夏热冬冷地区采暖分户热计量的研究
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摘要
本文首先介绍了我国供热收费的现状,指出了现阶段我国热价制定及收取的不合理性,介绍了国外热计量实施及供热收费发展的情况,然后探讨了热价的构成,提出了实行热计量后,我国热价制定和热费收取的基本原则。
本文分析了影响住宅住户耗热量的影响因素,以住宅建筑为研究对象,模拟分析了住宅建筑的楼层位置、朝向以及建筑围护结构和窗墙比对住户耗热量的影响。通过本文的研究发现住宅的底层住户、顶层住户以及有外墙的住户的耗热量远高于住宅中心用户的耗热量。在考虑上述情况的基础上,把用于住宅建筑热费结算的楼栋热表数据分为公共耗热量和非公共耗热量两部分。屋顶、地面、外墙这些围护结构引起的耗热量作为公共耗热量,并按采暖面积分摊到各户;而非公共耗热量部分以用户基准耗热量为依据对各户分摊热量。
文中以合肥某小区住宅4#楼为例,介绍了热表读数中公共耗热量系数的提取计算方法,通过Dest软件模拟计算确定其公共耗热量系数,并以各户热表读数为依据进行分摊。研究结果表明本分摊方法有助于热计量收费的公正和合理。
Firstly, we introduce the condition of heating cost in our country, at present, and point out that the price and the cost of heating is not unreasonable, and then introduce the practice of the heating meter and the development of the heating billing abroad. At last, we study the construction of the heating price and bring up the basic principle that we establish the price and collect the cost when we practice theheating meter.
The thesis introduces the factors which influce the household consumption and and analyze the influence of foor position、building towards and window-wall ratio which impact on household heat consumption is raised in simulating the residential buildings. Through the thesis ,we discover that :the heat consumption of the lowest story door, highest story door and the door stick to gable wall is more than the center door of the building. On the base of comprehensive survey at factors mentioned above,the totall building heat consumption were divided into the communal heat consumption and the variable heat consumption.he heat consumption cased by building envelopes such as gable, ground and staircase is defined as the communal heat consumption, are abstracted and allocated averagely according area and added to the variable heating load calculation ,and taking for charging heating load.
The thesis aims at 4# residence project of in one Hefei small region, introduces academic calculating formulas of all the abstracted coefficient of the communal heating load calculation from the total heating load calculation in household building.Through the soft Dest ,find out the abstracted coefficient of the communal heating load,and revise the reading from the meter.the result testify the theory is reasonal and fairness heating-metering and charging system.
本文分析了影响住宅住户耗热量的影响因素,以住宅建筑为研究对象,模拟分析了住宅建筑的楼层位置、朝向以及建筑围护结构和窗墙比对住户耗热量的影响。通过本文的研究发现住宅的底层住户、顶层住户以及有外墙的住户的耗热量远高于住宅中心用户的耗热量。在考虑上述情况的基础上,把用于住宅建筑热费结算的楼栋热表数据分为公共耗热量和非公共耗热量两部分。屋顶、地面、外墙这些围护结构引起的耗热量作为公共耗热量,并按采暖面积分摊到各户;而非公共耗热量部分以用户基准耗热量为依据对各户分摊热量。
文中以合肥某小区住宅4#楼为例,介绍了热表读数中公共耗热量系数的提取计算方法,通过Dest软件模拟计算确定其公共耗热量系数,并以各户热表读数为依据进行分摊。研究结果表明本分摊方法有助于热计量收费的公正和合理。
Firstly, we introduce the condition of heating cost in our country, at present, and point out that the price and the cost of heating is not unreasonable, and then introduce the practice of the heating meter and the development of the heating billing abroad. At last, we study the construction of the heating price and bring up the basic principle that we establish the price and collect the cost when we practice theheating meter.
The thesis introduces the factors which influce the household consumption and and analyze the influence of foor position、building towards and window-wall ratio which impact on household heat consumption is raised in simulating the residential buildings. Through the thesis ,we discover that :the heat consumption of the lowest story door, highest story door and the door stick to gable wall is more than the center door of the building. On the base of comprehensive survey at factors mentioned above,the totall building heat consumption were divided into the communal heat consumption and the variable heat consumption.he heat consumption cased by building envelopes such as gable, ground and staircase is defined as the communal heat consumption, are abstracted and allocated averagely according area and added to the variable heating load calculation ,and taking for charging heating load.
The thesis aims at 4# residence project of in one Hefei small region, introduces academic calculating formulas of all the abstracted coefficient of the communal heating load calculation from the total heating load calculation in household building.Through the soft Dest ,find out the abstracted coefficient of the communal heating load,and revise the reading from the meter.the result testify the theory is reasonal and fairness heating-metering and charging system.
引文
[1]涂光备等,供热计量技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[2]江亿,我国供热节能中的问题和解决途径[J].暖通空调,2006,36(3):37-41
[3]韦建忠,供热体制改革与供热计量收费[J].区域供热,2008 (1):11-15
[4]秦力进,对住宅集中供暖分户热计量的认识[J].工程建设与设计,2002 (5):33-35
[5]徐伟等,我国供热计量技术的发展与实践[J].区域供热,2008(4):1-3
[6]王世刚,关于集中供热分户采暖热计量的探讨[J].中国高新技术企业,2009(4):124-125
[7]田雨辰,国外计量供热的发展及有关收费政策的规定[J].供热制冷,2003(10):22-20
[8]波兰,丹麦供热收费制度改革经验简介[J].供热制冷,2003(12):14-17
[9]于瑾等,欧洲采暖热计量述评[J].节能,2005(5):54-56
[10]曾享麟等,欧洲集中供热的发展[J].区域供热,2002(1):1-8
[11] Finnish District Heationg Associtation,The district theating year 2000 in Finland[J].Euroheat and Power.2001 (8):22-23
[12] S.Gtalvbert, P.E,L.J.Flandgan,R.A.Lordo.Evaluation of thermal energy meters and energy allocation devices[J]. ASHRAE Transation Symposia 1993 (6):224-230
[13] R.L.Frelshlag,Energy allocation equipment for HVAC system a parctica guide to its use limitations[J].ASHRAE Transations Symposia 1993(6):224-230
[14] Pakanen,Jouko,Karjalainen,Sami.,,Estimating,,static,,heat,,flows,in,,buildings for,energy,allocation,systems[J].Energy,and,Buildings.2006,38 (9):1044-1052
[15] Hong,Tianzhen,Jiang,Yi,Outdoor synthetic temperature for the calculation of space heating load[J].Energy and Buildings,1998,28(3):269-277
[16]张锡虎等,从“计量”到“收费”的若干深层次问题[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2003(6):7-13
[17]张锡虎等,以收费机制改革为龙头推进热改[J].建设科技.2007 (6):38-39
[18]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(上)[J].节能与环保2004 (8):6-9
[19]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(中)[J].节能与环保,2004(1):2-5
[20]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(下)[J].节能与环保,2004(10):6-9
[21]张锡虎等,计量供热和改进采暖供热系统的若干热点问题[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2005(11):36-40
[22]田雨辰,邻室设计传热量的研究[M].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会,上册:51-54
[23]李小明等,住宅建筑供暖收费方法的研究[J].低温建筑技术,2004 (1):69-71
[24]赵立华等,分户热计量供暖节能住宅户型修正研究[J].暖通空调,2002,32(1):9-11
[25]高立新等,北方住宅建筑综合修正系数的研究[J].煤气与热力,2005 (1):23-26
[26]郭强,适合于已建住宅旧供暖系统的以下行简介分户热计量方式[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2001,20(1):86-88
[27]方修睦,温度法供暖热计量分配系统的研究[J].暖通空调,2005,3(5):112-115
[28]李文波,按室温分摊热费的原理与实现[J].暖通空调,2004,34(11):49-51
[29]董瑞荷等,论住宅节能与分户热计量[J].阳煤科技[J],2006 (1):41-42
[30]王敏,对住宅采暖户内系统形式的探讨[C].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集,2002(1):31-33
[31]何灿,新建住宅计量供热系统及其供热调节[C].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集, 2002(1):21-24
[32]中国建筑科学研究院,民用建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[33]张骅等,供暖系统热计量热价制定的研究[J].节能,2003,(2):8-9
[34]徐宗威,兰、丹麦集中供热节能与计量收费的政策措施[J].城乡建设,1999, (8):16-18
[35]辛坦(编译),丹麦关于热水和暖气计量收费的规定[J].区域供热,2001,(3): 24-27
[36]李先瑞,于几个国家和城市热价的构成[J].黑龙江供热,1997,(2):20-30
[37]姜锐等,集中供热系统热价的确定与分析[J].低温建筑节能技术,2005(2):91-93
[38] Gorges Gambut,Bible of heat Metering and Billing-Experience from Europe[J]. Schlumberger Beijing Office,China District Heating Association 1998,(11): 130-132
[39] Lawrence C.Markel,George Reeves. Residential Heating Conservation in KRAKOW ASHRAE[J]. Transaction Symposia 1995(2):778-783
[40] Ross Wisnewsk,George Reeves,Testing Residential Energy Pricing in the KRAKOW POLAND, Municipal District Heat System. ASHRAE Transaction, Symposia 1995(2): 889-895
[41]财政部教材编审委员会,企业成本学[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1988
[42]郭秀英等,浅谈集中供暖系统热价的确定[J].区域供热,2007,(1):52-54
[43]郭秀英,计量供热热价模型研究[J].区域供热,2008 (3):35-41
[44]刘应宗,城市采暖供热价格管理论(上)[M].价格理论与实践,2001,(8):38-40
[45]姜凤,城市采暖供热价格管理理论研究[J].科技建设,2002,(3):23-25
[46]田雨辰等,计量供暖的热价制定及收费方案[J].煤气与热力,2005,(7):22-25
[47]燕达等,建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DesT第一讲建筑模拟技术与DeST发展简介[J].暖通空调,2004,34(7):48-56
[48]吕访桐,采暖热费室温分摊法的改进研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004
[49]谢晓娜等,建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第二讲建筑动态热过程模型[J].暖通空调,2004,34(8):35-47
[2]江亿,我国供热节能中的问题和解决途径[J].暖通空调,2006,36(3):37-41
[3]韦建忠,供热体制改革与供热计量收费[J].区域供热,2008 (1):11-15
[4]秦力进,对住宅集中供暖分户热计量的认识[J].工程建设与设计,2002 (5):33-35
[5]徐伟等,我国供热计量技术的发展与实践[J].区域供热,2008(4):1-3
[6]王世刚,关于集中供热分户采暖热计量的探讨[J].中国高新技术企业,2009(4):124-125
[7]田雨辰,国外计量供热的发展及有关收费政策的规定[J].供热制冷,2003(10):22-20
[8]波兰,丹麦供热收费制度改革经验简介[J].供热制冷,2003(12):14-17
[9]于瑾等,欧洲采暖热计量述评[J].节能,2005(5):54-56
[10]曾享麟等,欧洲集中供热的发展[J].区域供热,2002(1):1-8
[11] Finnish District Heationg Associtation,The district theating year 2000 in Finland[J].Euroheat and Power.2001 (8):22-23
[12] S.Gtalvbert, P.E,L.J.Flandgan,R.A.Lordo.Evaluation of thermal energy meters and energy allocation devices[J]. ASHRAE Transation Symposia 1993 (6):224-230
[13] R.L.Frelshlag,Energy allocation equipment for HVAC system a parctica guide to its use limitations[J].ASHRAE Transations Symposia 1993(6):224-230
[14] Pakanen,Jouko,Karjalainen,Sami.,,Estimating,,static,,heat,,flows,in,,buildings for,energy,allocation,systems[J].Energy,and,Buildings.2006,38 (9):1044-1052
[15] Hong,Tianzhen,Jiang,Yi,Outdoor synthetic temperature for the calculation of space heating load[J].Energy and Buildings,1998,28(3):269-277
[16]张锡虎等,从“计量”到“收费”的若干深层次问题[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2003(6):7-13
[17]张锡虎等,以收费机制改革为龙头推进热改[J].建设科技.2007 (6):38-39
[18]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(上)[J].节能与环保2004 (8):6-9
[19]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(中)[J].节能与环保,2004(1):2-5
[20]涂逢祥等,建筑节能—中国节能战略的必然选择(下)[J].节能与环保,2004(10):6-9
[21]张锡虎等,计量供热和改进采暖供热系统的若干热点问题[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2005(11):36-40
[22]田雨辰,邻室设计传热量的研究[M].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会,上册:51-54
[23]李小明等,住宅建筑供暖收费方法的研究[J].低温建筑技术,2004 (1):69-71
[24]赵立华等,分户热计量供暖节能住宅户型修正研究[J].暖通空调,2002,32(1):9-11
[25]高立新等,北方住宅建筑综合修正系数的研究[J].煤气与热力,2005 (1):23-26
[26]郭强,适合于已建住宅旧供暖系统的以下行简介分户热计量方式[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2001,20(1):86-88
[27]方修睦,温度法供暖热计量分配系统的研究[J].暖通空调,2005,3(5):112-115
[28]李文波,按室温分摊热费的原理与实现[J].暖通空调,2004,34(11):49-51
[29]董瑞荷等,论住宅节能与分户热计量[J].阳煤科技[J],2006 (1):41-42
[30]王敏,对住宅采暖户内系统形式的探讨[C].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集,2002(1):31-33
[31]何灿,新建住宅计量供热系统及其供热调节[C].全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集, 2002(1):21-24
[32]中国建筑科学研究院,民用建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[33]张骅等,供暖系统热计量热价制定的研究[J].节能,2003,(2):8-9
[34]徐宗威,兰、丹麦集中供热节能与计量收费的政策措施[J].城乡建设,1999, (8):16-18
[35]辛坦(编译),丹麦关于热水和暖气计量收费的规定[J].区域供热,2001,(3): 24-27
[36]李先瑞,于几个国家和城市热价的构成[J].黑龙江供热,1997,(2):20-30
[37]姜锐等,集中供热系统热价的确定与分析[J].低温建筑节能技术,2005(2):91-93
[38] Gorges Gambut,Bible of heat Metering and Billing-Experience from Europe[J]. Schlumberger Beijing Office,China District Heating Association 1998,(11): 130-132
[39] Lawrence C.Markel,George Reeves. Residential Heating Conservation in KRAKOW ASHRAE[J]. Transaction Symposia 1995(2):778-783
[40] Ross Wisnewsk,George Reeves,Testing Residential Energy Pricing in the KRAKOW POLAND, Municipal District Heat System. ASHRAE Transaction, Symposia 1995(2): 889-895
[41]财政部教材编审委员会,企业成本学[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1988
[42]郭秀英等,浅谈集中供暖系统热价的确定[J].区域供热,2007,(1):52-54
[43]郭秀英,计量供热热价模型研究[J].区域供热,2008 (3):35-41
[44]刘应宗,城市采暖供热价格管理论(上)[M].价格理论与实践,2001,(8):38-40
[45]姜凤,城市采暖供热价格管理理论研究[J].科技建设,2002,(3):23-25
[46]田雨辰等,计量供暖的热价制定及收费方案[J].煤气与热力,2005,(7):22-25
[47]燕达等,建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DesT第一讲建筑模拟技术与DeST发展简介[J].暖通空调,2004,34(7):48-56
[48]吕访桐,采暖热费室温分摊法的改进研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文,2004
[49]谢晓娜等,建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第二讲建筑动态热过程模型[J].暖通空调,2004,34(8):35-47