利用空气、冰与水的电容特性差异进行冰层厚度自动化监测的理论与应用研究
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摘要
随着全球变暖的影响,近年来极地冰川和内陆高原消融幅度越来越大,给人类的生存环境、动植物的生长以及全球气候变化都有巨大的影响。在冰科学研究及其他众多研究学科中,极地和高原冰川的冰层厚度都是研究的重点内容。另外,在我国北方地区的江河湖海在冬季存在不同程度的结冰情况,影响了人民生活、水上运输、海上石油钻井平台及区部地区气候环境等众多领域。尤其是在2007年中,由于异常的雨雪冰冻天气的影响,我国南方的大部分地区也出现了大范围的冰冻现象,交通阻塞,输电设施倒塌,严重的影响了人民的正常生活和社会的生产发展。
本课题针对日益严重的冰川消融和冰冻灾害的问题,提出了基于空气、冰和水的电容差异进行冰层厚度自动化监测的方法和手段。本文将系统地介绍基于空气、冰和水三者电容差异进行冰层厚度测量的原理,方法和实现形式。首先,本文首先论述了课题研究的目的和意义,总结了国内外冰厚测量技术发展现状,提出了课题研究的内容和方法。然后从基于空气、冰和水三者电容差异的机理入手,制作电容模型,进行了大量的电容机理实验,取得了大量实验数据。通过不断的实验改进和调整,最终验证了基于电容机理进行冰层厚度测量的可行性和可靠性。
本文在对目前应用中的各种电容测量电路进行分析讨论的基础上,根据前期的电容机理验证试验结果,确定了基于交流阻抗法的电容测量电路,重点介绍了这种方法的原理,组成部分和实现形式。
设计了基于MSP430的冰层厚度自动化监测系统,系统包括单片机核心电路、电容测量电路、温度测量电路、大容量存储电路,数据通讯电路等。具有低功耗、多功能、高精度的优点。
Under the influence of global warming, in recent years, glacier of polar and inland plateaus have been melting more severely, which greatly effect living environment of people, the glowing of animal and vegetable and global climate. In research of ice science and other fields, ice-layer thickness of polar and plateau glacier is getting attention. In addition, resident life, water transport, offshore oil drilling platform and local climate are affected by frozen situation in various degree in northern aero of China. Especially in 2007, due to unusual icy weather of sleet, there were large-scale frozen disaster, traffic jam, collapses of electricity facilities, which severely damage normal life of people and development of society.
For more and more serious glacier melting and icy calamity, our subject proposes a method and means to automatically monitor thickness of ice-layer based in capacitance difference of air, ice and water. The paper would systematically introduce the theory, method and how to realize. Firstly, the purpose and meaning is disserted with current measurement technologies of ice-layer thickness in the world and content ot our subject. Then beginning from the theory of capacitance difference between air, ice and water, I made capacitance model, did plenty of capacitance experiences and attained lots of experience data. After many experience improvement and adjustment, I finally make sure the feasibility and reliability of the method.
In the paper, based in analysis and discussion of several measuring circuit of capacitance, a circuit to measure impedance with AC is certain to be used for measurement of ice-lay thickness. The theory, component and realization would be expressed.
In the paper, the automatic system for monitoring ice-layer thickness on the basis of MSP430 is designed, including MCU circuit, capacitance and temperature measuring circuits, storage circuit, communication circuit of data etc. The system has the advantages of low-cost, multi-function and high precision.
本课题针对日益严重的冰川消融和冰冻灾害的问题,提出了基于空气、冰和水的电容差异进行冰层厚度自动化监测的方法和手段。本文将系统地介绍基于空气、冰和水三者电容差异进行冰层厚度测量的原理,方法和实现形式。首先,本文首先论述了课题研究的目的和意义,总结了国内外冰厚测量技术发展现状,提出了课题研究的内容和方法。然后从基于空气、冰和水三者电容差异的机理入手,制作电容模型,进行了大量的电容机理实验,取得了大量实验数据。通过不断的实验改进和调整,最终验证了基于电容机理进行冰层厚度测量的可行性和可靠性。
本文在对目前应用中的各种电容测量电路进行分析讨论的基础上,根据前期的电容机理验证试验结果,确定了基于交流阻抗法的电容测量电路,重点介绍了这种方法的原理,组成部分和实现形式。
设计了基于MSP430的冰层厚度自动化监测系统,系统包括单片机核心电路、电容测量电路、温度测量电路、大容量存储电路,数据通讯电路等。具有低功耗、多功能、高精度的优点。
Under the influence of global warming, in recent years, glacier of polar and inland plateaus have been melting more severely, which greatly effect living environment of people, the glowing of animal and vegetable and global climate. In research of ice science and other fields, ice-layer thickness of polar and plateau glacier is getting attention. In addition, resident life, water transport, offshore oil drilling platform and local climate are affected by frozen situation in various degree in northern aero of China. Especially in 2007, due to unusual icy weather of sleet, there were large-scale frozen disaster, traffic jam, collapses of electricity facilities, which severely damage normal life of people and development of society.
For more and more serious glacier melting and icy calamity, our subject proposes a method and means to automatically monitor thickness of ice-layer based in capacitance difference of air, ice and water. The paper would systematically introduce the theory, method and how to realize. Firstly, the purpose and meaning is disserted with current measurement technologies of ice-layer thickness in the world and content ot our subject. Then beginning from the theory of capacitance difference between air, ice and water, I made capacitance model, did plenty of capacitance experiences and attained lots of experience data. After many experience improvement and adjustment, I finally make sure the feasibility and reliability of the method.
In the paper, based in analysis and discussion of several measuring circuit of capacitance, a circuit to measure impedance with AC is certain to be used for measurement of ice-lay thickness. The theory, component and realization would be expressed.
In the paper, the automatic system for monitoring ice-layer thickness on the basis of MSP430 is designed, including MCU circuit, capacitance and temperature measuring circuits, storage circuit, communication circuit of data etc. The system has the advantages of low-cost, multi-function and high precision.
引文
[1]秦建敏,郭宏亮,程鹏等,基于空气、冰、水电容差异的冰层厚度检测系统研究,中国水利学会水利量测技术专业委员会,黄河研究会,水利量测技术论文选集,黄河水利出版社,2006.9,18-23
[2]刘国庆,邹广德,徐芳芳等,黄河冰层厚度测量仪的研制,山东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005年,Vol.19(No.5),23-26
[3]Worby,A.P.,Griffin,P.W.,Lytle,V.I.,Massom,R.A.,On the use of electromagnetic induction sounding to determine winter and spring sea ice thickness in the Antarctic.Cold Regions Science and Technology,1999,29(1):49-58
[4]Yu,Y.,Rothrock,D.A.,Thin ice thickness from satellite thermal imagery.Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(C11),25753-25766
[5]常晓敏,窦银科,马福昌等,冰层厚度自动化观测系统的试验研究,太原理工大学学报,2005年,Vol.36(No.5),519-521
[6]张晓,史丽萍,基于电容感应元的多层液位传感器的研究,仪表技术与传感器,2003,09,5-7
[7]Dempsey,J.P.,Research trends in ice mechanics.International Journal of Solids and Structures,2000,37(1-2):131-153
[8]B.T.Hjertaker.Static characterization of a dual sensor flow imagingsystem.Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.1998,(9):183-191
[9]W.Q.Yang,A.L.Stott,M.S.Beck,High frequency and high resolution capacitance measuring circuit for process tomography.IEEE Proc.-Circuits Devices Syst.,1994,7(3):141-145
[10]房慧敏,朱伯申,李东光.基于开关电容技术的一种电容式传感器测量电路.电测与仪表,2005:24-27
[11]W.Q.Yang,Hardware Design of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Systems.Measurement Science & Technology,vo.17.number3.1996,(3):225-232
[12]W.Q.Yang,T.A.York.New AC-based capacitance tomography system.IEEE Proc.Sci. Meas.Technol,1999,(1):49-53
[13]王兴,颜华.电容层析成像技术及发展现状.沈阳工业学报.沈阳工业大学信息科学与工程学院,2001,(12):497-500
[14]陈德运等.油水两相流电容层析成像系统电容测量电路的设计.电路与系统学报,2004,(8):107-109
[15]]Gert Holler,Anton Fuchs.Comparison of Measurement Results and Simulations Based on Finite Element/Method for an Electrical Capacitance Tomography System.Graz Rnibersity of Technology Slcon/04～Sensors for Industry Conference.New Orleans,Louisiana.USA.2004,(1):27-29
[16]H.Hahnel,W.Q.Yang and TA York.An AC-based capacitance measuring circuit for tomography systems and its silicon chip design.Department of Elecmcal Engineering and Electronics,UMIST,IEEE Colloquium Advances in sensors.1995,(12)
[17]王雷,王保良等.电容层析成像硬件系统.仪器仪表学报,2002,(6):890-892
[18]丁英丽.交流型微小电容测量电路的设计.电工技术杂志,2003,(9):100-103
[19]高彦丽,杨蓓等.用于ECT系统的低成本、宽带微小电容测量电路.电测与仪表,2004,(9):29-32
[20]王雷,王保良等.两相流检测ECT高速数据采集系统的研制.浙江大学学报,2002,(9):443-447
[21]颜华,王师.电容层析成像系统中微小电容测量法.仪表技术与传感器,1998:16-19
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[23]陆耿,彭梨辉,姚亚丹等.电容层析成像系统的实用化设计.计量学报,2004,(7):241-244
[24]刘宝华.一种微小电容的测量电路.电器测控与仪表,2001:45-46
[25]Su Bangliang.The use of Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique for Electrical Capacitance Tomography.Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,(77):37-41
[26]赵进创,王师等.电容层析成像用新型电容/电压转换电路的研制.仪器仪表学报,2001,2(1):36-39
[27]赵进创,夏靖波.工业过程电容层析成像系统硬件设计中的关键技术.仪表技术与 传感器,1999,(11):32-34
[28]李阳.高精度微小测量电路得研制.上海计量测试,2004:19-20
[29]同惠电子.阻抗测量基础
[30]王化祥,王艳儒,用于EIT成像系统的AD7008 DDS调制器,电子测量技术,1999,4:1-20
[31]Gary J Sauinier,Alexander S Ross,Ning Liu,A high-precision voltage source for EIT,Physiol.Meas.27,2006,S221-S236
[32]]AIexander S Ross,G J Saulnier,J C Newell,et al,Current source design for electrical impedance tomography,Physiol.Meas24,2003,509-516
[33]SHI Xuetao,DONG Xiuzhen,YOU Fusheng,et crl,High Precision Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System and Preliminary Imagine Results on Saline Tank,Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference,Shanghai,China,2005,1492-1495
[34]史学涛,董秀珍,秦明新,等,电阻抗参数成像数据采集系统中三种电流-电压转换器的比较,第四军医大学学报,2001,22(1):72-74
[35]Ramon Bravos,Javier Rosell,Pere Riu,A wide-band AC-coupled current source for electrical impedance tomo } raphy,Physiol.Meas.,1994,15:A91-A99
[36]P Bertemes-Filho,B H Brown,A J Wilson,A comparison of modified Howland circuits as current generators with current mirror type circuits,Physiol.Meas.21,2000,1-6.
[37]何永勃,王化祥,马敏,高精度人体电阻抗断层成像系统,电子测量与仪器学报,2006,20(2):48-51
[38]王化祥,南国芳,王艳儒等,用于人体阻抗成像的数据采集系统,仪器仪表学报,2001,22(4):416-418
[39]魏娟,生物电阻抗断层成像的系统设计与优化,天津大学,2003
[40]张立峰,电容层析成像系统的设计及应用研究,天津大学,2004
[41]沈国治,集成状态变量滤波器MAX274/275,电子技术,1994,6:20-23
[42]Philips.The IIC bus Specification Version 2.1,2000
[43]吴春蕾,冯启明,曹汉平.虚拟ZIC总线设计与实现.武汉理工大学学报,2002,26(6):815-817.
[44]李朝晖,陈炳林,张河.基于ZIC总线的压力测控系统.半导体技术,2004,29(5):97-100
[45]凌六一,伍龙.基于软件模拟的51单片机ICI总线的实现.计算机应用,2004,(5):13-16
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[2]刘国庆,邹广德,徐芳芳等,黄河冰层厚度测量仪的研制,山东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005年,Vol.19(No.5),23-26
[3]Worby,A.P.,Griffin,P.W.,Lytle,V.I.,Massom,R.A.,On the use of electromagnetic induction sounding to determine winter and spring sea ice thickness in the Antarctic.Cold Regions Science and Technology,1999,29(1):49-58
[4]Yu,Y.,Rothrock,D.A.,Thin ice thickness from satellite thermal imagery.Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(C11),25753-25766
[5]常晓敏,窦银科,马福昌等,冰层厚度自动化观测系统的试验研究,太原理工大学学报,2005年,Vol.36(No.5),519-521
[6]张晓,史丽萍,基于电容感应元的多层液位传感器的研究,仪表技术与传感器,2003,09,5-7
[7]Dempsey,J.P.,Research trends in ice mechanics.International Journal of Solids and Structures,2000,37(1-2):131-153
[8]B.T.Hjertaker.Static characterization of a dual sensor flow imagingsystem.Flow Measurement and Instrumentation.1998,(9):183-191
[9]W.Q.Yang,A.L.Stott,M.S.Beck,High frequency and high resolution capacitance measuring circuit for process tomography.IEEE Proc.-Circuits Devices Syst.,1994,7(3):141-145
[10]房慧敏,朱伯申,李东光.基于开关电容技术的一种电容式传感器测量电路.电测与仪表,2005:24-27
[11]W.Q.Yang,Hardware Design of Electrical Capacitance Tomography Systems.Measurement Science & Technology,vo.17.number3.1996,(3):225-232
[12]W.Q.Yang,T.A.York.New AC-based capacitance tomography system.IEEE Proc.Sci. Meas.Technol,1999,(1):49-53
[13]王兴,颜华.电容层析成像技术及发展现状.沈阳工业学报.沈阳工业大学信息科学与工程学院,2001,(12):497-500
[14]陈德运等.油水两相流电容层析成像系统电容测量电路的设计.电路与系统学报,2004,(8):107-109
[15]]Gert Holler,Anton Fuchs.Comparison of Measurement Results and Simulations Based on Finite Element/Method for an Electrical Capacitance Tomography System.Graz Rnibersity of Technology Slcon/04～Sensors for Industry Conference.New Orleans,Louisiana.USA.2004,(1):27-29
[16]H.Hahnel,W.Q.Yang and TA York.An AC-based capacitance measuring circuit for tomography systems and its silicon chip design.Department of Elecmcal Engineering and Electronics,UMIST,IEEE Colloquium Advances in sensors.1995,(12)
[17]王雷,王保良等.电容层析成像硬件系统.仪器仪表学报,2002,(6):890-892
[18]丁英丽.交流型微小电容测量电路的设计.电工技术杂志,2003,(9):100-103
[19]高彦丽,杨蓓等.用于ECT系统的低成本、宽带微小电容测量电路.电测与仪表,2004,(9):29-32
[20]王雷,王保良等.两相流检测ECT高速数据采集系统的研制.浙江大学学报,2002,(9):443-447
[21]颜华,王师.电容层析成像系统中微小电容测量法.仪表技术与传感器,1998:16-19
[22]王保良,黄志尧.新型电容层析成像数据采集系统的研制.仪器仪表学报,2001,6(3):425-427
[23]陆耿,彭梨辉,姚亚丹等.电容层析成像系统的实用化设计.计量学报,2004,(7):241-244
[24]刘宝华.一种微小电容的测量电路.电器测控与仪表,2001:45-46
[25]Su Bangliang.The use of Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique for Electrical Capacitance Tomography.Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,(77):37-41
[26]赵进创,王师等.电容层析成像用新型电容/电压转换电路的研制.仪器仪表学报,2001,2(1):36-39
[27]赵进创,夏靖波.工业过程电容层析成像系统硬件设计中的关键技术.仪表技术与 传感器,1999,(11):32-34
[28]李阳.高精度微小测量电路得研制.上海计量测试,2004:19-20
[29]同惠电子.阻抗测量基础
[30]王化祥,王艳儒,用于EIT成像系统的AD7008 DDS调制器,电子测量技术,1999,4:1-20
[31]Gary J Sauinier,Alexander S Ross,Ning Liu,A high-precision voltage source for EIT,Physiol.Meas.27,2006,S221-S236
[32]]AIexander S Ross,G J Saulnier,J C Newell,et al,Current source design for electrical impedance tomography,Physiol.Meas24,2003,509-516
[33]SHI Xuetao,DONG Xiuzhen,YOU Fusheng,et crl,High Precision Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System and Preliminary Imagine Results on Saline Tank,Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference,Shanghai,China,2005,1492-1495
[34]史学涛,董秀珍,秦明新,等,电阻抗参数成像数据采集系统中三种电流-电压转换器的比较,第四军医大学学报,2001,22(1):72-74
[35]Ramon Bravos,Javier Rosell,Pere Riu,A wide-band AC-coupled current source for electrical impedance tomo } raphy,Physiol.Meas.,1994,15:A91-A99
[36]P Bertemes-Filho,B H Brown,A J Wilson,A comparison of modified Howland circuits as current generators with current mirror type circuits,Physiol.Meas.21,2000,1-6.
[37]何永勃,王化祥,马敏,高精度人体电阻抗断层成像系统,电子测量与仪器学报,2006,20(2):48-51
[38]王化祥,南国芳,王艳儒等,用于人体阻抗成像的数据采集系统,仪器仪表学报,2001,22(4):416-418
[39]魏娟,生物电阻抗断层成像的系统设计与优化,天津大学,2003
[40]张立峰,电容层析成像系统的设计及应用研究,天津大学,2004
[41]沈国治,集成状态变量滤波器MAX274/275,电子技术,1994,6:20-23
[42]Philips.The IIC bus Specification Version 2.1,2000
[43]吴春蕾,冯启明,曹汉平.虚拟ZIC总线设计与实现.武汉理工大学学报,2002,26(6):815-817.
[44]李朝晖,陈炳林,张河.基于ZIC总线的压力测控系统.半导体技术,2004,29(5):97-100
[45]凌六一,伍龙.基于软件模拟的51单片机ICI总线的实现.计算机应用,2004,(5):13-16
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