脉冲强激光与金属靶相互作用中的电磁脉冲研究
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摘要
脉冲强激光与金属材料相互作用过程中产生的丰富的电磁辐射现象一直是研究人员关心的热点,对电磁辐射性质和机制的研究有助于加深对相关物理过程的理解,还有可能带来广泛的实际应用。现有的研究多数集中在由激光到更高频率的真空紫外、X射线和γ射线的上转换研究,或者到较低频率的THz波的下转换研究,对于产生更低频率的微波或射频电磁脉冲的研究还很不充分,对其中物理问题的认识还不够清楚或缺乏实验证据。随着激光功率密度的提高,激光与金属靶相互作用产生的低频电磁脉冲越来越显示出不容忽视的特殊效应和其它价值,非常有必要对其产生机制和物理规律加以研究。
因此,本文围绕脉冲激光与金属靶相互作用产生的电磁脉冲,通过实验和理论研究,从电磁脉冲的特征、强度、机制、方向性及变化规律等方面开展了探索性的工作,以期加深对其中物理过程的认识,对相关人员及其研究工作起到一定的参考作用。具体的研究工作和主要结论如下：
1、开展了脉冲激光与金属圆盘靶相互作用产生微波电磁脉冲的实验研究。对脉宽～102ps、功率密度～1012W/Cm2的激光正入射圆盘中心产生的电磁脉冲特征进行了测量和分析,根据辐射强度提出辐射模型为金属表面的出射电子回路等效成间距不同偶极子的磁偶极或电四极辐射,能量转换效率在10-7～10-8量级。可以预见在超强激光实验中通过这种机制产生的电磁脉冲强度将足够高,须考虑屏蔽等防范措施。
2、开展了脉冲激光与金属圆盘靶相互作用产生电磁脉冲的靶尺寸效应实验研究。发现电磁脉冲强度随金属圆盘直径增大有增大趋势的规律,与LLNL研究小组最近在Titan和NIF上开展实验所发现的规律一致,说明采用电绝缘支撑的小金属靶更有利于减轻电磁脉冲的效应。这个现象和金属靶表面的准静态电场的动态行为有关。此外,我们还同时测量了可见光辐射强度随靶尺寸的变化关系,结果将有助于我们分析相互作用过程中的能量分配。
3、开展了脉冲激光与金属靶相互作用产生定向射频脉冲的实验研究。采用线聚焦的激光束斜入射到金属丝表面,对产生的射频电磁脉冲的空间角分布进行了测量,结果显示这种方法可以较容易获得定向性良好的电磁脉冲束,同时也验证了斜入射造成的相位超光速光电子流可以形成契伦科夫辐射的理论。
4、开展了超短超强激光等离子体尾场中产生低频电磁辐射的理论研究。提出了一个适用于非线性相对论强度(a0≥1)的超短超强激光在无磁化等离子体中激发尾场产生电磁辐射的一维理论模型。通过解析推导和数值计算,得到了电磁辐射的场量表达式,分析了电磁辐射的频谱和空间角分布等特征。结果表明,低频辐射机制来源于在激光尾场中受突然剧烈加速的电子所产生的宽频谱辐射,此辐射的大部分能量集中在激光传播的前向锥角内。理论结果与文献中报道的实验现象一致,有助于加深我们对相关物理过程的认识理解。
The interaction of an intense laser pulse with a metallic target provides a wealth of phenomena appealing as electromagnetic emissions, which has always been a research area attracting considerable interest. Studies of these emis-sions are of great importance for enhancing our understanding of the underlying physics, as well as leading to a variety of important promising applications. Ex-tensive works have been carried out focusing on generating higher frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as extreme-ultraviolet (XUV), X-rays and γ-rays, and lower frequency radiation mainly at terahertz (THz) region. Study of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at the low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., Microwave to radio-frequency (RF), however, has been rare to our knowledge. Some related physics are still not clear, and experimental evidence is sparse. With the increase of laser intensity, EMP generated in the interaction of intense laser pulses with metallic targets has been showing more and more special impacts that can not be ignored. It is necessary to identify the origin and properties of these EMP.
In this thesis, EMP from intense pulsed laser irradiated metallic targets has been studied experimentally and theoretically, including the characteristic, strength, radiation mechanism of and target size effect on the EMP, with the hope of enhancing our understanding of the fundamental process and providing reference for research in related areas. The main content and results are as following:
1. EMP emission in the microwave range of about0.5-4GHz from a～102ps laser of intensity about1012W/cm2normally incident on a metallic disk has been investigated experimentally. The corresponding laser energy to microwave energy conversion efficiency is found to be10-7～10-8. The radiation process might be reasonably interpreted as being magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole radiation from the laser-induced symmetric poloidal current distribution. As can be predicted, EMP from ultraintense laser-metal interactions could be so intense that shielding should be considered to mitigate the EMP effect.
2. Effect of target size on EMP emission in pulsed laser interaction with metallic target has been investigated experimentally. EMP signal was observed to increase with increasing target size. which suggests the benefit oi using smaller electrically isolated target to mitigate EMP effects in ultraintense laser-metal interactions. The temporal behavior of electrostatic electric field on the target surface is believed to be responsible for the effect. In addition, visible light emission was measured simultaneously as a function of target size, which may be helpful in understanding the energy partition in the process.
3. Directional radio-frequency radiation by a line focused laser pulse obliquely incident on a copper wire target has been studied experimentally. The angular radiation pattern was measured and found to be directed in the direction cor-responding to the specular reflection of the incident pulse, which demonstrated the radiation mechanism is due to Cherenkov effect by a superluminal electron emission current, source propagating along the target surface. The results also show an easy way to generate EMP with good directional property.
4. A simple one-dimensional analytical model for electromagnetic emission from an unmagnetized wakefield excited by an ultrashort ultraintense laser pulse in the nonlinear regime has been developed. The expressions for the radiated fields and for the spectral and angular distribution of the radiated energy have been derived. The model suggest that the origin of the radiation can be at-tributed to the violent sudden acceleration of plasma electrons experiencing the accelerating potential of the laser wakefield. The results could help to qualita-tively interpret some existing experimental results.
因此,本文围绕脉冲激光与金属靶相互作用产生的电磁脉冲,通过实验和理论研究,从电磁脉冲的特征、强度、机制、方向性及变化规律等方面开展了探索性的工作,以期加深对其中物理过程的认识,对相关人员及其研究工作起到一定的参考作用。具体的研究工作和主要结论如下：
1、开展了脉冲激光与金属圆盘靶相互作用产生微波电磁脉冲的实验研究。对脉宽～102ps、功率密度～1012W/Cm2的激光正入射圆盘中心产生的电磁脉冲特征进行了测量和分析,根据辐射强度提出辐射模型为金属表面的出射电子回路等效成间距不同偶极子的磁偶极或电四极辐射,能量转换效率在10-7～10-8量级。可以预见在超强激光实验中通过这种机制产生的电磁脉冲强度将足够高,须考虑屏蔽等防范措施。
2、开展了脉冲激光与金属圆盘靶相互作用产生电磁脉冲的靶尺寸效应实验研究。发现电磁脉冲强度随金属圆盘直径增大有增大趋势的规律,与LLNL研究小组最近在Titan和NIF上开展实验所发现的规律一致,说明采用电绝缘支撑的小金属靶更有利于减轻电磁脉冲的效应。这个现象和金属靶表面的准静态电场的动态行为有关。此外,我们还同时测量了可见光辐射强度随靶尺寸的变化关系,结果将有助于我们分析相互作用过程中的能量分配。
3、开展了脉冲激光与金属靶相互作用产生定向射频脉冲的实验研究。采用线聚焦的激光束斜入射到金属丝表面,对产生的射频电磁脉冲的空间角分布进行了测量,结果显示这种方法可以较容易获得定向性良好的电磁脉冲束,同时也验证了斜入射造成的相位超光速光电子流可以形成契伦科夫辐射的理论。
4、开展了超短超强激光等离子体尾场中产生低频电磁辐射的理论研究。提出了一个适用于非线性相对论强度(a0≥1)的超短超强激光在无磁化等离子体中激发尾场产生电磁辐射的一维理论模型。通过解析推导和数值计算,得到了电磁辐射的场量表达式,分析了电磁辐射的频谱和空间角分布等特征。结果表明,低频辐射机制来源于在激光尾场中受突然剧烈加速的电子所产生的宽频谱辐射,此辐射的大部分能量集中在激光传播的前向锥角内。理论结果与文献中报道的实验现象一致,有助于加深我们对相关物理过程的认识理解。
The interaction of an intense laser pulse with a metallic target provides a wealth of phenomena appealing as electromagnetic emissions, which has always been a research area attracting considerable interest. Studies of these emis-sions are of great importance for enhancing our understanding of the underlying physics, as well as leading to a variety of important promising applications. Ex-tensive works have been carried out focusing on generating higher frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as extreme-ultraviolet (XUV), X-rays and γ-rays, and lower frequency radiation mainly at terahertz (THz) region. Study of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at the low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., Microwave to radio-frequency (RF), however, has been rare to our knowledge. Some related physics are still not clear, and experimental evidence is sparse. With the increase of laser intensity, EMP generated in the interaction of intense laser pulses with metallic targets has been showing more and more special impacts that can not be ignored. It is necessary to identify the origin and properties of these EMP.
In this thesis, EMP from intense pulsed laser irradiated metallic targets has been studied experimentally and theoretically, including the characteristic, strength, radiation mechanism of and target size effect on the EMP, with the hope of enhancing our understanding of the fundamental process and providing reference for research in related areas. The main content and results are as following:
1. EMP emission in the microwave range of about0.5-4GHz from a～102ps laser of intensity about1012W/cm2normally incident on a metallic disk has been investigated experimentally. The corresponding laser energy to microwave energy conversion efficiency is found to be10-7～10-8. The radiation process might be reasonably interpreted as being magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole radiation from the laser-induced symmetric poloidal current distribution. As can be predicted, EMP from ultraintense laser-metal interactions could be so intense that shielding should be considered to mitigate the EMP effect.
2. Effect of target size on EMP emission in pulsed laser interaction with metallic target has been investigated experimentally. EMP signal was observed to increase with increasing target size. which suggests the benefit oi using smaller electrically isolated target to mitigate EMP effects in ultraintense laser-metal interactions. The temporal behavior of electrostatic electric field on the target surface is believed to be responsible for the effect. In addition, visible light emission was measured simultaneously as a function of target size, which may be helpful in understanding the energy partition in the process.
3. Directional radio-frequency radiation by a line focused laser pulse obliquely incident on a copper wire target has been studied experimentally. The angular radiation pattern was measured and found to be directed in the direction cor-responding to the specular reflection of the incident pulse, which demonstrated the radiation mechanism is due to Cherenkov effect by a superluminal electron emission current, source propagating along the target surface. The results also show an easy way to generate EMP with good directional property.
4. A simple one-dimensional analytical model for electromagnetic emission from an unmagnetized wakefield excited by an ultrashort ultraintense laser pulse in the nonlinear regime has been developed. The expressions for the radiated fields and for the spectral and angular distribution of the radiated energy have been derived. The model suggest that the origin of the radiation can be at-tributed to the violent sudden acceleration of plasma electrons experiencing the accelerating potential of the laser wakefield. The results could help to qualita-tively interpret some existing experimental results.
引文
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