城市开放空间格局的演变、机制及优化研究
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摘要
快速城市化带来了建设用地的急剧扩张,致使农业生产用地、山林水体等自然生态用地不断被侵占,城市的生态空间、休闲游憩空间、公共活动场所等正承受着越来越大的被压缩压力。为满足市民环境、游憩等方面的需求,除保护好自然生态用地外,建设用地内部的公共绿地、附属绿地等空间类型的规模、布局,就显得尤为关键。生产用地、自然生态用地、公共绿地等空间形式恰恰是开放空间所包含的要素,开放空间的相关研究也一直是国内外学者关注的热点。
本文在界定开放空间内涵、明确研究对象的基础上,对国内外开放空问研究的阶段、主要研究方面及理论等进行综述,归纳开放空间研究的特点、不足及对我国相关研究的启示,构建本文的研究基础,明确研究的方向。并对开放空间的演化、发展历程进行梳理,结果表明,国外开放空间以广场为中心,逐渐重视并增加城市中的自然要素,我国则形成了以“自然风水观”为内核的“山水城市”的开放空问理念,近年来不断增加城市中的公共性开放空问。
改革开放以来,我国的城市建设取得了长足的发展,拥有“古都”、“园林城市”、“山水城林”等特点的南京市,也迎来了城市大规模的扩张。本文遂以南京主城区为典型案例地,借助遥感数据、土地利用数据、社会经济数据以及文献资料,集成GIS空间分析、圈层与等扇分析、ESDA方法、景观指数分析、结构方程以及因子分析等方法,对其主城区开放空间2006年的现状和四个时段(1979年、1989年、2001年、2006年)的格局演变进行深入解析,并分析这种格局形成、演变的机制。
对城市开放空间格局演变及其机制的研究,可以充实山水城市、生态城市及可持续发展等理论的研究基础,丰富我国城市可持续发展的理论体系。在实践中,可以为城市生态环境恶化的预警、开放空间功能性不足的判断及开放空间缺乏区域的规划提供科学的依据,还可以利用公园、广场等基础设施、公共福利,引导城市布局、优化空间结构给予有力的推动。为政府决策、城市规划及法律法规的制定提供科学的依据。此外,可根据开放空间格局演变的影响因素、动力机制,为有效缓解城市无限制蔓延的趋势,提供有针对性的解决策略,保证城市的健康发展。
本研究得到的主要结论有：
城市开放空间以绿色空间为主体,开放空间及其不同类型在城市的不同区域、行政区问分布差异较大。分布差异和交通可达性的区域差异,导致服务便捷性的不均衡。市民在选择居住环境时,相比较学校、医院等公共设施,对开放空间的重视程度也较低。
城市公共绿地、附属绿地和广场的面积不断增加,而生产绿地、生态防护绿地和水域面积大幅减少,开放空间总量也呈现出减少的态势。开放空问斑块数量、密度、平均斑块面积不断减少,斑块分布整体在分散化,形状规则度在增加,受人为规划的影响加深,由“自构”向“被构”转型。开放空问各类型均表现出一定的演化模式、路径。以南京主城区为例,这种规模、布局的变化,使得主城区市民利用开放空间的便捷程度也发生了较大的变化。早期老城区内部开放空问的便捷程度低,随着老城区内部公共绿地的增加,加之其外围生产绿地、水域的大幅减少,可达性较差的区域也有外移的趋势,但主城区的边缘区开放空间较多、交通条件较为便利,可达性水平一直较好。
开放空间格局的演变受到城市自然环境条件的制约、国家或地方政策调整的影响、社会经济发展的支撑与促进。而就演变推动力的分析来看,城市扩张力是开放空间格局演变的直接推动力,经济发展、固定资产投资增加是原始动力,产业结构調整是开放空间格局演变的提升力,交通、道路建设是重要的引导力,而社会需求也是开放空间格局演变的重要拉动力量。
探明了南京主城区开放空间格局的现状及演变过程中,所存在的均衡性差、体系整体性弱、减少快速等一系列问题。利用加权voronoi方法进行分析、并结合城市绿地系统规划,提出了用地调整、布局优化、人口疏散、强化环带建设、充分利用附属绿地等优化调控的对策。
本文的创新点主要集中在以下两个方面：(1)借助RS、GIS以及数学模型等方法和手段,对城市开放空间以及开放空间内部的格局开展了深入系统的剖析,发展了城市内部空间的研究体系；(2)利用加权voronoi的方法,充分考虑开放空间面积、交通便利程度等条件的影响,为城市开放空间布局的优化提供了技术支持。
Rapid urbanization brings construction land radical expansion. The agricultural production land, mountain land, forest land, water area and other natural ecological land are facing to be invaded worse and worse. The urban ecological environment, recreational space and public space are being under compressed pressure. To meet the public demands of ecological environment, recreation, etc, the natural ecological land outside of city should be protected strictly. In addition, the scale and layout of public and accessory green space in construction land are very important. Production land, natural ecological land, public green space etc are just elements of open space. The researches of open space have also been the focus of domestic and foreign scholars' study.
Based on making clear open space connotation and researching object in this article, research stage, the main research aspects and the theory about open space at home and abroad are reviewed. The characteristics, shortcomings and inspirations of open space study are summarized. The result of study on the evolution and development course of open space indicates some regular pattern. Squares are made as the center of open space in foreign countries. Natural elements are paid more and more attention to gradually. In our country, the ideas of shan-shui ideology are formed in development of open space.
Since reform and opening-up, urban construction has achieved great development in China. With the characteristics of ancient capitals and garden city, Nanjing city is getting quick expansion. This paper chooses Nanjing city as typical cases. Based on remote sensing data, the data of land use, social economic data and literature material, using GIS spatial analysis, circling and fan analysis, ESDA method, landscape index analysis, structural equation and factor analysis methods etc, the open space and its types patterns of status in the year of 2006 and evolution from 1979 to 2006 are analysed. The mechanism of open space patterns formation and evolution are concluded.
The research of evolution and its mechanism of urban open space pattern could enrich theoretical research foundation of garden city, ecological city and sustainable development. In practice, the study could provide the scientific basis for early warning of urban ecological environment deterioration, the judgment of open space shortage and urban open space planning. The construction of infrastructure and public welfare could help to guide urban layout and optimize space structure of city. According to impact factors and dynamic mechanism of open space pattern evolution, the study maybe provide the strategy of relieving urban unrestricted trend of spreading and ensure the healthy development of the city effectively.
The analysis of current situation of the open space shows that the open space in the central city is mainly made up of green space. There are great amount and form differences in different districts in the city. Traffic accessibility in different regions causes the unbalance of service convenience. Moreover, comparing to schools, hospitals and other public facilities, open space is not key factor when citizens choose the living environment.
The evolution analysis of the four time sections suggest that the area of public green space, accessory green space and the square are increasing constantly. However, the production green space, ecological buffer green space and water area are greatly reducing. Open space also appears a decrease trend from 1979 to 2006. Landscape index analysis also indicates that the member of patch, density of patch, average patch area of open space are decreasing constantly. Distributing of patches decentralize in whole. The mean shape index of open space patches are increasing. With the increasing of human amount and the planning influence deepening, open space patterns transform from self-constructing to 'be-constructed'. All types of open space appear certain evolution mode. The changes of scale and layout also make great changes of the public using the open space access. In Nanjing city, the accessibility level of internal open space is low in the early period. With the increase of public green space in the central city internal and the decrease of production green space and waters in its periphery, poor accessibility regions also have a trend of spread. However the fringes in the central city with more open space and convenient traffic condition have better accessibility levels.
The evolution of open space pattern is constrained by the urban natural environmental, affected by the policy adjustment of national or local, and supported by social and economic development. Urban expansion force is the direct driving force of evolution. Economic development and increased investment are the original motivation Industrial restructuring is the lifting force. Road construction is an important guiding force. Social demand is also an important driving force of open space pattern evolution.
The problems which include the poor balance, the weak system integrity, and fast reduction of open space patterns in the central city of Nanjing in the evolution process are revealed. According to urban green space system planning and weighted voronoi method, optimizing control countermeasures which including land use, proposed adjustment, layout optimization, population evacuation, strengthening green ring and belt construction, making full use of affiliated green space etc were put forward.
The innovation of this paper focuses on the following two aspects. First, using RS, GIS and mathematical modeling methods, the situation and evolution characteristics of the urban internal space open space and its internal are researched systematically. There are development and extension to the urban space and open space research in a sense. Second, using weighted voronoi method, with fully consideration of population distribution open space area, traffic conditions, problems of urban open space layout are analysed. It provides a method to optimize the open space patterns.
本文在界定开放空间内涵、明确研究对象的基础上,对国内外开放空问研究的阶段、主要研究方面及理论等进行综述,归纳开放空间研究的特点、不足及对我国相关研究的启示,构建本文的研究基础,明确研究的方向。并对开放空间的演化、发展历程进行梳理,结果表明,国外开放空间以广场为中心,逐渐重视并增加城市中的自然要素,我国则形成了以“自然风水观”为内核的“山水城市”的开放空问理念,近年来不断增加城市中的公共性开放空问。
改革开放以来,我国的城市建设取得了长足的发展,拥有“古都”、“园林城市”、“山水城林”等特点的南京市,也迎来了城市大规模的扩张。本文遂以南京主城区为典型案例地,借助遥感数据、土地利用数据、社会经济数据以及文献资料,集成GIS空间分析、圈层与等扇分析、ESDA方法、景观指数分析、结构方程以及因子分析等方法,对其主城区开放空间2006年的现状和四个时段(1979年、1989年、2001年、2006年)的格局演变进行深入解析,并分析这种格局形成、演变的机制。
对城市开放空间格局演变及其机制的研究,可以充实山水城市、生态城市及可持续发展等理论的研究基础,丰富我国城市可持续发展的理论体系。在实践中,可以为城市生态环境恶化的预警、开放空间功能性不足的判断及开放空间缺乏区域的规划提供科学的依据,还可以利用公园、广场等基础设施、公共福利,引导城市布局、优化空间结构给予有力的推动。为政府决策、城市规划及法律法规的制定提供科学的依据。此外,可根据开放空间格局演变的影响因素、动力机制,为有效缓解城市无限制蔓延的趋势,提供有针对性的解决策略,保证城市的健康发展。
本研究得到的主要结论有：
城市开放空间以绿色空间为主体,开放空间及其不同类型在城市的不同区域、行政区问分布差异较大。分布差异和交通可达性的区域差异,导致服务便捷性的不均衡。市民在选择居住环境时,相比较学校、医院等公共设施,对开放空间的重视程度也较低。
城市公共绿地、附属绿地和广场的面积不断增加,而生产绿地、生态防护绿地和水域面积大幅减少,开放空间总量也呈现出减少的态势。开放空问斑块数量、密度、平均斑块面积不断减少,斑块分布整体在分散化,形状规则度在增加,受人为规划的影响加深,由“自构”向“被构”转型。开放空问各类型均表现出一定的演化模式、路径。以南京主城区为例,这种规模、布局的变化,使得主城区市民利用开放空间的便捷程度也发生了较大的变化。早期老城区内部开放空问的便捷程度低,随着老城区内部公共绿地的增加,加之其外围生产绿地、水域的大幅减少,可达性较差的区域也有外移的趋势,但主城区的边缘区开放空间较多、交通条件较为便利,可达性水平一直较好。
开放空间格局的演变受到城市自然环境条件的制约、国家或地方政策调整的影响、社会经济发展的支撑与促进。而就演变推动力的分析来看,城市扩张力是开放空间格局演变的直接推动力,经济发展、固定资产投资增加是原始动力,产业结构調整是开放空间格局演变的提升力,交通、道路建设是重要的引导力,而社会需求也是开放空间格局演变的重要拉动力量。
探明了南京主城区开放空间格局的现状及演变过程中,所存在的均衡性差、体系整体性弱、减少快速等一系列问题。利用加权voronoi方法进行分析、并结合城市绿地系统规划,提出了用地调整、布局优化、人口疏散、强化环带建设、充分利用附属绿地等优化调控的对策。
本文的创新点主要集中在以下两个方面：(1)借助RS、GIS以及数学模型等方法和手段,对城市开放空间以及开放空间内部的格局开展了深入系统的剖析,发展了城市内部空间的研究体系；(2)利用加权voronoi的方法,充分考虑开放空间面积、交通便利程度等条件的影响,为城市开放空间布局的优化提供了技术支持。
Rapid urbanization brings construction land radical expansion. The agricultural production land, mountain land, forest land, water area and other natural ecological land are facing to be invaded worse and worse. The urban ecological environment, recreational space and public space are being under compressed pressure. To meet the public demands of ecological environment, recreation, etc, the natural ecological land outside of city should be protected strictly. In addition, the scale and layout of public and accessory green space in construction land are very important. Production land, natural ecological land, public green space etc are just elements of open space. The researches of open space have also been the focus of domestic and foreign scholars' study.
Based on making clear open space connotation and researching object in this article, research stage, the main research aspects and the theory about open space at home and abroad are reviewed. The characteristics, shortcomings and inspirations of open space study are summarized. The result of study on the evolution and development course of open space indicates some regular pattern. Squares are made as the center of open space in foreign countries. Natural elements are paid more and more attention to gradually. In our country, the ideas of shan-shui ideology are formed in development of open space.
Since reform and opening-up, urban construction has achieved great development in China. With the characteristics of ancient capitals and garden city, Nanjing city is getting quick expansion. This paper chooses Nanjing city as typical cases. Based on remote sensing data, the data of land use, social economic data and literature material, using GIS spatial analysis, circling and fan analysis, ESDA method, landscape index analysis, structural equation and factor analysis methods etc, the open space and its types patterns of status in the year of 2006 and evolution from 1979 to 2006 are analysed. The mechanism of open space patterns formation and evolution are concluded.
The research of evolution and its mechanism of urban open space pattern could enrich theoretical research foundation of garden city, ecological city and sustainable development. In practice, the study could provide the scientific basis for early warning of urban ecological environment deterioration, the judgment of open space shortage and urban open space planning. The construction of infrastructure and public welfare could help to guide urban layout and optimize space structure of city. According to impact factors and dynamic mechanism of open space pattern evolution, the study maybe provide the strategy of relieving urban unrestricted trend of spreading and ensure the healthy development of the city effectively.
The analysis of current situation of the open space shows that the open space in the central city is mainly made up of green space. There are great amount and form differences in different districts in the city. Traffic accessibility in different regions causes the unbalance of service convenience. Moreover, comparing to schools, hospitals and other public facilities, open space is not key factor when citizens choose the living environment.
The evolution analysis of the four time sections suggest that the area of public green space, accessory green space and the square are increasing constantly. However, the production green space, ecological buffer green space and water area are greatly reducing. Open space also appears a decrease trend from 1979 to 2006. Landscape index analysis also indicates that the member of patch, density of patch, average patch area of open space are decreasing constantly. Distributing of patches decentralize in whole. The mean shape index of open space patches are increasing. With the increasing of human amount and the planning influence deepening, open space patterns transform from self-constructing to 'be-constructed'. All types of open space appear certain evolution mode. The changes of scale and layout also make great changes of the public using the open space access. In Nanjing city, the accessibility level of internal open space is low in the early period. With the increase of public green space in the central city internal and the decrease of production green space and waters in its periphery, poor accessibility regions also have a trend of spread. However the fringes in the central city with more open space and convenient traffic condition have better accessibility levels.
The evolution of open space pattern is constrained by the urban natural environmental, affected by the policy adjustment of national or local, and supported by social and economic development. Urban expansion force is the direct driving force of evolution. Economic development and increased investment are the original motivation Industrial restructuring is the lifting force. Road construction is an important guiding force. Social demand is also an important driving force of open space pattern evolution.
The problems which include the poor balance, the weak system integrity, and fast reduction of open space patterns in the central city of Nanjing in the evolution process are revealed. According to urban green space system planning and weighted voronoi method, optimizing control countermeasures which including land use, proposed adjustment, layout optimization, population evacuation, strengthening green ring and belt construction, making full use of affiliated green space etc were put forward.
The innovation of this paper focuses on the following two aspects. First, using RS, GIS and mathematical modeling methods, the situation and evolution characteristics of the urban internal space open space and its internal are researched systematically. There are development and extension to the urban space and open space research in a sense. Second, using weighted voronoi method, with fully consideration of population distribution open space area, traffic conditions, problems of urban open space layout are analysed. It provides a method to optimize the open space patterns.
引文
①本段主要是基于以“开放/开敞空间”为篇名,对CNKI检索1999-2009年的硕十论文进行的分析。
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