熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料组织与力学性能研究
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摘要
本文采用熔铸法制备了TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料,TiC体积含量分别为5%、10%和15%。分析研究了复合材料中TiC的形态形成及生长机理,探讨了TiC形态的控制和改善手段,分析了热处理对复合材料组织和性能的影响,并对感应凝壳熔炼制备的TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的组织及室温和高温拉伸性能进行了分析,讨论了熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的强化和断裂机理。
热力学和XRD分析表明,TiC相在熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中可以稳定存在,当TiC含量较少时,复合材料中凝固析出的TiC主要为共晶TiC,随TiC含量的增加,复合材料中共晶TiC含量减少,初生枝晶状TiC所占比例明显增加。对TiC的成分分析表明,熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中TiC内C/Ti原子比接近0.5,处于明显的C缺乏状态,导致凝固析出的TiC密度比原始TiC粉末有所减小。
对熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中的TiC生长形态研究表明,TiC凝固时其固液界面为过渡性界面,因此TiC既有小平面生长形态又有非小平面生长形态。由于熔体中存在较大尺度的TiC团簇,凝固时TiC团簇向固液界面沉积促进了TiC的二维晶核侧向扩展长大,使有些TiC枝晶存在明显层状生长形貌。
通过对TiC粉、石墨粉和炭黑粉三种不同尺寸和形态的C源对TiC形态影响的研究表明,以细小的炭黑粉为原料时,熔铸制备过程中熔体内形成的TiC团簇尺寸较小且较分散,析出的TiC尺寸相对较小,初生TiC不易在复合材料中形成发达的枝晶状形态。
对熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的热处理研究表明,高温热处理可使共晶和初生TiC都有一定程度的粒化,热处理后TiC内C含量有所增加,且TiC的层状生长形貌明显减弱。研究发现在β-Ti+TiC相区热处理,由于C扩散系数较高,TiC粒化效果较好。在不同温度热处理后TiC内部都存在Ti析出相,析出相呈长片状形貌且内部存在层状结构,Ti析出相与TiC相在某些界面存在如下取向关系:[112_0]Ti//[01_1]TiC,(0001_)Ti//(111)TiC。
对TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料硬度测试表明,热处理后TiC相硬度有所降低,同时TiC颗粒脆性也有所降低,不易产生裂纹。压缩实验表明,由于热处理后TiC的粒化,以及热处理对TiC层状形貌的弱化作用和Ti析出对TiC的增韧作用,使热处理后复合材料的压缩强度和压缩率相比铸态时都有所增加。
采用感应熔炼制备了TiC尺寸较细小的TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料,对其室温和高温拉伸研究表明,由于TiC颗粒的引入,不同TiC含量的TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的拉伸强度相比基体合金有了明显提高,但延伸率有所下降。高温时由于TiC颗粒具有更大的载荷传递效应,因此复合材料强度提高幅度较大,500oC时TiC体积含量为5%、10%和15%的复合材料相比基体合金,抗拉强度分别提高了20.4%、27.0%和33.9%,而且高温下TiC含量越高复合材料强度也越高。对感应熔炼TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料1050oC/8h空冷热处理后,复合材料强度略有增加,而延伸率相比铸态时有显著提高,TiC体积含量5%、10%和15%的复合材料其延伸率提高幅度分别为16.3%、19.7%和38.9%。
对感应熔炼TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的拉伸断裂研究表明,复合材料的室温拉伸断口为准解理断口,由颗粒的脆性解理断面与基体的韧窝或撕裂棱组成。拉伸加载时复合材料中裂纹的产生与TiC颗粒有很大关系,在TiC相以共晶TiC为主的复合材料中,由于共晶TiC尺寸细小,裂纹主要产生于小颗粒聚集区内部;而在TiC相以初生TiC为主的复合材料中,由于初生TiC尺寸较大,材料中多由TiC自身缺陷导致断裂形成裂纹,或是TiC表面应力集中导致孔洞萌生最后发展成裂纹。
TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were prepared by melting-casting process in this study. TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites are reinforced with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC respectively. The morphology formation and growth mechanisms of TiC in the composites were investigated. The control and improving methods for TiC morphology were studied and discussed. The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of the composites was analyzed. The tensile properties at both room and elevated temperature were investigated on the TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites fabricated by induction melting, and then the strengthening and fracture mechanisms of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were studied.
Thermodynamic analyses and XRD results showed that TiC phase is stable in melted TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The solidified TiC is mainly eutectic TiC in the composites when the fraction of TiC is small, while the proportion of primary dendritic TiC increases obviously with the fraction of TiC increasing. The composition for TiC showed that the solidified TiC is of carbon deficiency, of which the atomic ratio of C/Ti is close to 0.5. This leads to a decrease for the density of solidified TiC.
The research on the growth morphology of TiC indicated that the solid-liquid interface of TiC on solidification is a kind of transition interface in melting-casting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. Thus, the solidified TiC presents both faceted and non-faceted growth morphologies. There are TiC crystal nucleuses with large size in the melt, which could promote the two-dimensional nucleation growth by depositing on the solid-liquid interface of TiC on solidification. Therefore, some TiC dendrites exhibit the layer growth morphology due to the two-dimensional nucleation growth of TiC.
TiC powder, graphite powder and carbon black powder with different size and status were used as the C sources of TiC in the TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The studies of the effect of C sources on TiC morphology showed that the TiC crystal nucleus is smaller and more dispersed in the melt when fine carbon black powder was used as the C source. Moreover, the size of solidified TiC is comparatively smaller and the primary TiC is not easy to growth to developed dendrite with the C source of carbon black.
The melting-casting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were heat treated at different temperature, and the results showed that the eutectic and primary TiC could be of granulation by heat treatment. The C content in TiC increases and the layer growth morphology of TiC becomes unobvious after heat treatment. The granulation effect of TiC was found better when heat treating atβ-Ti+TiC phase region as the diffusion coefficient of C element is comparatively higher. There are Ti precipitations within TiC after different heat treatments, and the Ti precipitations exhibit long strip morphology with inner lamellar structure. The orientation relationship betweenα-Ti precipitation and TiC goes to [112_0]Ti//[01_1]TiC,(0001_)Ti//(111)TiC.
The hardness tests for TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites showed that the hardness and brittleness of TiC particles decrease after heat treatment. Meanwhile, the cracks are not easy to be generated in heat treated TiC particles. The compression results indicated that the compression strength and compression ratio of composites have been improved because of the weakening of TiC growth layer, Ti precipitation toughening on TiC and granulation of TiC after heat treatment.
TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with small size of TiC were prepared by induction melting process. The investigation of room and elevated temperature tensile tests showed the strengths of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites reinforced different fraction of TiC are higher than the matrix alloy, but the elongations of the composites decrease as the additions of TiC. The tensile strengths of the composites at elevated temperature were increased obviously compared the matrix alloy because of the promotion of load transfer strengthening. The ultimate tensile strengths at 500oC of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC were increased by 20.4%, 27.0% and 33.9%,respectively. The TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites prepared by induction melting were heat treated for 8 hours at 1050oC and then air cooled. The tensile results of the heat treated composites showed that the strengths were increased slightly and the elongations were improved obviously. The elongations of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC were increased by 16.3%, 19.7% and 38.9% respectively compared with the as-cast composites.
The tensile facture surfaces at room temperature of induction melting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites are quasi-cleavage fracture surfaces which are composed of brittle cleavage surfaces of TiC and dimples of matrix. The generation of cracks in the composites during tensile deformation is closely related to the TiC particles. When eutectic TiC is the most of TiC phase in the composites, the cracks are mostly generated inside the fine particles gathering region because eutectic TiC particles are usually fine. When primary TiC is the most of TiC phase in the composites, the cracks are caused either by fracture of defective TiC particles, or by the voids at the interface between TiC particle and matrix.
热力学和XRD分析表明,TiC相在熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中可以稳定存在,当TiC含量较少时,复合材料中凝固析出的TiC主要为共晶TiC,随TiC含量的增加,复合材料中共晶TiC含量减少,初生枝晶状TiC所占比例明显增加。对TiC的成分分析表明,熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中TiC内C/Ti原子比接近0.5,处于明显的C缺乏状态,导致凝固析出的TiC密度比原始TiC粉末有所减小。
对熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料中的TiC生长形态研究表明,TiC凝固时其固液界面为过渡性界面,因此TiC既有小平面生长形态又有非小平面生长形态。由于熔体中存在较大尺度的TiC团簇,凝固时TiC团簇向固液界面沉积促进了TiC的二维晶核侧向扩展长大,使有些TiC枝晶存在明显层状生长形貌。
通过对TiC粉、石墨粉和炭黑粉三种不同尺寸和形态的C源对TiC形态影响的研究表明,以细小的炭黑粉为原料时,熔铸制备过程中熔体内形成的TiC团簇尺寸较小且较分散,析出的TiC尺寸相对较小,初生TiC不易在复合材料中形成发达的枝晶状形态。
对熔铸法制备TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的热处理研究表明,高温热处理可使共晶和初生TiC都有一定程度的粒化,热处理后TiC内C含量有所增加,且TiC的层状生长形貌明显减弱。研究发现在β-Ti+TiC相区热处理,由于C扩散系数较高,TiC粒化效果较好。在不同温度热处理后TiC内部都存在Ti析出相,析出相呈长片状形貌且内部存在层状结构,Ti析出相与TiC相在某些界面存在如下取向关系:[112_0]Ti//[01_1]TiC,(0001_)Ti//(111)TiC。
对TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料硬度测试表明,热处理后TiC相硬度有所降低,同时TiC颗粒脆性也有所降低,不易产生裂纹。压缩实验表明,由于热处理后TiC的粒化,以及热处理对TiC层状形貌的弱化作用和Ti析出对TiC的增韧作用,使热处理后复合材料的压缩强度和压缩率相比铸态时都有所增加。
采用感应熔炼制备了TiC尺寸较细小的TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料,对其室温和高温拉伸研究表明,由于TiC颗粒的引入,不同TiC含量的TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的拉伸强度相比基体合金有了明显提高,但延伸率有所下降。高温时由于TiC颗粒具有更大的载荷传递效应,因此复合材料强度提高幅度较大,500oC时TiC体积含量为5%、10%和15%的复合材料相比基体合金,抗拉强度分别提高了20.4%、27.0%和33.9%,而且高温下TiC含量越高复合材料强度也越高。对感应熔炼TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料1050oC/8h空冷热处理后,复合材料强度略有增加,而延伸率相比铸态时有显著提高,TiC体积含量5%、10%和15%的复合材料其延伸率提高幅度分别为16.3%、19.7%和38.9%。
对感应熔炼TiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的拉伸断裂研究表明,复合材料的室温拉伸断口为准解理断口,由颗粒的脆性解理断面与基体的韧窝或撕裂棱组成。拉伸加载时复合材料中裂纹的产生与TiC颗粒有很大关系,在TiC相以共晶TiC为主的复合材料中,由于共晶TiC尺寸细小,裂纹主要产生于小颗粒聚集区内部;而在TiC相以初生TiC为主的复合材料中,由于初生TiC尺寸较大,材料中多由TiC自身缺陷导致断裂形成裂纹,或是TiC表面应力集中导致孔洞萌生最后发展成裂纹。
TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were prepared by melting-casting process in this study. TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites are reinforced with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC respectively. The morphology formation and growth mechanisms of TiC in the composites were investigated. The control and improving methods for TiC morphology were studied and discussed. The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of the composites was analyzed. The tensile properties at both room and elevated temperature were investigated on the TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites fabricated by induction melting, and then the strengthening and fracture mechanisms of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were studied.
Thermodynamic analyses and XRD results showed that TiC phase is stable in melted TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The solidified TiC is mainly eutectic TiC in the composites when the fraction of TiC is small, while the proportion of primary dendritic TiC increases obviously with the fraction of TiC increasing. The composition for TiC showed that the solidified TiC is of carbon deficiency, of which the atomic ratio of C/Ti is close to 0.5. This leads to a decrease for the density of solidified TiC.
The research on the growth morphology of TiC indicated that the solid-liquid interface of TiC on solidification is a kind of transition interface in melting-casting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. Thus, the solidified TiC presents both faceted and non-faceted growth morphologies. There are TiC crystal nucleuses with large size in the melt, which could promote the two-dimensional nucleation growth by depositing on the solid-liquid interface of TiC on solidification. Therefore, some TiC dendrites exhibit the layer growth morphology due to the two-dimensional nucleation growth of TiC.
TiC powder, graphite powder and carbon black powder with different size and status were used as the C sources of TiC in the TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites. The studies of the effect of C sources on TiC morphology showed that the TiC crystal nucleus is smaller and more dispersed in the melt when fine carbon black powder was used as the C source. Moreover, the size of solidified TiC is comparatively smaller and the primary TiC is not easy to growth to developed dendrite with the C source of carbon black.
The melting-casting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were heat treated at different temperature, and the results showed that the eutectic and primary TiC could be of granulation by heat treatment. The C content in TiC increases and the layer growth morphology of TiC becomes unobvious after heat treatment. The granulation effect of TiC was found better when heat treating atβ-Ti+TiC phase region as the diffusion coefficient of C element is comparatively higher. There are Ti precipitations within TiC after different heat treatments, and the Ti precipitations exhibit long strip morphology with inner lamellar structure. The orientation relationship betweenα-Ti precipitation and TiC goes to [112_0]Ti//[01_1]TiC,(0001_)Ti//(111)TiC.
The hardness tests for TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites showed that the hardness and brittleness of TiC particles decrease after heat treatment. Meanwhile, the cracks are not easy to be generated in heat treated TiC particles. The compression results indicated that the compression strength and compression ratio of composites have been improved because of the weakening of TiC growth layer, Ti precipitation toughening on TiC and granulation of TiC after heat treatment.
TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with small size of TiC were prepared by induction melting process. The investigation of room and elevated temperature tensile tests showed the strengths of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites reinforced different fraction of TiC are higher than the matrix alloy, but the elongations of the composites decrease as the additions of TiC. The tensile strengths of the composites at elevated temperature were increased obviously compared the matrix alloy because of the promotion of load transfer strengthening. The ultimate tensile strengths at 500oC of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC were increased by 20.4%, 27.0% and 33.9%,respectively. The TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites prepared by induction melting were heat treated for 8 hours at 1050oC and then air cooled. The tensile results of the heat treated composites showed that the strengths were increased slightly and the elongations were improved obviously. The elongations of TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites with 5%, 10% and 15% volume fraction of TiC were increased by 16.3%, 19.7% and 38.9% respectively compared with the as-cast composites.
The tensile facture surfaces at room temperature of induction melting TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites are quasi-cleavage fracture surfaces which are composed of brittle cleavage surfaces of TiC and dimples of matrix. The generation of cracks in the composites during tensile deformation is closely related to the TiC particles. When eutectic TiC is the most of TiC phase in the composites, the cracks are mostly generated inside the fine particles gathering region because eutectic TiC particles are usually fine. When primary TiC is the most of TiC phase in the composites, the cracks are caused either by fracture of defective TiC particles, or by the voids at the interface between TiC particle and matrix.
引文
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