污染底泥对水体自净的影响及强化自净模式
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摘要
目前我国淡水资源遭到严重破坏,尤其是江河流域均遭到不同程度的污染,并且呈发展的趋势,河道的修复已成为环境保护的重要组成部分。目前国内外的各种河道修复方法,如人工曝气复氧、微生物修复等在治理过程中各种弊端逐渐暴露,其可控性较差,易造成经济和技术的损失。底泥疏浚的治理方法是近几年来河道修复研究的热点,但是此方法容易造成二次污染,从而带来不良的环境效应,不利于水体环境的长期发展。目前研究者逐渐转向了河道底泥的原位修复方法,但相关方面的基础研究和理论依据很少。
本课题主要针对上述各种修复方法所缺乏的基础研究,通过实验观察不同条件下水体中污染物形态及微生物种群和数量的变化规律。从而研究搅拌、曝气以及底泥的存在对污染物的水体行为的影响,有利于加强河道治理工程中条件的控制,同时为河道底泥的原位修复提供理论基础。
本实验中自制了一套模拟河道系统,系统包含六个相同的反应器,每两个组,向三组反应器分别施以静置、曝气和搅拌条件,连续监测进水和出水中各污染物的浓度,并分析各自的变化趋势。结果表明：曝气和搅拌能够在一定程度上提高河流中的溶氧含量,对氮、磷等污染物形态的转化及微生物的活性均有很大影响。同时为了研究底泥的存在对于河道水体环境的影响,每组条件均设有底泥和无底泥的对照。结果表明：河道底泥的存在能够使得微生物的食物链复杂化,有利于微生物的生存和生长,并且能加大河流的抗冲击负荷的能力以及其自净能力,从而保证整个水体环境的稳定性。
The destruction of freshwater resources became more and more serious in China. Most of the surface waters were polluted in different degree and in an increasing trend. Restoration of rivers has become more and more important. The restoration methods of rivers such as artificial aeration and microbial remediation, etc. exposed their disadvantages in the application. Some factors were too difficult to control on the process of river restoration, thus bring great technical and economic loss. In recent years, sediment dredging as an effective restoration method attracts more attention in research. However, this method is not beneficial to the development of river environment since it may bring secondary pollution and negative environmental impact. The researchers turned to the in-situ restoration of river sediment gradually, while the basic research and theory is shortage.
Considering the shortage of basic research on in-situ restoration methods, the variation of water behaviors was observed through experiment of various contaminants as well as the species and quantity of microorganism. The effect of aeration, mixing or bottom sediment on the river contamination was also investigated, which is beneficial to control the facts of river regulation, and provides the theory to river in-situ restoration.
Six simulating rivers were used in this study. Every two reactors as a group were subjected to different conditions, e.g. static, aeration and mixing respectively. Influent and effluent water quality was monitored and the variation trends were analyzed. Experimental results indicate that aeration or mixing can improve DO of the river in some degree. It will make a great effect on transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, or microbial activity. Moreover, the effect of sediment on restoration was also investigated. Results show that the existence of the sediment can complex the food chain structure, which is helpful for the growth and survival of microorganisms. It can also enhance the resistant ability and the stability of the river environment system.
本课题主要针对上述各种修复方法所缺乏的基础研究,通过实验观察不同条件下水体中污染物形态及微生物种群和数量的变化规律。从而研究搅拌、曝气以及底泥的存在对污染物的水体行为的影响,有利于加强河道治理工程中条件的控制,同时为河道底泥的原位修复提供理论基础。
本实验中自制了一套模拟河道系统,系统包含六个相同的反应器,每两个组,向三组反应器分别施以静置、曝气和搅拌条件,连续监测进水和出水中各污染物的浓度,并分析各自的变化趋势。结果表明：曝气和搅拌能够在一定程度上提高河流中的溶氧含量,对氮、磷等污染物形态的转化及微生物的活性均有很大影响。同时为了研究底泥的存在对于河道水体环境的影响,每组条件均设有底泥和无底泥的对照。结果表明：河道底泥的存在能够使得微生物的食物链复杂化,有利于微生物的生存和生长,并且能加大河流的抗冲击负荷的能力以及其自净能力,从而保证整个水体环境的稳定性。
The destruction of freshwater resources became more and more serious in China. Most of the surface waters were polluted in different degree and in an increasing trend. Restoration of rivers has become more and more important. The restoration methods of rivers such as artificial aeration and microbial remediation, etc. exposed their disadvantages in the application. Some factors were too difficult to control on the process of river restoration, thus bring great technical and economic loss. In recent years, sediment dredging as an effective restoration method attracts more attention in research. However, this method is not beneficial to the development of river environment since it may bring secondary pollution and negative environmental impact. The researchers turned to the in-situ restoration of river sediment gradually, while the basic research and theory is shortage.
Considering the shortage of basic research on in-situ restoration methods, the variation of water behaviors was observed through experiment of various contaminants as well as the species and quantity of microorganism. The effect of aeration, mixing or bottom sediment on the river contamination was also investigated, which is beneficial to control the facts of river regulation, and provides the theory to river in-situ restoration.
Six simulating rivers were used in this study. Every two reactors as a group were subjected to different conditions, e.g. static, aeration and mixing respectively. Influent and effluent water quality was monitored and the variation trends were analyzed. Experimental results indicate that aeration or mixing can improve DO of the river in some degree. It will make a great effect on transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, or microbial activity. Moreover, the effect of sediment on restoration was also investigated. Results show that the existence of the sediment can complex the food chain structure, which is helpful for the growth and survival of microorganisms. It can also enhance the resistant ability and the stability of the river environment system.
引文
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[2]章营军,孙从军.浅谈污染河道水体治理[J].造船工业建设,2005,(4)：34-39.
[3]俞永梅,徐展强,高文安.河道整治中的水污染治理方法探讨[J].上海水务,2007,27(2)：26-27.
[4]游屹,罗英明,万久春.关于城市河道治理的思路[J].城市道桥与防洪,2009,27(7)：107-110.
[5]王鑫,张佳梅.天津市排污河道底泥的处置途径分析[J].天津市政设计,2003,3(4)：22-25.
[6]Weston D P, Jarman W M, Cabana G, et al. An evaluation of the success of dredging as remediation at a DDT-Contaminated site In San Francisco Bay, California, USA[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002,21(10): 2216-2224.
[7]Voie O A, Johnsen A, Rossland H K. Why biota still accumulate high levels of PCB after removal of PCB contaminated sediments in a Norwegian fjord[J]. Chemosphere,2002,46(9):367-1372.
[8]金相灿,荆一风,刘丛生,等.湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术[J].环境科学研究,1999,12(5)：9-12.
[9]Malecki L M, White J R, Reddy K R. Nitrogen and phosphorus flux rates from sediment in the lower St. Johns River Estuary [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(4):1545-1555.
[10]谢丹平,李开明,江栋,等.底泥修复对城市污染河道水体污染修复的影响研究[J].环境工程学报,2009,3(8)：1447-1453.
[11]滑丽萍,郝红,李贵宝.河湖底泥的生物修复研究进展[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005,3(2)：124-129.
[12]孙从军,张明旭.河道曝气技术在河流污染治理中的应用[J].环境保护,2001,28(4)：12-14.
[13]林建伟,朱志良,赵建夫.曝气复氧对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响[J].生态环境,2005,14(6)：812-815.
[14]李大鹏,黄勇,李伟光.底泥曝气改善城市河流水质的研究[J].中国给排水,2007,23(5)：22-25.
[15]钱嫦萍,王东启,陈振楼,等.生物陆修复技术在黑臭河道治理中的应用[J].水处理技术,2009,35(4)：13-16.
[16]徐亚同,史家梁,张明.污染控制微生物工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001.
[17]丁浩,徐亚同,杨清海.污染河道生物修复进展[J].上海化工,2006,31(2)：5-8.
[18]姚晓丽,梁运祥.微生物技术改善河道水质的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(6)：59-61.
[19]国家环保局,《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[20]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京：农业出版社,1986.
[21]张自杰,林荣忱,金儒霖.给水工程(第四版)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[22]胡永定.排污河道有机污染的自净规律性研究[J].环境保护科学,1992,18(1)：28-31.
[23]Schrader M, Fahimi H D. Peroxisomes and oxidative stress [J]. Biochemical Biophys Acta.2006,1763(12):1755-1766.
[24]Zamocky M, Furtmuller P G, Obiger C. Evolution of catalases from bacteria to humans[J]. Antioxidants and Radix Signaling,2008,10(9):1527-1548.
[25]刘灵芝,钟广荣,熊莲,等.过氧化氢酶的研究与应用新进展[J].化学与生物工程,2009,26(3)：15-18.
[26]王朝阳,李捍东,王平.河道底泥中氨氮的微生物降解分析[J].四川环境,2008,27(2)：39-42.
[27]胡晓镭.湖、库富营养化机理研究综述[J].水资源保护,2009,25(4)：44-47.
[28]甘激文.浅谈城市河湖水体富营养化防止[J].大众科技,2009,8：106-107.
[29]贾剑晖.氨氮废水处理过程中的好氧反硝化研究[J].南平师专学报,2004,23(2)：70-74.
[30]Zhao H W, Mavinic D S, Oldham W K, et al. Controlling factors for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a two-stage intermittent aeration process treating domestic sewage[J]. Water Research,1999,33(4):961-970.
[31]Hyung S Y, Kyu H A, Hyung J L, et al, Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND) via nitrite in an intemrm-ittently-aerated reactor[J]. Water Research,1999,33(1):145-154.
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