我国教师教育者开展自我研究的初步探索
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摘要
20世纪90年代,西方教师教育界悄然兴起了一场新的学术运动——自我研究运动。这场运动先由部分教师教育者发起,继而迅速获得广大教师教育者响应,以“关注自身教学反思,促进自我专业发展”为主题,在短短数年时间里发展迅速。它的兴起,让一个一直发挥着重要作用但长期被忽视的教师教育者群体空前地凸现出来。从此,教师教育者开始步入人们的视野,并将“自我研究”作为其重要的学习手段和专业发展方式。
     我国对教师教育者群体关注较少,教师教育者研究起步较晚,对自我研究的认识更是处于启蒙阶段,基于教师教育质量的提升关键在教师教育者,教师专业化必先实现教师教育者的专业化,教师教育者的专业发展是个终身、自觉过程的认识,本文在立足我国国情的前提下,尝试系统引介自我研究,按照“自我研究是什么——为什么要开展自我研究——怎么开展自我研究——开展自我研究应注意哪些问题——自我研究面临的机遇与挑战”的思路,从理论与实践双重视角,从应然和实然两种状态,展开对自我研究的论述,力求让自我研究促进我国教师教育者的专业发展和教师教育质量的提升。
     全文共分五章:首先全面梳理了自我研究理论,然后集中探讨了我国教师教育领域引进自我研究的必要性和可行性,接下来重点讨论自我研究的完整实践过程,然后深入探析我国开展自我研究中面临的现实问题及对策,最后展望了自我研究的未来和面临的挑战。结语部分提出自我研究开启了教师教育研究的新视域,提倡教师教育者通过开展自我研究帮助探索建构我国新型教师教育理论和实践,并倡导自我研究是一种态度、品质、生活方式,力求让自我研究思想融入教师教育者的生活,使其成为自主发展型教师教育者,实现自己的可持续发展,并带动和促进师范生与在职教师转变对教师职业的认识,追求幸福、完满的教师生活。
In 1990's. a new scholarly movement emerged in the field of Western Teacher Education——Self-Study Movement. It was initiated by some teacher educators, and later was responded by more teacher educators and got rapid development during several years with the theme of attention to self's teaching reflection and self professional development. Its emergence made a long-time neglected group of teacher educators known by the public. They regard Self-Study as an important means for learning and professional development.
     The group of teacher educators got less attention in China, and teacher educator research in China also has a short history, the knowing of Self-Study is at the stage of enlightening. Based on the ideas that the key to the quality of teacher education lies on teacher educators, the professionalization of teacher educators must come before the professionalization of teachers, and this is a life-long and self-conscious process, according to the line of "what—why—how—attentions—future and challenges of Self-Study", the dissertation is to systematically introduce Self-Study on the base of the situation of our country and discuss from the theoretical and practical perspectives and the granted and real states in order to let Self-Study makes contribution to the development of Chinese teacher educators and the advance of the quality of teacher education.
     This dissertation consists of five chapters:firstly, it introduces Self-Study ideas from full perspectives; and then discusses the necessity and feasibility of introducing it to the field of Chinese teacher education; next, it explores the whole process of practicing Self-Study; the fourth, it considers the realistic problems which will be confronted in Self-Study practice in China and suggests some countermeasures; at last, it prospects the future and the challenges of Self-Study. In the epilogue, it puts forward that Self-Study starts the new field of teacher education research, and advocates that Self-Study helps explore and construct new Chinese teacher education theory and practice. at the same time. it also sparkplugs teacher educators to regard Self-Study as an attitude, a kind of quality and a sort of life style and make the ideas of Self-Study immerses into their lives and they could become into self-regulating teacher educators. and get continuable development. which can model and promote student teachers and in-service teachers change their beliefs of teacher career and let them pursue happy and full teacher's life.
引文
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    1 详细信息见附录四:《教学和教师教育实践自我研究》丛书简介。
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    3 在知识方面,如要求具有丰富的、拓展性的任教学科领域知识,广泛的教育学、教学法、心理学等相关领域的知识,以及儿童及成年学习者的相关知识(Bob Koster, et al.,2001):在能力方面,代表性观点如“六任务、四能力”说(Bob Koster. et al.,2005)。
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    2 Ducharme, E. R.,1996; Churukian, G. A., et al.2000:Koster, B., et al,2008.
    3 涉及未来教师教育者一研究者需要了解哪些关于教师教育、相关学科、研究方法论、大学教学和K-12学校教育的内容,以及对研究的应用等(Marsh. D. D.,1987; Wilson. S. M.,2006)。
    4 包括组织上的入职和专业入职(Lunenberg, M.,2002; Murray. J.,2008; Swennen. Anja., et al,2008; van Velzen C, et al.2010)以及学校教师向大学教师教育者转变(Dinkelman, T,2002;Zeichner, K.,2005;)转变中遇到的紧张与冲突(Murray, J., Male. T.,2005).
    5 包括如何处理教学、研究与服务的关系(Rieg. S. A., et al,2005:Cochran-Smith M.,2003),重视教师教育者的经验(Russell,T..2007;Weber. S.,1990),《教育中的专业发展》杂志出版专刊(2010年第36卷1-2期)专门探讨教师教育者的专业发展等。
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    3 如美国成立了“全美教师教育认定协会”(National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education简称NCATE)和“教师教育认定协会”(Teacher Education Accreditation Council简称TEAC)主要负责教师教育的认定。英国在20世纪80年代成立了“教师教育审定委员会”(The Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education),1994年史名为“教师培养管理署”(Teacher Training Agency),主要负责向政府提供或推荐合格的教师授课科目,审查教师教育中专业课程是否适合教师的职业要求。此外很多国家如日本、澳大利亚等国家者出台了教师教育的专业标准,如教师教育机构认证标准、教师教育标准、教师教育课程标准、教师教育质量评估标准、教师教育者工作标准,等等。具体参见如下文献:朱旭东.专业化视野中大学化教师教育的十大观点[J].教师教育研究.2005(01):3-9;教育部师范教育司.教师专业化的理论与实践[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:87;陈林,蔡伟仁.从美国教师专业化看我国教师教育管理体制改革的出路[J].高校教育管理.2007(03):54-58;陈振隆,洪启标.美国教师教育质量认证组织(TEAC)及其影响述评[J].外国中小学教育.2008(09):18-23.
    1 这些研究有:朱旭东.应当实施教师教育大学化战略[J].中国高等教育.2002(19):18-19;宋旭东.如何理解教师教育大学化[J].比较教育研究.2004(01):1-7; 王端庆.教师教育改革的新视野[J].辽宁教育研究.2005(04):8-10;洪启标.教师教育大学化的国际比较研究[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2008:10.
    1 李学农.师范大学综合化与教师教育专业化[J].江苏高教.2005(02):76-78.
    2 朱旭东.专业化视野中大学化教师教育的十大观点[J].教师教育研究.2005(01):3-9.
    3 梅新林.聚焦中国教师教育[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008:59.
    1 呼中陶,刘捷.建国50年高校教师队伍建设的回顾与思考[J].北京师范大学学报,1999(06):53-58.
    2 Lunenberg, M., Korthagen, F., Swennen. A. (2007). The teacher educator as a role model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(5):586-601.
    3Timmerman, G. (2009). Teacher Educators Modelling Their Teachers? European Journal of Teacher Education,32(3): 225-238.
    1 朱旭东.试论建立教师教育认可和质量评估制度[J].高等师范教育研究.2002(03):28-33.
    2赖学军,尤冰虹.论诊断式教师教育[J].教育理论与实践.2004(17):33-36.
    3 梅新林.中国教师教育30年[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008:192.
    1 张艳辉.课程与教学视野中的大学教师研究[M ].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008:146;昌晓莉.教学学术:高校提升教学质量的突破口[J].中国教师.2008(21):25-28.
    2 国家教育发展研究中心.发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势(第二集)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1994:135-138.
    1 Shulman.L.(1987).Knowledge and Teaching:Foundations of the New Reform.Harvaard Educational Review.57(1):1-21.
    2 顾明远.我国教师教育改革的反思[J].教师教育研究.2006(06):3-6.
    1 熊川武.反思性教学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1999:3.
    2 2007年5月9日,国务院第176次常务会议讨论通过《教育部直属师范大学师范生免费教育实施办法(试行)》,决
    1 杜威在《我们如何思维》中认为,欲形成反省性思维习惯,还要培养三种态度:开明(open-mindedness)、专心致志(wholeheartedness)和责任心(responsibility),此外,还要有一种意愿(readiness),能积极对其经验范围之内的事物做出认真周密的思考。详见[美]约翰·杜威(Dewev, J).我们怎样思维:经验与教育[M],姜文闵译.北京:人民教育出版社,2005:33-37.
    Hamilton. M. L.& Pinnegar. S. Introduction:Reconceptualizing Teaching Practice. In Hamilton. M. L., et al. (1998).
    Reconceptualizing Teaching Practice:Self-study in Teacher Education. London:Falmer Press, p.1
    [美]诺曼·K·邓津.[美]伊冯娜·S·林肯.定性研究:策略与艺术[M],风笑天等译.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2007:419.
    1 比如行动研究者应当遵循的伦理标准。详见[英]詹姆斯·麦克南.课程行功研究[M].朱细文等译.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004:206-207.
    1 来自对辛琪老师2010年8月24日的访谈。
    2 陈桂生.到中小学去研究教育[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003:469.
    3 陈桂生.到中小学去研究教育[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003:470.
    4 来自对辛琪老师2010年8月24日的访谈。
    1 朱旭东.如何理解教师教育大学化?[J].比较教育研究.2004(01):1-7;李学农.论教师教育者[J].当代教师教育.2008(01):47-50.
    1 朱旭东.专业化视野中大学化教师教育的十大观点[J].教师教育研究,2005(01):3-9.
    2 尹弘飚,操太圣.课程改革中教师的身份认同——制度变迁与自我重构[J].教育发展研究.2008(02):35-40.
    3 Connelly. F. M.& Clandinin. D. J. (1999). Shaping a Professional Identity:Stories of Educational Practice. New York: Teachers College Press. p.3.
    4 朱旭东.如何理解教师教育大学化[J].比较教育研究.2004(01):1-7.
    1 朱旭东.如何理解教师教育大学化[J].比较教育研究.2004(01):1-7.
    2朱旭东.专业化视野中大学化教师教育的十大观点[J].教师教育研究.2005(01):3-9.
    3 李学农.论教师教育者[J].当代教师教育.2008(01):47-50.
    4 详见王健.我国教师教育学的逻辑起点研究及学科体系构建[D].华东师范大学,2009.
    1 申玉亮.教学反思与行动研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006:94-96.
    2 中国陶行知研究会等.爱满天下:陶行知名言警语[M].北京:同心出版社.1999:215,218.
    1 俞吾金.如何理解“问题意识”[N].长江日报,2007-6-28(12).
    2 [加]迈克尔·富兰著,中央教育科学研究所、加拿大多伦多国际学院编译.变革的力量:透视教育改革[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000:37.
    1 详见冯喜英.高等师范院校学生问题意识状况的调查与思考[J].教学研究.2008(02):122-125.
    2 袁振国将这种学生带着问题进教室,没有问题走出教室的教育形象地成为“去问题教育”。袁振国.问题与答案哪一个更重要?——新世纪基础教育改革的微观思考之一[J].人民教育.2001(04):7-9.
    3 转引自余桂红.论师生关系的疏离与大学生主体性[J].云南教育,2003(06).
    1 叶澜.“新基础教育”成型性研究报告集[C].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2009:199.
    2 中国陶行知研究会.爱满天下:陶行知名言警语[M].北京:同心出版社,1999:136.
    3 Trigwell. K.. Martin, E., Benjamin. J.. et al. (2000). Scholarship of Teaching:A Model. Higher Education Research& Development,19(2):155-168.
    1 Julian Kitchen. Teaching as Scholarship:Improving Teacher Education through Self-Study [EB/OL]. http://profed.brocku.ca/docs/vol5/num2/anum4.htm.
    2 帕克·帕尔默(Parker J. Palmer)著,吴国珍,余巍等译.教学勇气[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:75.
    1 如放松些,你不可能做完所有的事;确定研究的长期、中期、近期日标,列出计划清单、并据此分配时间:抵制拖延;尽可能与他人合作;对超负荷上作保持敏感;工作时一心一意,心无旁骛;不要假装完美等。详见[英]Elizabeth Holmes.教师的幸福感:关注教师的身心健康及职业发展[M]l,闫慧敏译,北京:中国轻工业出版社.2006:108-110.
    2 [美]唐纳德·肯尼迪.学术责任[M],阎凤桥等译.北京:新华出版社,2002:80.
    1 该岗位享受与学校最高层次的“求是特聘教授”相同的待遇,年津贴20万元,被誉为教学领域中的“长江学者”,6位长期从事本科基础教学的高水平教师成为首批受聘者。参见余列平,杨萍.教学领域中的“长江学者”——浙大首创
    “求是特聘教学岗”[EB/OL]. [2011-4-6]. http://www.zdxb.zju.edu.cn/article/show_article_one.php?article_id=10126.如生涯发展、教学方法建议、讲座设计、初入职教师教育者教学知识、课程设计、教学策略、教学评价内容、教学研究、问题解决、批判思维、时间管理等。
    3 1998年9月,清华大学在全国最早成立了“清华大学教学研究与师资培训中心”,负责全校教师上岗培训;组织在岗教师进行师德、课堂教学艺术、现代教育思想、教育教学技术等方而的交流和培训;推荐并组织课堂教学观摩,帮助教师自我训练,不断提高教学水平;进行教学过程教学质量的信息搜集,进行教学质量的评估。
    4 吴振利.美国大学教师教学发展研究[D].东北师范大学.2010.
    1 朱旭东,周钧.论我国教师教育学科制度建设——教师教育大学化的必然选择[J].教师教育研究,2007(01):6-11.
    2 马啸风.中国师范教育史[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,2003:308-309.
    3 杨跃.关于教师教育学科构建的理性思考[J].教师教育研究,2007(01):1-5.
    4 杨天平.加强教师教育学科建设的几点思考[N].光明日报,2007-3-15.
    1 陈幺元.从教师专业化之趋势反思高师教育的师范性[J].黑龙汀高教研究.2003(4).
    2 李其龙、陈水明.教师教育课程的国际比较[M].教育科学出版社,2002:197-198.
    3 朱洪发.高师院校的办学方向应紧紧围绕“师范性”[J].山东师范大学学报(社会科学版).1996(03):64-66.
    1 Hamilton. M. L., et al. (1998). Reconceptualizing Teaching Practice:Self-study in Teacher Education. London:Falmer Press. p.242;Cochran-Smith, M.,& Lytle, S. L.(2004). Practitioner Inquiry, Knowledge, and University Culture. In Loughran, J. J, et al (Eds.). International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers. p.631.
    2 Renee Tipton Clift. (2004). Self-Study Research in the Context of Teacher Education Programs. In Loughran, J. J, et al (Eds.). International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers.pp.1333-1362.
    3 Zeichner, K. (2007). Accumulating Knowledge across Self-Studies in Teacher Education. Journal of Teacher Education,58:36-46.
    4 Zeichner, K. (1999). The New Scholarship in Teacher Education. Educational Researcher,28(9):4-15.
    5 Lunenberg, M.& Hamilton, M. L. (2008). Threading a Golden chain:An Attempt to Find Our Identities as Teacher Educators. Teacher Education Quarterly,35:185-202.
    1 比如Kosnik, Samaris, and Freese分别在相隔万里之遥的不同大学工作,他们的合作是通过电子邮件和在自我研究会议上的对话展开的,通过合作研究,他们彼此成了相互信任的朋友。Kosnik, C., Samaris, A. P.,& Freese, A.R. (2006). Beginning with Trusted Friends:Venturing out to Work Collaboratively in our Institutions. Proceedings of the Sixth Aannual International Conference on Self-Study of Teacher Eeducation Ppractices. Herstmonceux Castle. East Sussex. U.K.. July 2006. pp.152-156.
    2 比如来自香港教育学院的Rosa T. Chiu-Ching and Esther Yim-mei Chan两位教师教育者开展的是叙事型自我研究。她们主要受加拿大学者康纳利、兜兰迪宁等学者的叙事探究思想的影响。参见Rosa T. Chiu-Ching and Esther Yim-mei Chan. (2009). Teaching and Learning through Narrative Inquiry. In Fitzgerald, L., Heston, M., Tidwell, D. (2009). Research Methods for the Self-study of Practice. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands. pp.17-33.
    3 Wilcox, S., Watson. J.& Paterson, M. (2004). Self-Study in Professional Practice. In Loughran, J. J., et al (Eds.). International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers. p.307.
    1 叶澜.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].北京:教育科学出版社.2004:3.
    1 Hamilton, M., et al. (1998). Reconceptualizing Teaching Practice:Self-study in Teacher Education. London:Falmer Press. p.228.
    2 Cochran-Smith, M.,& Lytle, S. L. (2004). Practitioner Inquiry, Knowledge, and University Culture. In Loughran, J. J., et al (Eds.). International Handbook of Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers, p.637.
    1 详见Koster. B., Dengerink. J. J. (2008). Professional Standards for Teacher Educators:How to Deal with Complexity, Ownership and Function. Experiences from the Netherlands. European Journal of Teacher Education,31(2):135-149.
    2 Murray. J. (2008). Towards the Re-articulation of the Work of Teacher Educators in Higher Education Institutions in England. European Journal of Teacher Education,31(1):25.
    3 SPR于2000年开发,包含以下七个程序:(1)利用标准评分表来分析自身的优势与不足:(2)与同行教师分享自己的成果:(3)收集来自其他教师教育工作者和学生的反馈评价(不少于30名学生、5名教师教育工作者);(4)制定专业发展目标和计划;(5)与两位同行评审一起讨论制定的专业发展目标和计划;(6)创建成长记录袋,通过成长记录袋来收集教师教育工作者的工作和发展情况:(7)与同行评审一起对教师教育工作者进行总结性评价。详见李玲,邓晓君.荷兰教师教育工作者专业标准研究[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版).2010(01):67-70.
    4 Smith. K. (2005). Teacher Educators'Expertise:What Do Novice Teachers and Teacher Educators Say?. Teaching and Teacher Education,21 (2):177-192.
    1 石中英.缄默知识与教学改革[J].北京师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2001(03):101-108.
    1 叶澜等著.教师角色与教师发展新探[M].教育科学出版社.2001:3.
    2 申玉亮.教学反思与行动研究:教师发展之路[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2006:48.
    3 马斯洛在研究自我实现的人时,将这种人“感受到处于最佳状态的时刻,感到敬畏、强烈的幸福、狂喜、完美或欣慰的时刻而体验到的犹如站在“高山之巅”的感觉称之为“高峰体验”。它是一种个体以前从未体验过的兴奋与欢愉,虽 然短暂,但尤为深刻。
    1 钱丽君.关注教师的生命自觉[J].中小学心理健康教育,2006(1).
    2 周赞梅,专家教师研究[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2006:97.
    1 Crowe A. R. (2010). Advancing Social Studies Education through Self-Study Methodology:The Power. Promise and Use of Self-Study in Social Studies Education. New York:Springer.
    2 Fitzgerald L. Heston M. Tidwell D. (2009). Research Methods for the Self-study of Practice. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
    3 Pinnegar S. Hamilton M L. (2009). Self-study of Practice as a Genre of Qualitative Research Theory. Methodology, and Practice. Dordrecht, New York:Springer Netherlands.
    4 Schulte A K. (2009). Seeking Integrity in Teacher Education. New York:Springer Netherlands.
    5 Brandenburg R. (2008). Powerful Pedagogy:Self-Study of a Teacher Educator's Practice. Germany:Springer Netherlands.
    6 Brandenburg R. (2008). Powerful Pedagogy:Self-Study of a Teacher Educator's Practice. Germany:Springer Netherlands, ix.
    7 Berry A. (2008). Tensions in Teaching about Teaching:Understanding Practice as a Teacher Educator. Dordrecht:Springer.
    8 Darling L F. Erickson G. Clarke A. (2007). Collective Improvisation in A Teacher Education Community. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
    9 Aubusson P, Schuck S. (2006). Teacher Learning and Development:The Mirror Maze. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
    10 Kosnik C, Beck C, Freese A, et al. (2005).Making A Difference Teacher Education Through Self-Study. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
    11 Hoban G. (2005). The Missing Links in Teacher Education Design. Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
    [1]赵汀阳.论可能生活:一种关于幸福和公正的理论[M].北京市:中国人民大学出版社,2010.
    [2]李白鹤.默会维度上认识理想的重建:波兰尼默会认识论研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2009.
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    [4]林逢祺.教师不可不知的哲学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009.
    [5][美]诺曼·K·邓金.解释互动论(第2版)[M].周勇译.重庆:重庆大学出版社.2009.
    [6]尼古拉斯·M·米凯利,戴维·李·凯泽.为了民主和社会公正的教师教育[M],任友群,杨蓓玉,刘润英等译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2009.
    [7]朱旭东,胡艳主编.中国教育改革30年:教师教育卷[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.
    [8]周钧.美国教师教育认可标准的变革与发展——全美教师教育认可委员会案例研究[M].北京师范大学出版社,2009.
    [9]李琼.教师专业发展的知识基础:教学专长研究(京师教师教育论从)[M].2009.
    [10]李进主编.我的教师教育观:当代师范生之愿景[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
    [11]李进主编.教师教育与教育领导[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009.
    [12]何菊玲著.教师教育范式研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2009.
    [13]董建稳,肖自明编著.基础教育课程改革导论[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2009.
    [14]李进.教师教育概论[M].北京大学出版社,2009.
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