华裔美国文学中隐喻的认知分析
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摘要
作为一种普遍使用的修辞方式,隐喻在文学作品中起着十分重要的作用。隐喻研究由来已久,大部分学者从修辞、语义等角度对其进行了具体的分析与研究。然而,隐喻并不仅限于作为一种修辞方式出现在文学作品中的,在我们平时的生活中,隐喻也到处可见。把隐喻和认知研究相结合是一种新的尝试。Fauconnier(1994)提出的概念整合理论是概念隐喻理论的延伸,它是一种基于认知的理论,能够很好地解释人脑运作的动态过程。
本文把Fauconnier的概念整合理论作为理论框架,试图从认知的角度,更全面、更深刻地探索隐喻的意义构建。我们以徐忠雄的《家园》为语料,从中筛选出与民族身份息息相关的隐喻,分析这些隐喻意象的形成机制及其在特定的背景下是如何在作者脑中呈现的。
在《家园》中,徐忠雄通过丰富的隐喻意象将他的情感和思想表达得淋漓尽致。本文将根据隐喻中所包含的意象,即自然意象、社会意象和其它(包括神话意象与命名),分为三类,然后运用概念整合理论加以分析。研究发现：概念整合理论对理解隐喻的构建是一个非常有效的工具,它能帮助我们探究隐喻是如何构成的,又是如何表达作者的感情与思想的。
As a pervasive rhetoric device, metaphor plays a very important role in literary works. The study on metaphor has a long history, most of which are carried out from the perspective of rhetoric and semantics. It is a new approach to interpret and study metaphors from the cognitive point of view. Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT), a cognitive theory advanced by Gilles Fauconnier in 1994, enables us to explore the dynamic processes involved in the mental interpretation of linguistic metaphors.
With Conceptual Blending Theory as the theoretic framework, this research intends to explore metaphor in a more comprehensive and scientific way. Taking Shawn Wong's Homebase as data, we collected the metaphorical constructions connected with ethnic identity, and analyzed how these metaphorical images are created and shaped in the writer's mind against a special background of marginalization.
In the process, we categorized metaphors into three groups in accordance with the classification of metaphorical images, that is, natural phenomena, social activities and others including mankind creations and naming. As a result, we found that CBT is an effective tool for the comprehension of metaphorical constructions. It helps to illustrate how metaphoric images are constructed and how they help to express the writer's emotions and ideologies.
本文把Fauconnier的概念整合理论作为理论框架,试图从认知的角度,更全面、更深刻地探索隐喻的意义构建。我们以徐忠雄的《家园》为语料,从中筛选出与民族身份息息相关的隐喻,分析这些隐喻意象的形成机制及其在特定的背景下是如何在作者脑中呈现的。
在《家园》中,徐忠雄通过丰富的隐喻意象将他的情感和思想表达得淋漓尽致。本文将根据隐喻中所包含的意象,即自然意象、社会意象和其它(包括神话意象与命名),分为三类,然后运用概念整合理论加以分析。研究发现：概念整合理论对理解隐喻的构建是一个非常有效的工具,它能帮助我们探究隐喻是如何构成的,又是如何表达作者的感情与思想的。
As a pervasive rhetoric device, metaphor plays a very important role in literary works. The study on metaphor has a long history, most of which are carried out from the perspective of rhetoric and semantics. It is a new approach to interpret and study metaphors from the cognitive point of view. Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT), a cognitive theory advanced by Gilles Fauconnier in 1994, enables us to explore the dynamic processes involved in the mental interpretation of linguistic metaphors.
With Conceptual Blending Theory as the theoretic framework, this research intends to explore metaphor in a more comprehensive and scientific way. Taking Shawn Wong's Homebase as data, we collected the metaphorical constructions connected with ethnic identity, and analyzed how these metaphorical images are created and shaped in the writer's mind against a special background of marginalization.
In the process, we categorized metaphors into three groups in accordance with the classification of metaphorical images, that is, natural phenomena, social activities and others including mankind creations and naming. As a result, we found that CBT is an effective tool for the comprehension of metaphorical constructions. It helps to illustrate how metaphoric images are constructed and how they help to express the writer's emotions and ideologies.
引文
Amernic, Joel & R. Craig. "Understanding accounting through conceptual metaphor: Accounting is an Instrument?" Critical Perspectives on Accounting.2009: 875-883.
Coulson, S. "Metaphor and Conceptual Blending'". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics.2006:32-39.
Dancygier, B.& E. Sweetser. Mental Spaces in Grammar. Cambridge:CUP.2005.
Fanon, F. Black Skin, White Masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann [M]. New York: Grove Press,1967.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. "Blending as a central process of grammar". A. Goldberg. Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. Stanford, CA:CSLI.2002b: 113-130.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. "Conceptual Integration Networks". Cognitive Science. 1998(2):133-188.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. The Way We Think. New York:Basic Books.2002a.
Fauconnier, G. Mapping in Thought and Language. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1997.
Fauconnier, G. Mental Space:Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1985.
Fauconnier, G. Mental spaces:Aspects of meaning construction in natural language, 2nd ed. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1994.
Feldman, J.& S. Narayanan. "Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language". Brain and Language,2004,89 (2):385-392.
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary (extended Fourth Edition). The Commercial Press,2002.1.
Kim, E. H. Preface, in Asian American Literature:An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context. Philadelphia:Temple UP,1982:ⅹⅰ-ⅹⅱ.
Kok, King & Stan Yogi Cheung. Preface, in Asian American Literature:An Annotated Bibliography. New York:The MLA of America,1988.
Kovecses, Z. Metaphor:A Practical Introduction. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 2002.
Lakoff, G.& M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago:The university of Chicago press,1980.
Ruiz de Mendoza, F. L & M. S. Pena. "Conceptual interaction, cognitive operations and projection spaces". Internal Dynamics and Interdisciplinary Interaction. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter.2005:249-280.
Schaffner, C. "Metaphor and translation:some implications of a cognitive approach" Journal of Pragmatics.2004:1253-1269.
Sesnic, J. From Shadow to Presence:Representations of Ethnicity in Contemporary American Literature. New York.2007:65.
Solomon, C. PAPERBACKS:[Home Edition 6]. Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext) 20 Jan.1991, Los Angeles Times, ProQuest. Web.11 May.2010.
Tendahl, M.& R. W. Gibbs. Complementary perspective on metaphor:Cognitive linguistics and relevance theory. Journal of Pragmatics.2008:1823-1864.
Turner, M. "Compression and representation". Language and Literature.2006(1): 17-27.
Ungerer, F.& H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008:259.
Wong, S. Homebase. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2008.
Yu, N. "The eyes for sight and mind". Journal of Pragmatics [J].2004 (36):663-686.
蓝纯.“从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻”.《外语教学与研究》.1999(4)：7-15.
牛保义.《认知语言学经典文献选读》.河南大学出版社.2008：420-421.
束定芳,汤本庆.“隐喻研究中的若干问题与研究课题”.《外语研究》.2002(2)：1-6.
束定芳.“论隐喻的认知功能”.《外语研究》.2001(2)：28-31.
汪立荣.“概念整合理论对移就的阐释”.《现代外语》.2005(3)：239-248.
汪少华,樊欣.“概念隐喻、概念整合与语篇连贯”.《外语研究》.2009(4)：24-29.
王勤玲.“概念隐喻理论与概念整合理论的对比研究”.《外语学刊》.2005(1)：42-46.
张辉.“英汉情感概念形成和表达的对比研究”.《外国语》.2000(5)：27-32.
赵明"On the Analysis of English Humor in Reading from the Perspective of CBT".吉林大学MA Thesis,2007.5.
赵艳芳.“语言的隐喻认知结构——《我们赖以生存的隐喻》评介”.《外语教学与研究》.2005(3)：67-72.
周榕.“时间隐喻表征的跨文化研究”.《现代外语》[J].2000(1)：58-66.
Coulson, S. "Metaphor and Conceptual Blending'". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics.2006:32-39.
Dancygier, B.& E. Sweetser. Mental Spaces in Grammar. Cambridge:CUP.2005.
Fanon, F. Black Skin, White Masks. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann [M]. New York: Grove Press,1967.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. "Blending as a central process of grammar". A. Goldberg. Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. Stanford, CA:CSLI.2002b: 113-130.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. "Conceptual Integration Networks". Cognitive Science. 1998(2):133-188.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. The Way We Think. New York:Basic Books.2002a.
Fauconnier, G. Mapping in Thought and Language. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1997.
Fauconnier, G. Mental Space:Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1985.
Fauconnier, G. Mental spaces:Aspects of meaning construction in natural language, 2nd ed. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1994.
Feldman, J.& S. Narayanan. "Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language". Brain and Language,2004,89 (2):385-392.
Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary (extended Fourth Edition). The Commercial Press,2002.1.
Kim, E. H. Preface, in Asian American Literature:An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context. Philadelphia:Temple UP,1982:ⅹⅰ-ⅹⅱ.
Kok, King & Stan Yogi Cheung. Preface, in Asian American Literature:An Annotated Bibliography. New York:The MLA of America,1988.
Kovecses, Z. Metaphor:A Practical Introduction. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 2002.
Lakoff, G.& M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago:The university of Chicago press,1980.
Ruiz de Mendoza, F. L & M. S. Pena. "Conceptual interaction, cognitive operations and projection spaces". Internal Dynamics and Interdisciplinary Interaction. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter.2005:249-280.
Schaffner, C. "Metaphor and translation:some implications of a cognitive approach" Journal of Pragmatics.2004:1253-1269.
Sesnic, J. From Shadow to Presence:Representations of Ethnicity in Contemporary American Literature. New York.2007:65.
Solomon, C. PAPERBACKS:[Home Edition 6]. Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext) 20 Jan.1991, Los Angeles Times, ProQuest. Web.11 May.2010.
Tendahl, M.& R. W. Gibbs. Complementary perspective on metaphor:Cognitive linguistics and relevance theory. Journal of Pragmatics.2008:1823-1864.
Turner, M. "Compression and representation". Language and Literature.2006(1): 17-27.
Ungerer, F.& H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2008:259.
Wong, S. Homebase. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2008.
Yu, N. "The eyes for sight and mind". Journal of Pragmatics [J].2004 (36):663-686.
蓝纯.“从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻”.《外语教学与研究》.1999(4)：7-15.
牛保义.《认知语言学经典文献选读》.河南大学出版社.2008：420-421.
束定芳,汤本庆.“隐喻研究中的若干问题与研究课题”.《外语研究》.2002(2)：1-6.
束定芳.“论隐喻的认知功能”.《外语研究》.2001(2)：28-31.
汪立荣.“概念整合理论对移就的阐释”.《现代外语》.2005(3)：239-248.
汪少华,樊欣.“概念隐喻、概念整合与语篇连贯”.《外语研究》.2009(4)：24-29.
王勤玲.“概念隐喻理论与概念整合理论的对比研究”.《外语学刊》.2005(1)：42-46.
张辉.“英汉情感概念形成和表达的对比研究”.《外国语》.2000(5)：27-32.
赵明"On the Analysis of English Humor in Reading from the Perspective of CBT".吉林大学MA Thesis,2007.5.
赵艳芳.“语言的隐喻认知结构——《我们赖以生存的隐喻》评介”.《外语教学与研究》.2005(3)：67-72.
周榕.“时间隐喻表征的跨文化研究”.《现代外语》[J].2000(1)：58-66.