方面分别进行计算和分析,在与亚洲主要虾类生产国的比较基础上,通过对地区专业化、显示性比较优势、可比净出口指数和产业内贸易指数的计算和比较分析,对我国虾产业的区域和总体比较优势进行了评述,还对我国虾类生产的区域比较优势和国际竞争力进行了分析研究,说明了我国虾类产品比较优势的现状和变化趋势。
分析结果表明：中国虾产业不具有明显的资源禀赋比较优势,其资源禀赋系数、国际市场占有率和地区专业化程度均较低,但近年来呈现出不断上升的趋势。
与东南亚虾类主要生产国相比,中国虾类产品的显示性比较优势指数不是最高的,处于中间偏前的位置,且近年来,中国虾类产品的国际市场占有率和显示性比较优势指数表现为不断增长的趋势,说明中国虾产业的虽然比较优势不明显,但具有较强的潜在国际市场竞争力。
第五章对影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的主要因素进行了分析,应用钻石模型,在要素条件、需求条件、相关和支持产业、生产、储运、经营主体状况和政府等因素进行了优势和劣势分析,指出了影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的主要因素。
第六章介绍了国外虾类主产国的主要产业发展经验,分别对泰国、越南、印度尼西亚和巴西等国的虾产业发展特点和主要产业扶持措施进行了分析,以期为我国虾产业的发展提供借鉴。
第七章在前面章节对我国虾产业比较优势和国际竞争力的分析基础上,对如何发挥虾产业的生产和贸易比较优势,扩大国际市场竞争力,促进虾产业可持续发展提出政策建议。
Shrimp production is a traditional fishery industry in China. The shrimp capture and aquaculture has a long history. The shrimp processing and international trade had a rapid development. Shrimp products have become the most important high-value commodity in China aquatic products. In recent years, the demand of shrimp products increased rapidly in the world, the importation and exportation became active, and the shrimp trade amount increased significantly. The shrimp production has been the new approach in economic development, shrimp products became one of the main aquatic products to earn foreign exchange in many developing countries.
Nowadays, shrimp production mainly taken by the developing countries, and shrimp consumption mainly happened in developed countries. Shrimp production depends on the natural resources and daily improved aquaculture technology, and the focused target market, the competition among the main shrimp producer countries were very strong. On the international trading, the developed countries make a high pressure on the free trade, food quality and safety standard, anti-dumping issue became the common case to control the shrimp trade from the developed countries. There is a very serious chanllenge for the development of shrimp industry in developing countries.
In2002, the EU has baned the importation of shrimp from China due to the food safety problem, in2004, the US case on the anti-dumping of shrimp products on the US market has lead on high importation tax on shrimp products, thus the sustainable of shrimp industry caused a lot of attention of the world and become the hot topic among the experts in the field of fisheries and economics. In order to lead the shrimp industry to a sustaible development direction in China,, the comparative advantage on shrimp production in China has been studied, and the development trend and market opportunity were discussed, based on the experience of world major shrimp production countries; and the approaches on how to develop the shrimp industry based on comparative advantage, to satisfied the international and domestic market, promote the shrimp industry developed sustainablely and responsiblely, were also describled; Some related development strategy and solutions are suggested to guide the shrimp industry development in China.
The dissertation applies Economics, Agricultural Economics, International trade, comparative advantage analysis and aquaculture principles complehensively; based on large collection of data and information on world shrimp industry, the quantitative and qualitative studies, integration of positive and normative studies, and it manages to illustrate the interrelations and dynamic law of economic variable as to shrimp industry and analyze the policy instruction implied by means of integration of macro-economics and micro-analysis, with a systematic study on the comparative advantage of shrimp production and trade.
The dissertation composed of7chapters and the preface, in logic order for the compared analysis of shrimp industry in China.
In the preface, the purpose and significance of determining the topic for studied are clarified; the recent development of the comparative advantage and competitiveness research in China and abroad are reviewed; the basic clue, research methods, framework and structure of the dissertation are expounded; the main creative ideas and the problems in need of further study are introduced.
Chapter I reviewed the threaretic and methodology research on the comparative advantage and competitiveness, the theory and methodology on shrimp have been dicussed.
Chapter II described the current status and characters of world shrimp production and trade, the major production region and the exporter and importers were identified compared with the major producers of the world, the level and structure of China shrimp production was also anlyzed.
Chapter III focus on the shrimp production and international trade in China, analysis of the structure, main produce region, species, and also the situation and change of shrimp production in China were analyzed, the trade amount, product form, the major target market for exportation were analyzed.
Chapter IV studied the international competitive advantage of China shrimp products, by using comparative economic advantage analysis. The regional and total comparative advantage of shrimp production and international trade, i.e. the industry specialization, revealed comparative advantage, net trade balance were calculated and analyzed. In addition, the intra-industry trade was also computed and analyzed, especially the vertical intra-industry trade, which showed the trade based on higher product quality, diversified products and processing technology.
The results showed that the comparative advantage of shrimp resource is not significant in China, the resource index, international market occupation rate and industry specilazation were low, but all index show the trend of increasing in recent years.
Compared with the major producer in South-East Asia, the revealed comparative advantage is low and in the middle class, in recent years, the index show a continue trend of increase, it reveals that the shrimp industry has high potential in international competence.
Chapter V analyzed the factors affecting the efficiency of China shrimp industry development by applying the diamond framework, the natural resources, market demand, related and support sectors, main working parties and the government were analyzed, through SWOT analying method, the major factors are identified
Chapter VI introduced the experience and lesson from the major world shrimp producers, i.e. Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Brazil. The current status, policy and solutions in competiveness improvement were demonstrated
Chapter VII discussed the development policy on China shrimp industry, based on the analysis of comparative advantage and competitiveness. The policy focused on how to promote the comparative advantage, improve the production capability and standard, and the marketing management etc..
目前世界虾类生产主要集中在发展中国家,而虾类产品的消费则集中在发达国家。由于虾类生产主要依赖自然资源条件和日益发达的养殖技术进步,而世界虾类产品消费市场相对比较集中,世界各虾类主要生产国之间的竞争表现得非常激烈；在虾类产品国际贸易方面,由于发达国家不断打着各种旗号对自由贸易进行限制,食品质量安全标准和反倾销诉讼成为了发达国家限制发展中国家虾类产品出口贸易的工具,发展中国家虾产业发展面临极其严峻的挑战。
2002年,欧盟由于虾类产品质量问题对我国出口虾类产品进行了禁运；2004年,美国对我国暖水虾产品销售提出了反倾销诉讼,我国虾产业的可持续发展一度成为了人们热议的话题,引起了广泛的关注。我国虾产业的比较优势和国际竞争力问题也引起政府部门和业内专家的重视。本文旨在分析评价我国虾产业的生产和贸易现状,探讨我国虾产业的比较优势和国际竞争力,进一步分析影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的各种因素,借鉴世界主要虾类生产国的发展经验,寻求扩大我国虾产业的生产规模,提高产品质量标准,扩大对外贸易,促进我国虾产业可持续和健康发展的有效途径,为我国虾产业的可持续发展提出相关政策建议,这对于指导我国虾产业的可持续发展具有理论和实践意义。
本文综合运用经济学、农业经济学、国际贸易学、比较优势理论和竞争优势理论以及水产养殖学原理,在大量搜集相关数据、信息资料的基础上,采取定性研究和定量研究相结合、实证研究与规范研究相结合以及抽象分析、比较分析的方法,对我国虾产业的生产、贸易等比较优势和竞争力进行了系统研究。
本文除导言外,分七章,按逻辑顺序对我国虾产业进行比较分析研究：
在导言部分,首先提出了研究问题,阐明了研究的目的和意义,回顾及评述了国内外农产品和水产品比较优势和竞争优势的研究进展,说明了研究思路、方法与框架,最后介绍了本研究的创新点。
第一章回顾了比较优势理论和竞争优势理论,以及比较优势和竞争优势的关系,对本文研究的理论基础进行了总结。
第二章分析了世界虾产业的生产现状和贸易格局,分析了世界虾类生产的主要地区和世界重要的虾类进出口贸易国和地区。说明了世界虾产业的生产和贸易主要特征,阐明了中国在世界主要虾类生产和贸易中的地位。
第三章分析了中国虾产品的生产和贸易现状及特征,指出了中国虾类产品生产的主要特征和在国际贸易的特征变化。
第四章先对研究比较优势的指标和计算方法进行了回顾,然后对中国虾产业在区域比较优势和总体比较优势两个方面分别进行计算和分析,在与亚洲主要虾类生产国的比较基础上,通过对地区专业化、显示性比较优势、可比净出口指数和产业内贸易指数的计算和比较分析,对我国虾产业的区域和总体比较优势进行了评述,还对我国虾类生产的区域比较优势和国际竞争力进行了分析研究,说明了我国虾类产品比较优势的现状和变化趋势。
分析结果表明：中国虾产业不具有明显的资源禀赋比较优势,其资源禀赋系数、国际市场占有率和地区专业化程度均较低,但近年来呈现出不断上升的趋势。
与东南亚虾类主要生产国相比,中国虾类产品的显示性比较优势指数不是最高的,处于中间偏前的位置,且近年来,中国虾类产品的国际市场占有率和显示性比较优势指数表现为不断增长的趋势,说明中国虾产业的虽然比较优势不明显,但具有较强的潜在国际市场竞争力。
第五章对影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的主要因素进行了分析,应用钻石模型,在要素条件、需求条件、相关和支持产业、生产、储运、经营主体状况和政府等因素进行了优势和劣势分析,指出了影响我国虾产业国际竞争力的主要因素。
第六章介绍了国外虾类主产国的主要产业发展经验,分别对泰国、越南、印度尼西亚和巴西等国的虾产业发展特点和主要产业扶持措施进行了分析,以期为我国虾产业的发展提供借鉴。
第七章在前面章节对我国虾产业比较优势和国际竞争力的分析基础上,对如何发挥虾产业的生产和贸易比较优势,扩大国际市场竞争力,促进虾产业可持续发展提出政策建议。
Shrimp production is a traditional fishery industry in China. The shrimp capture and aquaculture has a long history. The shrimp processing and international trade had a rapid development. Shrimp products have become the most important high-value commodity in China aquatic products. In recent years, the demand of shrimp products increased rapidly in the world, the importation and exportation became active, and the shrimp trade amount increased significantly. The shrimp production has been the new approach in economic development, shrimp products became one of the main aquatic products to earn foreign exchange in many developing countries.
Nowadays, shrimp production mainly taken by the developing countries, and shrimp consumption mainly happened in developed countries. Shrimp production depends on the natural resources and daily improved aquaculture technology, and the focused target market, the competition among the main shrimp producer countries were very strong. On the international trading, the developed countries make a high pressure on the free trade, food quality and safety standard, anti-dumping issue became the common case to control the shrimp trade from the developed countries. There is a very serious chanllenge for the development of shrimp industry in developing countries.
In2002, the EU has baned the importation of shrimp from China due to the food safety problem, in2004, the US case on the anti-dumping of shrimp products on the US market has lead on high importation tax on shrimp products, thus the sustainable of shrimp industry caused a lot of attention of the world and become the hot topic among the experts in the field of fisheries and economics. In order to lead the shrimp industry to a sustaible development direction in China,, the comparative advantage on shrimp production in China has been studied, and the development trend and market opportunity were discussed, based on the experience of world major shrimp production countries; and the approaches on how to develop the shrimp industry based on comparative advantage, to satisfied the international and domestic market, promote the shrimp industry developed sustainablely and responsiblely, were also describled; Some related development strategy and solutions are suggested to guide the shrimp industry development in China.
The dissertation applies Economics, Agricultural Economics, International trade, comparative advantage analysis and aquaculture principles complehensively; based on large collection of data and information on world shrimp industry, the quantitative and qualitative studies, integration of positive and normative studies, and it manages to illustrate the interrelations and dynamic law of economic variable as to shrimp industry and analyze the policy instruction implied by means of integration of macro-economics and micro-analysis, with a systematic study on the comparative advantage of shrimp production and trade.
The dissertation composed of7chapters and the preface, in logic order for the compared analysis of shrimp industry in China.
In the preface, the purpose and significance of determining the topic for studied are clarified; the recent development of the comparative advantage and competitiveness research in China and abroad are reviewed; the basic clue, research methods, framework and structure of the dissertation are expounded; the main creative ideas and the problems in need of further study are introduced.
Chapter I reviewed the threaretic and methodology research on the comparative advantage and competitiveness, the theory and methodology on shrimp have been dicussed.
Chapter II described the current status and characters of world shrimp production and trade, the major production region and the exporter and importers were identified compared with the major producers of the world, the level and structure of China shrimp production was also anlyzed.
Chapter III focus on the shrimp production and international trade in China, analysis of the structure, main produce region, species, and also the situation and change of shrimp production in China were analyzed, the trade amount, product form, the major target market for exportation were analyzed.
Chapter IV studied the international competitive advantage of China shrimp products, by using comparative economic advantage analysis. The regional and total comparative advantage of shrimp production and international trade, i.e. the industry specialization, revealed comparative advantage, net trade balance were calculated and analyzed. In addition, the intra-industry trade was also computed and analyzed, especially the vertical intra-industry trade, which showed the trade based on higher product quality, diversified products and processing technology.
The results showed that the comparative advantage of shrimp resource is not significant in China, the resource index, international market occupation rate and industry specilazation were low, but all index show the trend of increasing in recent years.
Compared with the major producer in South-East Asia, the revealed comparative advantage is low and in the middle class, in recent years, the index show a continue trend of increase, it reveals that the shrimp industry has high potential in international competence.
Chapter V analyzed the factors affecting the efficiency of China shrimp industry development by applying the diamond framework, the natural resources, market demand, related and support sectors, main working parties and the government were analyzed, through SWOT analying method, the major factors are identified
Chapter VI introduced the experience and lesson from the major world shrimp producers, i.e. Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Brazil. The current status, policy and solutions in competiveness improvement were demonstrated
Chapter VII discussed the development policy on China shrimp industry, based on the analysis of comparative advantage and competitiveness. The policy focused on how to promote the comparative advantage, improve the production capability and standard, and the marketing management etc..
引文
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