基于关键链的复杂产品研发多项目调度问题研究
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摘要
随着经济全球化的发展和国际竞争的日趋激烈，复杂产品研发已经成为企业、行业、国家竞争的一个核心领域。为获得持续的国际、国内优势，许多企业不断开发新的复杂产品。由于技术和制造的承接性，这些复杂产品往往并行开发，多个并行的复杂产品研发项目之间资源竞争非常激烈，这为企业层面的多项目调度提出了新的理论和实践课题。目前的研究成果多侧重于单个项目的资源配置和调度，对企业层面的多项目调度研究较少。因此，面向复杂产品研发过程，研究企业层面多项目管理中的资源配置和调度问题，从制约企业新产品研发效率的瓶颈因素角度对复杂产品研发多项目调度过程进行计划和控制，对于提高复杂产品研发企业的产能和资源利用率具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文基于关键链项目管理方法，针对复杂产品研发企业多项目管理的现状，研究了复杂产品研发多项目调度问题，提出了基于关键链的多项目调度模型和相关决策方法。主要内容包括：构建基于关键链的复杂产品研发项目和任务绩效评估指标体系，对应用关键链方法实施调度的复杂产品研发项目的绩效进行评估；构建所有任务只使用单一类型资源的情况下基于关键链的多项目调度模型，并应用甘特图对实例进行了情景分析和说明；建立全部任务使用多种类型资源的情况下，以多项目总延迟成本最小为目标函数，基于关键链的多项目调度两层决策模型；最后根据关键链多项目调度管理系统的特征和优势，构建基于关键链项目管理方法及模型的多项目调度管理系统。
本文的主要研究内容和创新点如下：
（1）研究基于关键链的复杂产品研发项目和任务绩效评估问题。首先分析了基于关键链的多项目绩效评估问题及其对资源竞争情况下多项目调度问题的重要意义；然后基于关键链项目管理方法的特征，分别构建了项目和任务绩效评估指标体系；接着考虑复杂产品研发多项目调度决策过程中的主观不确定性、模糊性、定量和定性指标共存性等，提出将模糊层次分析法与证据理论方法相结合的评估方法；对某大型汽车制造企业的汽车整车产品研发项目绩效进行评估并产生相应的项目优先权顺序，仿真结果验证了该评估方法的合理性和有效性。
（2）研究单一类型资源模式下，基于关键链的复杂产品研发多项目调度问题。首先从复杂产品研发调度过程的特征出发，分析了项目的组织结构对多项目资源分配和调度产生的影响，提出了基于关键链方法进行多项目调度的两个基本定理；接着以上述定理为基础，建立基于瓶颈任务的多项目调度决策模型和多项目调度的组织责任模型，提出了所有任务仅使用单一类型的资源时基于关键链的多项目调度方法；然后根据项目和任务绩效评估指标体系，确定多项目中的项目优先权并进一步产生瓶颈任务的优先权顺序；应用上述基于关键链的新方法以解决汽车整车平台研发多项目调度问题，将其结果与基于项目优先权的关键链多项目调度方法进行比较，以阐明该方法的有效性和先进性。
（3）研究多类型资源模式下复杂产品研发的多项目调度问题。首先根据复杂产品研发过程中多项目调度的特征，从关系企业整体绩效的全局出发，提出基于关键链的两层决策模型，以解决任务占用多种类型资源情况下资源受限的多项目调度问题。然后综合关键链项目管理理论和两层决策方法，分别以多项目总工期最短和多项目延迟成本最小为目标，建立多类型资源模式下基于关键链的多项目调度模型；接着综合基于任务优先权规则的启发式串行调度算法和模拟退火算法，提出一种新型混合模拟退火算法并求解该模型；在某汽车企业的复杂产品研发多项目调度计划中验证和比较了上述模型和算法求解效率，同时对算法的稳定性进行了分析。
（4）研究基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统。针对复杂产品研发过程中多项目管理的特点，介绍基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统的功能特征，并比较其在汽车整车产品研发项目管理领域相对基于关键路径的项目调度系统所具有的优势；面向国内复杂产品研发行业基于关键链的多项目调度系统应用现状，根据前文提出的多项目调度理论决策模型和方法，构建基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统的总体框架并进行快速原型设计。
Along with the development of economic globalization and fierce international competition,complex product development&research(R&D) has became a core competence among enterprises,industries and nations. To acquire continuous international and domestic advantages, manyenterprises develop new complex products constantly.
Due to the succession of technology and manufacturing, these complex products often developconcurrently, which lead to intense resources competition among several parallel complex productR&D projects, thus a new theory and practice put forward for multi-project scheduling onenterprise level. The results of current research have focused on resource allocation and schedulingof a single project, whereas less studies have been put on multi-project of a whole enterprise.Therefore, we should face the R&D process of complex product and study the resource allocationand scheduling of multi-project on enterprise level. Planning and controlling the multi-projectscheduling process of complex product R&D bases on the bottleneck of new product R&Defficiency. These are important in improving the capacity and resource utilization of complexproduct R&D enterprises.
The dissertation aimed at the present situation of multi-project management of complexproduct R&D enterprises, studies the problem of complex product R&D multi-project schedulingbased on critical chain method(CCM), and presents the scheduling model and decision method ofmulti-project. Firstly, built the index system of project and task performance evaluation based onCCM and then evaluated the performance of project. Secondly, built the multi-project schedulingmodel based on CCM under the situation of a single resource used in all tasks. Scenario analysisand illustration of the example was done by Gantt Chart. Thirdly, established the bi-level decisionmodel of critical chain multi-project scheduling under the situation that all tasks using differentkinds of resources and set up the objective function as the minimum total delay cost inmulti-project. Finally, a multi-project scheduling management system based on CCM was built toassist the whole decision making process.
The main research contents and contributions in the dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) It researched the problem of complex product R&D project and task performanceevaluation based on CCM. Firstly, analyzed the multi-project performance evaluation problembased on critical chain and the significance of multi-project scheduling under resource competition.Then, built the performance evaluation index system of project and task respectively based on thefigures of CCM. An evaluation method based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(FAHP) and Evidence Reasoning(ER）was proposed in consideration of subjective uncertainty, fuzziness,co-existence of quantitative and qualitative indicators during the decision process of Complexproduct R&D multi-project scheduling. Lastly, evaluated the automotive product R&D projectperformance and the corresponding project priorities of a large automobile manufacturingenterprise. The simulation results verify the rationality and effectiveness of the evaluation method.
(2) It researched the complex product R&D multi-project scheduling base on CCM under thesituation of a single resource used in all tasks. Firstly, analyzed the impact of project organizationstructure on multi-project resource allocation starting from the characters of complex product R&Dscheduling process. Meanwhile, it proposed that there are two basic axioms of multi-projectscheduling based on CCM. Then, set up the decision and organization responsibility model basedon bottleneck task of above axioms, and presented a new scheduling method when a singleresource used in all tasks. Thirdly, confirmed the project and task priorities on the basis of projectand task performance evaluation index system. Finally, applied the above new methods based onCCM to resolve the multi-project scheduling of automobile product R&D process, and comparedthe results with which obtained from the CCM based on project priority to illustrate theeffectiveness and advancement of the new proposed method.
(3) It researched multi-project scheduling problem under the situation that all tasks usingdifferent kinds of resources. Firstly, presented a bi-level decision model based on CCM formenterprise’s overall performance to settled the Resource Constrained Multi-Project SchedulingProblem(RCMPSP) under the situation of tasks using different kinds of resources. Secondly,integrated the CCM and a bi-level decision method to build the critical chain multi-projectscheduling model under multi-resource environment with objective function as the minimum totaldelay cost and the minimum multi-project duration respectively. Then, proposed a new HybridSimulated Annealing (HSA) based on Serial Schedule Generation Scheme(SSGS) and SimulatedAnnealing (SA) and calculated the model. At last, verified and compared the above models andarithmetic in the complex product R&D multi-project scheduling plan of an automotive enterpriseand analyzed stability of the algorithm.
(4) It researched the multi-project scheduling management system of CCM. Illustrated thefunctional characteristics of above system and it’s advantage in the area of automobile productR&D project management, and compared it to project scheduling system of Critical PathMethod(CPM). Then, faced to the current application situation of Chinese complex product R&Dindustry of multi-project scheduling system based on CCM. Built the general framework ofmulti-project management system under the above decision model and method, thus conducted therapid prototyping.
本文基于关键链项目管理方法，针对复杂产品研发企业多项目管理的现状，研究了复杂产品研发多项目调度问题，提出了基于关键链的多项目调度模型和相关决策方法。主要内容包括：构建基于关键链的复杂产品研发项目和任务绩效评估指标体系，对应用关键链方法实施调度的复杂产品研发项目的绩效进行评估；构建所有任务只使用单一类型资源的情况下基于关键链的多项目调度模型，并应用甘特图对实例进行了情景分析和说明；建立全部任务使用多种类型资源的情况下，以多项目总延迟成本最小为目标函数，基于关键链的多项目调度两层决策模型；最后根据关键链多项目调度管理系统的特征和优势，构建基于关键链项目管理方法及模型的多项目调度管理系统。
本文的主要研究内容和创新点如下：
（1）研究基于关键链的复杂产品研发项目和任务绩效评估问题。首先分析了基于关键链的多项目绩效评估问题及其对资源竞争情况下多项目调度问题的重要意义；然后基于关键链项目管理方法的特征，分别构建了项目和任务绩效评估指标体系；接着考虑复杂产品研发多项目调度决策过程中的主观不确定性、模糊性、定量和定性指标共存性等，提出将模糊层次分析法与证据理论方法相结合的评估方法；对某大型汽车制造企业的汽车整车产品研发项目绩效进行评估并产生相应的项目优先权顺序，仿真结果验证了该评估方法的合理性和有效性。
（2）研究单一类型资源模式下，基于关键链的复杂产品研发多项目调度问题。首先从复杂产品研发调度过程的特征出发，分析了项目的组织结构对多项目资源分配和调度产生的影响，提出了基于关键链方法进行多项目调度的两个基本定理；接着以上述定理为基础，建立基于瓶颈任务的多项目调度决策模型和多项目调度的组织责任模型，提出了所有任务仅使用单一类型的资源时基于关键链的多项目调度方法；然后根据项目和任务绩效评估指标体系，确定多项目中的项目优先权并进一步产生瓶颈任务的优先权顺序；应用上述基于关键链的新方法以解决汽车整车平台研发多项目调度问题，将其结果与基于项目优先权的关键链多项目调度方法进行比较，以阐明该方法的有效性和先进性。
（3）研究多类型资源模式下复杂产品研发的多项目调度问题。首先根据复杂产品研发过程中多项目调度的特征，从关系企业整体绩效的全局出发，提出基于关键链的两层决策模型，以解决任务占用多种类型资源情况下资源受限的多项目调度问题。然后综合关键链项目管理理论和两层决策方法，分别以多项目总工期最短和多项目延迟成本最小为目标，建立多类型资源模式下基于关键链的多项目调度模型；接着综合基于任务优先权规则的启发式串行调度算法和模拟退火算法，提出一种新型混合模拟退火算法并求解该模型；在某汽车企业的复杂产品研发多项目调度计划中验证和比较了上述模型和算法求解效率，同时对算法的稳定性进行了分析。
（4）研究基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统。针对复杂产品研发过程中多项目管理的特点，介绍基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统的功能特征，并比较其在汽车整车产品研发项目管理领域相对基于关键路径的项目调度系统所具有的优势；面向国内复杂产品研发行业基于关键链的多项目调度系统应用现状，根据前文提出的多项目调度理论决策模型和方法，构建基于关键链的多项目调度管理系统的总体框架并进行快速原型设计。
Along with the development of economic globalization and fierce international competition,complex product development&research(R&D) has became a core competence among enterprises,industries and nations. To acquire continuous international and domestic advantages, manyenterprises develop new complex products constantly.
Due to the succession of technology and manufacturing, these complex products often developconcurrently, which lead to intense resources competition among several parallel complex productR&D projects, thus a new theory and practice put forward for multi-project scheduling onenterprise level. The results of current research have focused on resource allocation and schedulingof a single project, whereas less studies have been put on multi-project of a whole enterprise.Therefore, we should face the R&D process of complex product and study the resource allocationand scheduling of multi-project on enterprise level. Planning and controlling the multi-projectscheduling process of complex product R&D bases on the bottleneck of new product R&Defficiency. These are important in improving the capacity and resource utilization of complexproduct R&D enterprises.
The dissertation aimed at the present situation of multi-project management of complexproduct R&D enterprises, studies the problem of complex product R&D multi-project schedulingbased on critical chain method(CCM), and presents the scheduling model and decision method ofmulti-project. Firstly, built the index system of project and task performance evaluation based onCCM and then evaluated the performance of project. Secondly, built the multi-project schedulingmodel based on CCM under the situation of a single resource used in all tasks. Scenario analysisand illustration of the example was done by Gantt Chart. Thirdly, established the bi-level decisionmodel of critical chain multi-project scheduling under the situation that all tasks using differentkinds of resources and set up the objective function as the minimum total delay cost inmulti-project. Finally, a multi-project scheduling management system based on CCM was built toassist the whole decision making process.
The main research contents and contributions in the dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) It researched the problem of complex product R&D project and task performanceevaluation based on CCM. Firstly, analyzed the multi-project performance evaluation problembased on critical chain and the significance of multi-project scheduling under resource competition.Then, built the performance evaluation index system of project and task respectively based on thefigures of CCM. An evaluation method based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(FAHP) and Evidence Reasoning(ER）was proposed in consideration of subjective uncertainty, fuzziness,co-existence of quantitative and qualitative indicators during the decision process of Complexproduct R&D multi-project scheduling. Lastly, evaluated the automotive product R&D projectperformance and the corresponding project priorities of a large automobile manufacturingenterprise. The simulation results verify the rationality and effectiveness of the evaluation method.
(2) It researched the complex product R&D multi-project scheduling base on CCM under thesituation of a single resource used in all tasks. Firstly, analyzed the impact of project organizationstructure on multi-project resource allocation starting from the characters of complex product R&Dscheduling process. Meanwhile, it proposed that there are two basic axioms of multi-projectscheduling based on CCM. Then, set up the decision and organization responsibility model basedon bottleneck task of above axioms, and presented a new scheduling method when a singleresource used in all tasks. Thirdly, confirmed the project and task priorities on the basis of projectand task performance evaluation index system. Finally, applied the above new methods based onCCM to resolve the multi-project scheduling of automobile product R&D process, and comparedthe results with which obtained from the CCM based on project priority to illustrate theeffectiveness and advancement of the new proposed method.
(3) It researched multi-project scheduling problem under the situation that all tasks usingdifferent kinds of resources. Firstly, presented a bi-level decision model based on CCM formenterprise’s overall performance to settled the Resource Constrained Multi-Project SchedulingProblem(RCMPSP) under the situation of tasks using different kinds of resources. Secondly,integrated the CCM and a bi-level decision method to build the critical chain multi-projectscheduling model under multi-resource environment with objective function as the minimum totaldelay cost and the minimum multi-project duration respectively. Then, proposed a new HybridSimulated Annealing (HSA) based on Serial Schedule Generation Scheme(SSGS) and SimulatedAnnealing (SA) and calculated the model. At last, verified and compared the above models andarithmetic in the complex product R&D multi-project scheduling plan of an automotive enterpriseand analyzed stability of the algorithm.
(4) It researched the multi-project scheduling management system of CCM. Illustrated thefunctional characteristics of above system and it’s advantage in the area of automobile productR&D project management, and compared it to project scheduling system of Critical PathMethod(CPM). Then, faced to the current application situation of Chinese complex product R&Dindustry of multi-project scheduling system based on CCM. Built the general framework ofmulti-project management system under the above decision model and method, thus conducted therapid prototyping.
引文
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