相继呈现的两突现客体对注意的捕获
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摘要
近年来，在选择性注意研究领域，研究者已对注意在某一时刻同时呈现于不同空间位置的多个知觉对象间进行分配的规律进行了深入探讨，然而对注意在相继呈现的多个知觉对象间进行分配的动态机制尚无系统研究。本研究通过四个实验，对当两个独立呈现时均可捕获注意的知觉对象相继呈现于只能完成一次注意转移时间内时，注意将如何在两个对象之间进行分配，以及对注意在两客体间的转移规律是否受两客体呈现次序的意识水平的影响等问题进行了探讨。获得以下主要结果：
(1)在一次外源性注意转移完成时间内的三种SOA条件下相继呈现两个新客体，目标为第二客体、第一客体和旧客体条件的反应时依次增长，即注意优先指向最后呈现的客体；
(2)目标为第二客体与第一客体条件的反应时差异与执行视觉搜索过程中每个项目所需的加工时间相当，表明注意加工的顺序首先为第二客体，其次为第一客体；
(3)对相继呈现的两客体的时序意识水平随SOA增长逐渐升高，SOA为10ms时无法判断二者呈现的次序，SOA增至70ms时能准确区分二者的时序，即注意机制对持续刺激的时序分辨阈限低于意识水平的分辨阈限。
根据上述结果，笔者针对注意控制机制对相继呈现的两新客体的选择过程，提出了注意捕获的离散加工假设。
In the past two decades, the principle of spatial attentional shift among multipleperceptual items displayed concurrently in different locations has been extensivelyinvestigated. However, the dynamic mechanism of attentional shift amongsuccessively displayed percepts remains unclear. The issue is explored in this study bypresenting two onset objects sequentially within the duration in which only oneattention capture can be executed. The study also conducted to explore the relationbetween temporal order consciousness and attentional selection of successive onsetobjects.
The main findings are as follows:
(1) When two new objects were successively displayed within the duration in whichonly one attention capture can be executed, attention directs to the latest onsetobject preferentially.
(2) The reaction time difference between the second object and the first objectcondition equals to search time of each item, indicating that during visual search,the second object is processed first, and the first object next.
(3) Consciousness of the two successive objects' temporal order improved fromunawareness in 10ms SOA to almost exactly aware of the time difference in 70mscondition. That is to say, time resolving threshold of attention control mechanismis lower than consciousness.
According to these findings, "Discrete Processing Hypothesis" is proposed to explainattentional selection between two successive abrupt-onset objects.
(1)在一次外源性注意转移完成时间内的三种SOA条件下相继呈现两个新客体，目标为第二客体、第一客体和旧客体条件的反应时依次增长，即注意优先指向最后呈现的客体；
(2)目标为第二客体与第一客体条件的反应时差异与执行视觉搜索过程中每个项目所需的加工时间相当，表明注意加工的顺序首先为第二客体，其次为第一客体；
(3)对相继呈现的两客体的时序意识水平随SOA增长逐渐升高，SOA为10ms时无法判断二者呈现的次序，SOA增至70ms时能准确区分二者的时序，即注意机制对持续刺激的时序分辨阈限低于意识水平的分辨阈限。
根据上述结果，笔者针对注意控制机制对相继呈现的两新客体的选择过程，提出了注意捕获的离散加工假设。
In the past two decades, the principle of spatial attentional shift among multipleperceptual items displayed concurrently in different locations has been extensivelyinvestigated. However, the dynamic mechanism of attentional shift amongsuccessively displayed percepts remains unclear. The issue is explored in this study bypresenting two onset objects sequentially within the duration in which only oneattention capture can be executed. The study also conducted to explore the relationbetween temporal order consciousness and attentional selection of successive onsetobjects.
The main findings are as follows:
(1) When two new objects were successively displayed within the duration in whichonly one attention capture can be executed, attention directs to the latest onsetobject preferentially.
(2) The reaction time difference between the second object and the first objectcondition equals to search time of each item, indicating that during visual search,the second object is processed first, and the first object next.
(3) Consciousness of the two successive objects' temporal order improved fromunawareness in 10ms SOA to almost exactly aware of the time difference in 70mscondition. That is to say, time resolving threshold of attention control mechanismis lower than consciousness.
According to these findings, "Discrete Processing Hypothesis" is proposed to explainattentional selection between two successive abrupt-onset objects.
引文
Alvarez, G. A., & Scholl, B. J. (2005). How does attention select and track spatially extended objects? New effects of attentional concentration and amplification. Jounral of Experienmental Psychology: General 134(4), 461-476.
Breitmeyer, B. G., & Ganz, L. (1976). Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychol Rev, 83(1), 1-36.
Broadbent, D. E. (1982). Task combination and the selective intake of information. Acta Psychologica, 50, 253～290.
Cheal, M., & Lyon, D. R. (1991). Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice discrimination. Q JExp Psychol A, 43(4), 859-880.
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 18, 193-222.
Downing, C. J., & Pinker, S. (1985). The spatial structure of visual attention. In M. I. P. O. Marin (Ed.), Attention and Performance (pp. 171-187): Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Egeth, H. E., & Yantis, S. (1997). Visual attention: control, representatiorn, and time course. Annu Rev Psychol, 48, 269-297.
Egly, R., Driver, J, & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. Journal of Experienmental Psychology: General, 123(2), 161-177.
Enroth-Cugell, C., & Robson,J.G. (1966). The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Psychology, 187, 517-552.
Eriksen, C. W., & St James, J. D. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: a zoom lens model. Percept Psychophys., 40(4), 225-240.
Folk, C. L., & Remington, R. (1998). Selectivity in distraction by irrelevant featural singletons: evidence for two forms of attentional capture. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 24(3), 847-858.
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 18(4), 1030-1044.
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Wright, J. H. (1994). The structure of attentional control: contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(2), 317-329.
Hickey, C., McDonald, J. J., & Theeuwes, J. (in press). Electrophysiological evidence of attentional capture. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Hillstrom, A. P., & Yantis, S. (1994). Visual motion and attentional capture. Percept Psychophys, 55(4), 399-411.
Hoffman, J. E.,& Nelson, B. (1981). Spatial selectivity in visual search. Percept Psychophys, 30(3), 283-290.
Jonides, J., & Yantis, S. (1988). Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing. attention. Percept Psychophys, 43(4), 346-354.
Kahneman, D., & Henik, A. (1981). Perceptual o, rganization and attention. In M. K. J. R. Pomerantz (Ed.), Perceptual Organization (pp. 181-211): Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
LaBerge, D. (1983). Spatial extent of attention to letters and words. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 9(3), 371-379.
LaBerge, D., & Brown, V. (1989). Theory of attentional operations in shape indentification. Psychological Review, 96, 101-124.
Lamme, V. A. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends Cogn Sci, 7(1), 12-18.
McCormick, P. A. (1997). Orienting Attention without Awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23(1), 168-180.
Moore, C. M., & Osman, A. M, (1993). Looking for two targets at the same time: One search or two? Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 381-390.
M(?)ller, H. J., & Rabbitt, P. M. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: time course of activation and resistance to interruption. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 15(2), 315-330.
Nakayama, K., & Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention. Vision Res, 29(11), 1631-1647.
P(?)ppel, E. (1997).A hierarchical model of temporal perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 56-61.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Jour-nal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Reeves, A., & Sperling, G. (1986). Attention gating in short-term visual memory. Psychol Rev, 93(2), 180-206.
Remington, R., & Pierce, L. (1984). Moving attention: evidence for time-invariant shifts of visual selective attention. Percept Psychophys, 35(4), 393-399.
Remington, R. W., Folk, C. L., & McLean, J. E (2001). Contingent attentional capture or delayed allocation of attention? Percept Psychophys, 63(2), 298-307.
Shulman, G. L., Remington,R.W.,& McLean,J.P. (1979). Moving attention through visual space Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 522-526.
Sperting, G., & Weichselgartner, E. (1995). Episodic theory of the dynamics of spatial attention. Psychological Review 102(3), 503-532.
Theeuwes, J. (1991). Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Percept Psychophys, 50(2), 184-193.
Theeuwes, J. (1992). Perceptual selectivity for color and form. Percept Psychophys, 51(6), 599-606.
Theeuwes, J. (1994). Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(4), 799-806.
Theeuwes, J., & Burger, R. (1998). Attentional control during visual search: the effect of irrelevant singletons. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 24(5), 1342-1353.
Theeuwes, J., & Godljn, R. (2002). Irrelevant singletons capture attention: evidence from inhibition of return. Percept Psychophys, 64(5), 764-770.
Tipper, S. P., & Behrmann, M. (1996). Object-centered not scene-based visual neglect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1261-1278.
Tsal, Y. (1983). Movements of attention across the visual field. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 9(4), 523-530.
Van Zoest, W., Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2004). The role of stimulus-driven and goal-driven control in saccadic visual selection. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 30(4), 746-759.
Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A Revised Model of Visual Search. Psychonornic Bulletin & Review, 1,202-238.
Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2003). Dissociations among attention, perception, and awareness during object-substitution masking. Psychological Science, 14, 605-611.
Yantis, S., & Egeth, H. E. (1999). On the distinction between visual salience and stimulus-driven attentional capture. J Exp PsychoI Hum Percept Perform, 25(3), 661-676.
Yantis, S., & Hillstrom, A. P. (1994). Stimulus-driven attentional capture: evidence from equiluminant visual objects. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(1), 95-107.
Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: evidence from visual search. JExp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 10(5), 601-621.
Breitmeyer, B. G., & Ganz, L. (1976). Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychol Rev, 83(1), 1-36.
Broadbent, D. E. (1982). Task combination and the selective intake of information. Acta Psychologica, 50, 253～290.
Cheal, M., & Lyon, D. R. (1991). Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice discrimination. Q JExp Psychol A, 43(4), 859-880.
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 18, 193-222.
Downing, C. J., & Pinker, S. (1985). The spatial structure of visual attention. In M. I. P. O. Marin (Ed.), Attention and Performance (pp. 171-187): Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Egeth, H. E., & Yantis, S. (1997). Visual attention: control, representatiorn, and time course. Annu Rev Psychol, 48, 269-297.
Egly, R., Driver, J, & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. Journal of Experienmental Psychology: General, 123(2), 161-177.
Enroth-Cugell, C., & Robson,J.G. (1966). The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. Journal of Psychology, 187, 517-552.
Eriksen, C. W., & St James, J. D. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: a zoom lens model. Percept Psychophys., 40(4), 225-240.
Folk, C. L., & Remington, R. (1998). Selectivity in distraction by irrelevant featural singletons: evidence for two forms of attentional capture. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 24(3), 847-858.
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 18(4), 1030-1044.
Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Wright, J. H. (1994). The structure of attentional control: contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(2), 317-329.
Hickey, C., McDonald, J. J., & Theeuwes, J. (in press). Electrophysiological evidence of attentional capture. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Hillstrom, A. P., & Yantis, S. (1994). Visual motion and attentional capture. Percept Psychophys, 55(4), 399-411.
Hoffman, J. E.,& Nelson, B. (1981). Spatial selectivity in visual search. Percept Psychophys, 30(3), 283-290.
Jonides, J., & Yantis, S. (1988). Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing. attention. Percept Psychophys, 43(4), 346-354.
Kahneman, D., & Henik, A. (1981). Perceptual o, rganization and attention. In M. K. J. R. Pomerantz (Ed.), Perceptual Organization (pp. 181-211): Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
LaBerge, D. (1983). Spatial extent of attention to letters and words. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 9(3), 371-379.
LaBerge, D., & Brown, V. (1989). Theory of attentional operations in shape indentification. Psychological Review, 96, 101-124.
Lamme, V. A. (2003). Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends Cogn Sci, 7(1), 12-18.
McCormick, P. A. (1997). Orienting Attention without Awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23(1), 168-180.
Moore, C. M., & Osman, A. M, (1993). Looking for two targets at the same time: One search or two? Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 381-390.
M(?)ller, H. J., & Rabbitt, P. M. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: time course of activation and resistance to interruption. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 15(2), 315-330.
Nakayama, K., & Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention. Vision Res, 29(11), 1631-1647.
P(?)ppel, E. (1997).A hierarchical model of temporal perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 56-61.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Jour-nal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Reeves, A., & Sperling, G. (1986). Attention gating in short-term visual memory. Psychol Rev, 93(2), 180-206.
Remington, R., & Pierce, L. (1984). Moving attention: evidence for time-invariant shifts of visual selective attention. Percept Psychophys, 35(4), 393-399.
Remington, R. W., Folk, C. L., & McLean, J. E (2001). Contingent attentional capture or delayed allocation of attention? Percept Psychophys, 63(2), 298-307.
Shulman, G. L., Remington,R.W.,& McLean,J.P. (1979). Moving attention through visual space Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 522-526.
Sperting, G., & Weichselgartner, E. (1995). Episodic theory of the dynamics of spatial attention. Psychological Review 102(3), 503-532.
Theeuwes, J. (1991). Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity. Percept Psychophys, 50(2), 184-193.
Theeuwes, J. (1992). Perceptual selectivity for color and form. Percept Psychophys, 51(6), 599-606.
Theeuwes, J. (1994). Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(4), 799-806.
Theeuwes, J., & Burger, R. (1998). Attentional control during visual search: the effect of irrelevant singletons. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 24(5), 1342-1353.
Theeuwes, J., & Godljn, R. (2002). Irrelevant singletons capture attention: evidence from inhibition of return. Percept Psychophys, 64(5), 764-770.
Tipper, S. P., & Behrmann, M. (1996). Object-centered not scene-based visual neglect. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1261-1278.
Tsal, Y. (1983). Movements of attention across the visual field. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 9(4), 523-530.
Van Zoest, W., Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2004). The role of stimulus-driven and goal-driven control in saccadic visual selection. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 30(4), 746-759.
Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A Revised Model of Visual Search. Psychonornic Bulletin & Review, 1,202-238.
Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2003). Dissociations among attention, perception, and awareness during object-substitution masking. Psychological Science, 14, 605-611.
Yantis, S., & Egeth, H. E. (1999). On the distinction between visual salience and stimulus-driven attentional capture. J Exp PsychoI Hum Percept Perform, 25(3), 661-676.
Yantis, S., & Hillstrom, A. P. (1994). Stimulus-driven attentional capture: evidence from equiluminant visual objects. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 20(1), 95-107.
Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: evidence from visual search. JExp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 10(5), 601-621.