九寨沟自然保护区生物多样性保护GAP分析
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摘要
本文以九寨沟自然保护区为研究实体,借助地理信息系统软件Arcinfo9.0和遥感技术,采用GAP (a Geographic Approach to Protect Biological Diversity)分析方法,在定性描述研究区物种多样性、生态系统多样性特征的基础上,以九寨沟自然保护区生物多样性的保护现状为研究对象,结合人类干扰分布及现有保护网络,对珍稀植物、重点保护鸟类、珍稀兽类、两栖爬行动物四类物种分别进行保护空缺分析,找出未受到保护的物种和区域,即"gaps"，分析出现"gaps"的原因,并有针对性地从资源保护、资源管理及游客管理三个方面提出了保护建议。主要研究结果如下：
1、不同功能区域内受到的干扰源存在差异性,核心区以偷猎、放牧和挖药为主,缓冲区以放牧为主,试验区以旅游为主。
2、植被类型由12类构成,主要群落为冷杉林、云杉林的亚高山常绿针叶林面积最大,约占全区总面积的39.95%。
3、人类活动是影响动物物种分布及产生保护空缺的主要原因,其中旅游活动的干扰尤为突出。四类被研究的物种中,珍稀植物、重点保护鸟类、珍稀兽类的主要分布范围均以核心区为主,适合后两者生存的海子等生境受到强度较高的旅游活动影响是此分布特征的直接原因,而对原生生境依赖性大、对环境变化十分敏感的两栖爬行动物主要分布区仍位于试验区,但数量在急剧下降中。
4、以现有的保护站管护范围为依据,划分出7个保护空白片区,其中红豆杉、银杏、独叶草、红花绿绒蒿、领春木、红椿、水獭、牛羚、斑羚、绿尾虹雉、藏雪鸡、蓝马鸡、血雉、斑尾雉鸡、雉鹑等物种是特别需要立即采取保护措施的重点保护物种。
This thesis takes the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve as object of study. With the assistance of GIS software Arcinfo 9.0, the research adopts GAP analytic method. Based on the identification of biodiversity features of the studied area, the research combines the circumstances of human intervention and the existing conservation network, conducts GAP analysis on the protected situation of rare plants, the key protection avifauna, rare animal, amphibian and reptile, finding out unprotected species and the locations of their habitats, namely gaps, and the reasons for the existence of such gaps. And protection measures can be put forward from three aspects, such as resource protection, resource management and visitor management.
The major results of this research are the follows:
The interference source is difference in the three functional areas. The main interference source include poach, herd, medical herb gathering in the core zone, herd in the buffer area, and tourism in the experimental area.
The vegetation is constituted by twelve types, and the area of subalpine evergreen coniferous forest is the largest, which is made up of the the fir forest and spruce forest mainly, accounting for 39.95% in the total area of the region.
Human activities are the main reasons for impacting distribution of animal species and producing the protection gap, especially tourist activity. In four studied species, rare plant, avifauna, rare animal are located at core zone manily. The immediate cause is that the habitat for the avifauna and rare animal is effected by the high intensity of tourism activities, such as "haizi". Amphibian and reptile are still located at experimental area,which are dependent on the original habitats and sensitive to environmental change very much, however the number is diminishing sharply.
Takes the management scope of the present protection stations as the basis, we can divided the protection gaps into seven areas. The key protected species which need to be taken measures to immediately, are Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd.), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.), Root or leaf of dockleaf goldenray (Kingdonia uniflora Balf. F. et W. W. Smith), Redflower meconopsis inflorescence and fruit (Meconopsis punicea Maxim.), Franchet Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum Hookf. et Thorns.),Toon (Toona ciliata), Otter (Lutra lutra), Gnu (Budorcas taxicolor), Common goral (Naemorhedus goral), Chinese monal pheasant(Lophophorus lhuysii), Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus (Tetraogallus tibetanus), Blue Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum), Blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), Mrs.Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), Pheasant grouse (Tetraophasis obscurus)and so on.
1、不同功能区域内受到的干扰源存在差异性,核心区以偷猎、放牧和挖药为主,缓冲区以放牧为主,试验区以旅游为主。
2、植被类型由12类构成,主要群落为冷杉林、云杉林的亚高山常绿针叶林面积最大,约占全区总面积的39.95%。
3、人类活动是影响动物物种分布及产生保护空缺的主要原因,其中旅游活动的干扰尤为突出。四类被研究的物种中,珍稀植物、重点保护鸟类、珍稀兽类的主要分布范围均以核心区为主,适合后两者生存的海子等生境受到强度较高的旅游活动影响是此分布特征的直接原因,而对原生生境依赖性大、对环境变化十分敏感的两栖爬行动物主要分布区仍位于试验区,但数量在急剧下降中。
4、以现有的保护站管护范围为依据,划分出7个保护空白片区,其中红豆杉、银杏、独叶草、红花绿绒蒿、领春木、红椿、水獭、牛羚、斑羚、绿尾虹雉、藏雪鸡、蓝马鸡、血雉、斑尾雉鸡、雉鹑等物种是特别需要立即采取保护措施的重点保护物种。
This thesis takes the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve as object of study. With the assistance of GIS software Arcinfo 9.0, the research adopts GAP analytic method. Based on the identification of biodiversity features of the studied area, the research combines the circumstances of human intervention and the existing conservation network, conducts GAP analysis on the protected situation of rare plants, the key protection avifauna, rare animal, amphibian and reptile, finding out unprotected species and the locations of their habitats, namely gaps, and the reasons for the existence of such gaps. And protection measures can be put forward from three aspects, such as resource protection, resource management and visitor management.
The major results of this research are the follows:
The interference source is difference in the three functional areas. The main interference source include poach, herd, medical herb gathering in the core zone, herd in the buffer area, and tourism in the experimental area.
The vegetation is constituted by twelve types, and the area of subalpine evergreen coniferous forest is the largest, which is made up of the the fir forest and spruce forest mainly, accounting for 39.95% in the total area of the region.
Human activities are the main reasons for impacting distribution of animal species and producing the protection gap, especially tourist activity. In four studied species, rare plant, avifauna, rare animal are located at core zone manily. The immediate cause is that the habitat for the avifauna and rare animal is effected by the high intensity of tourism activities, such as "haizi". Amphibian and reptile are still located at experimental area,which are dependent on the original habitats and sensitive to environmental change very much, however the number is diminishing sharply.
Takes the management scope of the present protection stations as the basis, we can divided the protection gaps into seven areas. The key protected species which need to be taken measures to immediately, are Chinese Yew (Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd.), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.), Root or leaf of dockleaf goldenray (Kingdonia uniflora Balf. F. et W. W. Smith), Redflower meconopsis inflorescence and fruit (Meconopsis punicea Maxim.), Franchet Euptelea (Euptelea pleiospermum Hookf. et Thorns.),Toon (Toona ciliata), Otter (Lutra lutra), Gnu (Budorcas taxicolor), Common goral (Naemorhedus goral), Chinese monal pheasant(Lophophorus lhuysii), Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus (Tetraogallus tibetanus), Blue Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum), Blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), Mrs.Hume's Pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), Pheasant grouse (Tetraophasis obscurus)and so on.
引文
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[4]马克平,钱迎倩.生物多样性保护及其研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,1998,04(01)：95-99
[5]张丽君.岷江上游植被的GAP分析[D].北京林业大学硕士论文,2007
[6]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(05)：454-462
[7]张鑫,杨杰.生物多样性的丧失原因与保护策略[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(10)
[8]李晓文,胡远满,肖笃宁.景观生态学与生物多样性保护[J].生态学报,1999,19(03)：399-407
[9]Franklin J. F.. Preserving biodiversity:Species, ecosystems, or landscapes[J].Ecological Applications,1993,3:202-205
[10]Forman R.T.T.. Landscape mosaics. The ecology of landscape and regions[J]. Cambridge University Press.1995
[11]Forman R.T.T.. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology [J]. Landscape ecology,1995,10:133-142
[12]Yu Kongjian. Ecological security patterns in landscape and GIS application[J]. Georgraphical Information Sciences,1995,1(02):1-17
[13]Yu Kongjian. Security patterns and surface modeling landscape planning[J]. Landscape and Urban Plan.1996,36(05):1-17
[14]肖笃宁,李晓文.试论景观规划的目标、任务和基本原则[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(03)：46-52
[15]Burley F.W.. Monitoring biological diversity for setting priorities in conservation [J]. In Biodiversity,227-230. Edited by E.O.Wilson.National Academy Press, Washington, D C.1988:521
[16]Scott, J.M., Davis F., Csuti B., et al. Gap analysis:A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Journal of wildlife Management[J],1993,57(01): 123
[17]Tear T.H., Scott J.M., Hayward P., et al. Status and Prospects for Success of the Endangered Species Act:A Look at Recovery Plans[J]. Science,1993,262:976-977
[18]刘吉平,吕宪国,殷书柏.GAP分析——保护生物多样性的地理学方法[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(01)：41-50
[19]Jennings M.D..Gap analysis:concepts, methds and recent results[J].Landscape Ecology,2000,15:5-20
[20]Patrick Crist. Gap Analysis[R]. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 2000
[21]肖海燕,赵军,蒋峰等.GAP分析与区域生物多样性保护[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(02)：153-158
[22]杨沅志,夏杰,陈北光.大尺度生物多样性保护评估手段——GAP分析[J].广东林业科技,2008,24(03)：85-89
[23]杨娜,王正军,张向新等.GAP分析的方法及研究进展[J].生物技术通报,2008,(01)：100-107
[24]Scott J.M., Jennings M.D. and Wright R.G..Landscape Approaches to Mapping Biodiversity[J]. Bioscience,1996,46(02):77-78
[25]Pfab M.F.. An Integrative Approach for the Conservation and Management of South Africa's Floristic Diversity at the Provincial Level[J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2002,11:1195-1204
[26]Dietz R.W., Czech B.. Conservation deficits for the continental United States:an ecosystem gap analysis[J]. Conservation Biology,2004,19(05):1478-1487
[27]Thomasina E.E. Oldfield, Robert J. Smith, Stuart R. Harrop, et al. A gap analysis of terrestrial protected areas in England and its implications for conservation policy[J]. Biological Conservation,2004,120(03):303-309
[28]George V.N. Powell, James Barborak and Mario Rodriguez S.. Assessing representativeness of protected natural areas in Costa Rica for conserving biodiversity a preliminary gap analysis[J]. Biological Conservation,2000,93(01):35-41
[29]Gonzalez-Rebeles, Burke C., Jennings J., et al. Transnational Gap Analysis of the Rio Bravo Rio Grand region[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1998, 64(11):1115-1118
[30]Mendel, Louise C. and Kirkpatrick J. B.. Historical progress of biodiversity conservation in the protected-area system of Tasmania, Australia[J]. Conservation Biology,2002,16(06):1520-1529
[31]Pearlstine L.G, Smith S.E., Brandt L.A., et al. Assessment state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2002,66: 127-144
[32]Craig R. Allen, Pearlstine L.G., and Kitchens W. M.. Modeling viable mammal populations in Gap analyses[J]. Biological Conservation,2001,99:135-144
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