摘要
随着世界铁路交通的蓬勃发展,我国铁路交通也进入跨越式发展时代。铁道部先后进行的六次大提速,大大缓解了我国运能与需求的矛盾,铁路运输具有良好的发展前景。但我国铁路安全技术装备水平与发达国家相比仍有较大的差距,设备质量不良的问题仍比较突出。对机车轮对进行探伤,是铁道运输安全非常关注的问题。目前,使用的轮对检测设备系统庞大、工位固定、检测效率低、操作复杂、工人劳动强度大、价格昂贵,难以及时准确的发现轮对存在的问题。
基于声发射技术和DSP数字信号处理技术的便携式轮对探伤装置,一方面可以识别运行状态不良的车辆,进而进行相应车辆检修保障行车安全,为列车事故的防范和预警起到重要作用;另一方面可以规范车辆检修人员对轮对故障的判断,减少人为因素的影响;同时,在诊断可靠性不降低的情况下,可以简化作业,降低成本,具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文对基于DSP的便携式轮对探伤装置进行了开发和应用研究,具体包括以下工作:
1.学习并了解声发射传感器原理,选用一种合适的PVDF声发射传感器;
2.基于DSP技术研制了轮对探伤装置,主要完成声发射信号的采样、调理、存储和分析等功能。
(1)设计了适合PVDF声发射传感器的高阻抗(>500MΩ)、小电荷量输出的信号调理电路,主要完成模拟信号前置放大、工频陷波、低通滤波和自动增益调节等功能。
(2)采用高精度数字信号处理器TMS320F2812进行程序开发,使之完成数据采样、信号分析及与计算机的串口通讯等功能。
3.基于VC编制设备管理软件,使计算机能够获取、保存、分析信号,实现设备数字化管理。
4.研究DSP的基本原理和数字信号处理算法,尤其是FFT的实现;
5.进行轮对探伤装置的抗干扰设计。
研究结果表明:采用声发射技术和数字信号处理方法,轮对探伤装置一定程度上能够辨别轮对的状态,从而验证了系统的可行性。
With the fast development of railway transport over the world, our railway transport enters into an era of development with great strides. The 6th train speed increasement conducted by Ministry of Railways which greatly abated the contradiction between the transmission demand and the actual transmission capacity. The railway transport foresees a good prospect. But there is still a big ifference on the safety technique and equipment in railway transport, between the developed countries and our country. The quality issue of the device is still an outstanding problem. Crack detection of locomotive wheel-sets is the main point of safety issues in railway transport. The present wheel-sets measurement equipment, which is usually expensive, has huge system, fixed structure, low efficiency, complicated operation method and heavy work for the operator. It is difficult to find the problem of wheel-sets immediately and precisely using such equipment.
The portable wheel-sets detection device is developed on the basis of acoustic emission technology and digital signal processing technology. On one hand, it can identify the vehicle which is in bad running condition, provide reference to relevant maintenance work to assure the running safety and play an important role on the prevention and warning of train accident. On the other hand, it can standardize the definition of fault of different people so as to reduce the personal mistake and at the same time, it can simplify the work, reduce the cost without reducing the reliability, which has important theoretical and practical meaning. This article is about the development of the portable wheel-sets crack detection device based on DSP including the following work:
Firstly, learn the principle of acoustic emission sensors and choose a proper PVDF acoustic emission sensor.
Secondly, a wheel-sets detection device was developed based on the DSP technology which can realize analog signal regulation, data acquisition, digital signal processing and anlysis. A signal regulation circuit was designed, with high impedence, low electricity output to realize the preamplification of the analog signal, industrial frequency pitch, lowpass filter, and automatic amplitude regulation. The application software was designed based on the high precise digital signal processor TMS320F2812, to realize data acquisition, signal analysis and save, wave save and serial communication with computer. Design the device management software in VC, to allow the computer to obtain, save and analyze datas and realize the ditigalized management.
Thirdly, study principle of DSP and digital signal processing arithmetic, expecially the realization of FFT.
At last, do the anti-interference design of the wheel-sets detection device.
The analysis results indicated that by using AE technology and DSP methods, the wheel-sets etection equipment can distinguish the wheel-sets condition in certain degree, thus has confirmed the system feasibility.
引文
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