土石坝地震破坏机理振动台试验研究
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摘要
能源需求仍是当今世界发展的主题,我国十二五能源规划要求要加快推进水电能源等可再生资源的开发与建设,大力开发水能资源已成为确保我国能源安全、实现节能减排目标的重要战略举措。土石坝是当今坝工建设中最常见的一种坝型,我国已建和在建的近百座百米级高土石坝大多位于高地震烈度区。随着我国西部水电大开发进程的加快和南水北调西线工程的规划实施,还将兴建一批高土石坝。大坝的高度越来越高,随之而来的大坝安全性也越来越重要。强震下的大坝安全是水利枢纽的关键问题,这些高坝大库一旦因地震失事,其后果将是灾难性的。然而,由于现代碾压土石坝遭受强震破坏的记录非常少,缺乏强震区土石坝的实际震害资料和地震反应记录,对土石坝地震破坏机理的认识尚不深入,现有的土石坝抗震措施大多属经验型,缺乏定量或半定量的系统论证,抗震措施研究明显滞后于实际工程。因此,面向国家重大工程需求,开展土石坝地震破坏机理研究、论证可行的抗震措施,对提升我国土石坝抗震设计水平,保障能源需求和安全,保障社会经济可持续发展、人民生活安定和谐具有十分重要的意义。
尽管土动力学理论、土石坝数值分析技术得到长足发展,但土石坝的振动台模型试验仍然是验证动力分析模型,阐明破坏机理、分析大坝抗震性能、验证抗震措施有效性的重要手段。由于土石材料呈现强烈的非线性性质,因此很难选择一种完全满足相似关系要求的模型材料。另外,现有振动台模型试验的测试技术,难以准确量测坝坡震损过程中堆石体滑移破坏机制,难以准确量测面板、心墙等低强度材料的变形破坏过程,无法满足土石坝地震破坏机理研究的需要。因此,研究并改进振动台模型试验的模型设计方法、模型材料的制配方法、模型的制作工艺、振动台测试技术和分析手段等,是提高模型试验水平的关键,也是国内外同行学者普遍关注的课题。这些问题的解决对于评价振动台模型试验成果,进而应用于工程实际是非常重要的。
针对以上问题,本文开发了土石坝振动台试验新技术,利用这些新的试验技术进行了一系列振动台模型试验并结合数值模拟技术系统地研究了地震作用下土石坝(包括面板堆石坝和心墙堆石坝)的破坏机理,据此提出可行的抗震措施,并对抗震措施的有效性及其作用机制进行试验验证。本文主要工作包括：
1)依据大量的试验数据,研制了一种混凝土面板模型材料,该材料具有高密度、低弹性模量和低强度的特性,可以同时满足弹性相似和重力相似的要求,为探明地震作用下面板的破坏机理提供了模拟技术；在土石坝(散粒体结构)振动台模型试验中引入图像识别技术,开发了一套完善的图像采集、快速存储和图像识别系统,解决了颗粒位移和变形量测困难的问题,提高了散粒体结构变形量测的精度,实现了全断面、全时程的变形量测；将分布式光纤光栅应变传感器应用到低强度、低弹性模量的面板和心墙的应变量测中,解决了土石坝振动台模型试验中低强度、低弹性模量结构应变量测困难的问题,并通过传感器的串接,利用光纤光栅解调仪进行单通道多个传感器的同时测量,大幅度降低对大坝模型的干扰。这些新技术为深入研究强震时土石坝破坏机理提供了技术支持。
2)阐述了模型材料的选配方法,并进行实例分析。利用选择的模型材料(堆石料和心墙材料)设计心墙堆石坝模型试验,对心墙坝的地震稳定性进行研究,并研究了不同的地震动输入对坝体变形和稳定的影响；利用图像识别技术对坝体堆石颗粒的运动和坝体的破坏过程进行全程追踪；利用光纤光栅应变传感器对心墙进行应变量测；根据试验结果对所开发试验技术的有效性进行了验证。
3)利用所选择的模型填筑料和根据相似关系制备的模型面板材料设计了一系列面板堆石坝振动台模型试验,对面板堆石坝的地震破坏机理进行研究。根据振动台试验以及数值模拟结果,阐明了上游面板两种破坏模式(弯曲破坏和压剪破坏)的机理,为抗震措施的提出提供试验依据。
4)针对紫坪铺面板堆石坝在“5.12汶川大地震”中的主要震害之一,即面板错台现象,设计模型试验进行研究。采用基于有限差分法的弹塑性分析和基于有限元动力时程法的极限平衡分析对试验过程进行数值模拟,将模型试验和数值分析结果同解析分析相结合,阐明了紫坪铺大坝面板错台机理。
5)根据面板堆石坝地震破坏机理,以增强坝顶区上下游坝坡土体的稳定和抗变形能力为目标,设计振动台模型试验,通过类比的试验方法阐明了不同加固措施对坝体破坏模式、坝顶沉降率、坝宽改变率、颗粒运动速度、坝坡颗粒起滑加速度以及面板断裂和压剪破坏(错台)加速度等因素的影响规律及其作用机制,并建议了坝高4/5以上坝顶区采用胶结碎石或土工格栅联合下游护坡的加固措施。
本文得到国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点项目“高土石坝地震灾变模拟及安全控制方法研究”(编号：90815024)、国家自然科学基金面上资助项目“层状地基中基础穿透破坏的机理和判据研究”(编号：50978045)、国家自然科学基金委创新研究群体基金(编号：51121005)、辽宁省创新团队项目(编号：2009T017)的资助,在此一并表示感谢。
The energe demand is still a key topic of the present world. The latest five year energe plan of China proposes that we should accelerate promote the development of the water resourses. The earth-rockfill dam is the mostly used dam type in the construction of the dam engineering. An increasing number of tall earth-rockfill dams will be built in southwest China and other locations around the world, some of which are highly seismic areas. The height of the dam is more and more high, and the issue of safety of them becomes of vital importance. The safety of the earth-rockfill under strong earthquake is the key problem of the hydraulic engineering and it will be a disastrous accident if the earth-rockfill is broken. However, only a limited number of dams have been damaged by earthquakes, particularly earthquakes with high magnitude. This lack of data limits the accuracy to judge the seismic safety of earth-rockfill dams under high-magnitude earthquakes. So the dams' failure mechanism during earthquakes has remained unclear, which has limited the ability to accurately judge dam safety. The current aseismic measures mostly according to the experience and lacking of the validation of the actual projects or experiments. So researches on the seismic failure mechanism and aseismic measures of earth-rockfill dams have important significance on improving the design technology and protecting the life security of the public people.
It is difficult to predict the deformation of the earth-rockfill due to the lack of the in-situ data and the soil complexity in both the constitutive model and calculation parameters. The shaking table model test is the most effective method for studying the failure mode and the failure mechanism of soil structures under seismic loads because of its flexibility and convenience. The rockfill has strong nonlinear characteristics so it is hard to select a model material satisfying the similitude law completely in the earth-rockfill dam shaking table model tests. In addition, the current experimental technologies have some limitations on researching the seismic failure mode and failure mechanism of the earth-rockfill dams such as it is hard to measure the displacements of the discrete material and it is also hard to measure the strain of the model slab and clay core with low strehgth and elastic modulus. So the researches on the model similarity, the development of the model material and the improments on the experimental technologies have great significance on improving the technical level of the shaking table model test of earth-rockfill. And the solving of these problems is also important on evaluating the test results and applying the test results on the practical project.
Considering of the limitations of the current experimental technologies, some improvements on the shaking table model test technology are introduced. And then, the seismic failure mechanism and aseismic measures of earth-rockfill dams (including earth-core rockfill dam-ECRD and concreted faced rockfill dam-CFRD) are researched based on the introduced experimental technologies. The research work carried out in the present thesis can be summarized as follows:
1) A model slab material satisfying the similitude law is developed according to numerous experimental datas. The PIV technology is applied to large-scale shaking table model tests on slope stability, and the failure criterion is also studied. A system for image collecting, fast storing and pattern recognition, by which Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technology can be used in shaking table tests to obtain the displacements of soil particles. A type of specially designed distributed Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) as strain sensors to measure the strains of the model slabs which have very low elastic modulus and strength. The disturbance of the FBG sensors to the dam model are reduced by linking the sensors together and several sensors can be measured together by a single channel. These new experimental technologies provide technician support to research the failure mechanism of earth-rockfill dams under earthquake.
2) The methods to prepare the model materials are discussed, and some examples are analyzed. A series of model experiments are designed to investigate the dynamic failure mode and failure mechanism of ECRDs. Different input waves including the gradually increasing sinusoidal waveform and a series of synthetic wave with increasing magnitude are employed to investigate the failure mechanism of ECRDs under different conditions. Then the effectivenesses of the developed experimental technologies are validated according to the test results.
3) A series of model experiments are designed to investigate the dynamic failure mode and failure mechanism of CFRDs. Based on the experimental results and numerical simulation, the failure process of the dam and the failure mechanisms of slab fracture and slab dislocation are discussed.
4) A shaking table model test is designed to research the main damage characteristics of the Zipingpu dam, i.e. the slab dislocation. And the failure mechanism of the slab dislocation is researched by the test results, the numerical simulation results (including the finite difference method and the dynamic finite element time history method), and also the analysis method resluts.
5) To discuss the effects of possible measures on enhancing the stability of CFRD, a series of model experiments are conducted. The measures discussed herein include using geo-textile to enhance the upper model, placing some slope protection materials on the downstream slope surface, and replacing the top model rock-fill by cemented rock-fill material. Moreover, a new aseismic measure is presented to overcome the weakness of the current measures that is using the concrete layer to replace the geo-textile and the steel bar. Accroding to the comparison of the crest settlement rate, the surface grain yield acceleration, the slab fracture acceleration, and the slab dislocation acceleration of each model, the effectiveness of each aseismic measures on improving the stability and anti-deformation ability of CFRD are researched. Finally, the measure in which firstly the upper1/5of the dam is reinforced, and then the downstream slope is protected by the slope protection material, such as grouted stone pitching, is suggested.
This work is funded by the National Natural Scientific Foundations of China (Grant No.90815024,51121005,50978045and2009T017). These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
尽管土动力学理论、土石坝数值分析技术得到长足发展,但土石坝的振动台模型试验仍然是验证动力分析模型,阐明破坏机理、分析大坝抗震性能、验证抗震措施有效性的重要手段。由于土石材料呈现强烈的非线性性质,因此很难选择一种完全满足相似关系要求的模型材料。另外,现有振动台模型试验的测试技术,难以准确量测坝坡震损过程中堆石体滑移破坏机制,难以准确量测面板、心墙等低强度材料的变形破坏过程,无法满足土石坝地震破坏机理研究的需要。因此,研究并改进振动台模型试验的模型设计方法、模型材料的制配方法、模型的制作工艺、振动台测试技术和分析手段等,是提高模型试验水平的关键,也是国内外同行学者普遍关注的课题。这些问题的解决对于评价振动台模型试验成果,进而应用于工程实际是非常重要的。
针对以上问题,本文开发了土石坝振动台试验新技术,利用这些新的试验技术进行了一系列振动台模型试验并结合数值模拟技术系统地研究了地震作用下土石坝(包括面板堆石坝和心墙堆石坝)的破坏机理,据此提出可行的抗震措施,并对抗震措施的有效性及其作用机制进行试验验证。本文主要工作包括：
1)依据大量的试验数据,研制了一种混凝土面板模型材料,该材料具有高密度、低弹性模量和低强度的特性,可以同时满足弹性相似和重力相似的要求,为探明地震作用下面板的破坏机理提供了模拟技术；在土石坝(散粒体结构)振动台模型试验中引入图像识别技术,开发了一套完善的图像采集、快速存储和图像识别系统,解决了颗粒位移和变形量测困难的问题,提高了散粒体结构变形量测的精度,实现了全断面、全时程的变形量测；将分布式光纤光栅应变传感器应用到低强度、低弹性模量的面板和心墙的应变量测中,解决了土石坝振动台模型试验中低强度、低弹性模量结构应变量测困难的问题,并通过传感器的串接,利用光纤光栅解调仪进行单通道多个传感器的同时测量,大幅度降低对大坝模型的干扰。这些新技术为深入研究强震时土石坝破坏机理提供了技术支持。
2)阐述了模型材料的选配方法,并进行实例分析。利用选择的模型材料(堆石料和心墙材料)设计心墙堆石坝模型试验,对心墙坝的地震稳定性进行研究,并研究了不同的地震动输入对坝体变形和稳定的影响；利用图像识别技术对坝体堆石颗粒的运动和坝体的破坏过程进行全程追踪；利用光纤光栅应变传感器对心墙进行应变量测；根据试验结果对所开发试验技术的有效性进行了验证。
3)利用所选择的模型填筑料和根据相似关系制备的模型面板材料设计了一系列面板堆石坝振动台模型试验,对面板堆石坝的地震破坏机理进行研究。根据振动台试验以及数值模拟结果,阐明了上游面板两种破坏模式(弯曲破坏和压剪破坏)的机理,为抗震措施的提出提供试验依据。
4)针对紫坪铺面板堆石坝在“5.12汶川大地震”中的主要震害之一,即面板错台现象,设计模型试验进行研究。采用基于有限差分法的弹塑性分析和基于有限元动力时程法的极限平衡分析对试验过程进行数值模拟,将模型试验和数值分析结果同解析分析相结合,阐明了紫坪铺大坝面板错台机理。
5)根据面板堆石坝地震破坏机理,以增强坝顶区上下游坝坡土体的稳定和抗变形能力为目标,设计振动台模型试验,通过类比的试验方法阐明了不同加固措施对坝体破坏模式、坝顶沉降率、坝宽改变率、颗粒运动速度、坝坡颗粒起滑加速度以及面板断裂和压剪破坏(错台)加速度等因素的影响规律及其作用机制,并建议了坝高4/5以上坝顶区采用胶结碎石或土工格栅联合下游护坡的加固措施。
本文得到国家自然科学基金重大研究计划重点项目“高土石坝地震灾变模拟及安全控制方法研究”(编号：90815024)、国家自然科学基金面上资助项目“层状地基中基础穿透破坏的机理和判据研究”(编号：50978045)、国家自然科学基金委创新研究群体基金(编号：51121005)、辽宁省创新团队项目(编号：2009T017)的资助,在此一并表示感谢。
The energe demand is still a key topic of the present world. The latest five year energe plan of China proposes that we should accelerate promote the development of the water resourses. The earth-rockfill dam is the mostly used dam type in the construction of the dam engineering. An increasing number of tall earth-rockfill dams will be built in southwest China and other locations around the world, some of which are highly seismic areas. The height of the dam is more and more high, and the issue of safety of them becomes of vital importance. The safety of the earth-rockfill under strong earthquake is the key problem of the hydraulic engineering and it will be a disastrous accident if the earth-rockfill is broken. However, only a limited number of dams have been damaged by earthquakes, particularly earthquakes with high magnitude. This lack of data limits the accuracy to judge the seismic safety of earth-rockfill dams under high-magnitude earthquakes. So the dams' failure mechanism during earthquakes has remained unclear, which has limited the ability to accurately judge dam safety. The current aseismic measures mostly according to the experience and lacking of the validation of the actual projects or experiments. So researches on the seismic failure mechanism and aseismic measures of earth-rockfill dams have important significance on improving the design technology and protecting the life security of the public people.
It is difficult to predict the deformation of the earth-rockfill due to the lack of the in-situ data and the soil complexity in both the constitutive model and calculation parameters. The shaking table model test is the most effective method for studying the failure mode and the failure mechanism of soil structures under seismic loads because of its flexibility and convenience. The rockfill has strong nonlinear characteristics so it is hard to select a model material satisfying the similitude law completely in the earth-rockfill dam shaking table model tests. In addition, the current experimental technologies have some limitations on researching the seismic failure mode and failure mechanism of the earth-rockfill dams such as it is hard to measure the displacements of the discrete material and it is also hard to measure the strain of the model slab and clay core with low strehgth and elastic modulus. So the researches on the model similarity, the development of the model material and the improments on the experimental technologies have great significance on improving the technical level of the shaking table model test of earth-rockfill. And the solving of these problems is also important on evaluating the test results and applying the test results on the practical project.
Considering of the limitations of the current experimental technologies, some improvements on the shaking table model test technology are introduced. And then, the seismic failure mechanism and aseismic measures of earth-rockfill dams (including earth-core rockfill dam-ECRD and concreted faced rockfill dam-CFRD) are researched based on the introduced experimental technologies. The research work carried out in the present thesis can be summarized as follows:
1) A model slab material satisfying the similitude law is developed according to numerous experimental datas. The PIV technology is applied to large-scale shaking table model tests on slope stability, and the failure criterion is also studied. A system for image collecting, fast storing and pattern recognition, by which Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technology can be used in shaking table tests to obtain the displacements of soil particles. A type of specially designed distributed Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) as strain sensors to measure the strains of the model slabs which have very low elastic modulus and strength. The disturbance of the FBG sensors to the dam model are reduced by linking the sensors together and several sensors can be measured together by a single channel. These new experimental technologies provide technician support to research the failure mechanism of earth-rockfill dams under earthquake.
2) The methods to prepare the model materials are discussed, and some examples are analyzed. A series of model experiments are designed to investigate the dynamic failure mode and failure mechanism of ECRDs. Different input waves including the gradually increasing sinusoidal waveform and a series of synthetic wave with increasing magnitude are employed to investigate the failure mechanism of ECRDs under different conditions. Then the effectivenesses of the developed experimental technologies are validated according to the test results.
3) A series of model experiments are designed to investigate the dynamic failure mode and failure mechanism of CFRDs. Based on the experimental results and numerical simulation, the failure process of the dam and the failure mechanisms of slab fracture and slab dislocation are discussed.
4) A shaking table model test is designed to research the main damage characteristics of the Zipingpu dam, i.e. the slab dislocation. And the failure mechanism of the slab dislocation is researched by the test results, the numerical simulation results (including the finite difference method and the dynamic finite element time history method), and also the analysis method resluts.
5) To discuss the effects of possible measures on enhancing the stability of CFRD, a series of model experiments are conducted. The measures discussed herein include using geo-textile to enhance the upper model, placing some slope protection materials on the downstream slope surface, and replacing the top model rock-fill by cemented rock-fill material. Moreover, a new aseismic measure is presented to overcome the weakness of the current measures that is using the concrete layer to replace the geo-textile and the steel bar. Accroding to the comparison of the crest settlement rate, the surface grain yield acceleration, the slab fracture acceleration, and the slab dislocation acceleration of each model, the effectiveness of each aseismic measures on improving the stability and anti-deformation ability of CFRD are researched. Finally, the measure in which firstly the upper1/5of the dam is reinforced, and then the downstream slope is protected by the slope protection material, such as grouted stone pitching, is suggested.
This work is funded by the National Natural Scientific Foundations of China (Grant No.90815024,51121005,50978045and2009T017). These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
引文
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