集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的关键技术研究
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摘要
儿童乘车安全成为碰撞安全领域重要课题之一。正确使用汽车儿童安全座椅能够有效降低碰撞事故中儿童乘员的伤亡。常规使用的儿童安全座椅是一个独立结构,通过汽车安全带或固定系统安装在汽车座椅上,不仅安装复杂,且普遍存在儿童座椅的误用问题。
集成式汽车儿童安全座椅,又称内置式儿童安全座椅。由于与汽车座椅设计为一体,并通过三点式成人安全带将儿童直接固定在车辆座椅上,因此可以有效避免儿童座椅的误用。但现有集成式汽车儿童安全座椅具有操作复杂、座垫不可无级升高、座垫长度不可改变、影响成人乘坐及侧面碰撞安全性不好等缺点。
本文提出了一款新型集成式汽车儿童安全座椅,适用于3-10岁儿童。该座椅位于汽车后排中间位置,侧面碰撞安全性好,且不影响两侧成人使用,其增高座垫可根据儿童身高在一定范围内无级调整高度。相对于常规使用的附加式儿童安全座椅,该座椅无须安装,有效避免了儿童座椅的误用。本文完成了该新型集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的结构方案,并进行了样件试制和后排座椅改装。开展了集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的台车碰撞试验,研究了其保护效果,并为仿真研究提供了依据。
利用多刚体动力学仿真软件MADYMO,建立了集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的多刚体仿真模型,并根据试验对上述模型进行了验证,在此基础上研究了该座椅关键设计参数如座垫升高高度、安全带固定点位置、安全带导向机构位置和座垫长度对儿童乘员响应的影响及其对3-10岁儿童的保护效果。建立了侧面碰撞仿真模型,对该座椅在侧面碰撞过程中对儿童乘员的保护作用进行了探讨。
论文的研究结果表明,所设计的集成式汽车儿童安全座椅能够无级调整座垫高度,改善成人安全带在儿童身上的定位,在正面碰撞和侧面碰撞中对3岁到10岁儿童提供有效保护。
本文的研究结果对国内的儿童乘员安全研究工作的开展和损伤防护技术的开发具有一定参考价值。
The safety of child passengers is an important problem to be solved in the field of impact safety. The injury and death rate of children could be decreased significantly by using child safety seat correctly. The traditional booster is an unattached device and should be fixed on the car seat via the adult safety belt or additional fix system. The process is troublesome and may result in the misuse if without correct instruction.
The integrated child safety seat, also called built-in child safety seat, was designed integrated with the vehicle seat. The child can be seated on the raised part of the seat and restrained by adult safety belt, so the misuse of the child safety seat can be avoided effectively. Recently, some kinds of integrated child safety seat have developed. Some shortages are existed. For example, the handling is complex; the height of booster can not be adjusted continuesly; the length of booster cann't be adjusted; the integrated seat will influence the use of adults and the side impact safety is not be considered.
A new integrated child safety seat for enhancing the overall safety of children aged approximately from 3 to 10 years old is presented and studied in this paper. The booster of the seat locates at the middle of the rear seat. Therefore, it has the best crash safety potential and will not influence the comfortableness of the adults when they sit on the two sides. The height of the booster can be adjusted continuously according to the height of the child passenger. In comparison with the ordinary child booster seats, it needs not be installed, so the misuse of the child seats can be avoided significantly. Some new designs have been presented and stuctural design has been conducted. Meanwile, a sample was manufactured and a rear seat was refitted to the integrated child safety seat. Sled test with the new integrated child safety seat was conducted to study the protect performance of the new device. The test results also provide a support for the simulation study.
The multi-rigid body simulation models of the integrated child safety seat were developed using MADYMO software. The modle has been validated according to the test. Then, the key parameters of this integrated child safety seat were studied according to the responses of child dummy, such as the booster height, the upper anchorage point position of the belt, the belt guide loop position and the booster length. Besides, the 3 and 10 years old child dummy models were used to investigate the performance of the seat in frontal impact for children aged from 3 and 10. Side impact simulation modle was also established and the protect effect for children in lateral impact was discussed.
The results indicated that this new type of integrated child safety seat could be adjusted continuestly and the fit of the adults'safety belts on children could be improved. To some extent, the new integrated child safety seat can provide effective protection for the children aged approximately from 3 to 10 years old in frontal and lateral impact.
The research results had reference value on the study of children passenger safety and injury prevention technology in china.
集成式汽车儿童安全座椅,又称内置式儿童安全座椅。由于与汽车座椅设计为一体,并通过三点式成人安全带将儿童直接固定在车辆座椅上,因此可以有效避免儿童座椅的误用。但现有集成式汽车儿童安全座椅具有操作复杂、座垫不可无级升高、座垫长度不可改变、影响成人乘坐及侧面碰撞安全性不好等缺点。
本文提出了一款新型集成式汽车儿童安全座椅,适用于3-10岁儿童。该座椅位于汽车后排中间位置,侧面碰撞安全性好,且不影响两侧成人使用,其增高座垫可根据儿童身高在一定范围内无级调整高度。相对于常规使用的附加式儿童安全座椅,该座椅无须安装,有效避免了儿童座椅的误用。本文完成了该新型集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的结构方案,并进行了样件试制和后排座椅改装。开展了集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的台车碰撞试验,研究了其保护效果,并为仿真研究提供了依据。
利用多刚体动力学仿真软件MADYMO,建立了集成式汽车儿童安全座椅的多刚体仿真模型,并根据试验对上述模型进行了验证,在此基础上研究了该座椅关键设计参数如座垫升高高度、安全带固定点位置、安全带导向机构位置和座垫长度对儿童乘员响应的影响及其对3-10岁儿童的保护效果。建立了侧面碰撞仿真模型,对该座椅在侧面碰撞过程中对儿童乘员的保护作用进行了探讨。
论文的研究结果表明,所设计的集成式汽车儿童安全座椅能够无级调整座垫高度,改善成人安全带在儿童身上的定位,在正面碰撞和侧面碰撞中对3岁到10岁儿童提供有效保护。
本文的研究结果对国内的儿童乘员安全研究工作的开展和损伤防护技术的开发具有一定参考价值。
The safety of child passengers is an important problem to be solved in the field of impact safety. The injury and death rate of children could be decreased significantly by using child safety seat correctly. The traditional booster is an unattached device and should be fixed on the car seat via the adult safety belt or additional fix system. The process is troublesome and may result in the misuse if without correct instruction.
The integrated child safety seat, also called built-in child safety seat, was designed integrated with the vehicle seat. The child can be seated on the raised part of the seat and restrained by adult safety belt, so the misuse of the child safety seat can be avoided effectively. Recently, some kinds of integrated child safety seat have developed. Some shortages are existed. For example, the handling is complex; the height of booster can not be adjusted continuesly; the length of booster cann't be adjusted; the integrated seat will influence the use of adults and the side impact safety is not be considered.
A new integrated child safety seat for enhancing the overall safety of children aged approximately from 3 to 10 years old is presented and studied in this paper. The booster of the seat locates at the middle of the rear seat. Therefore, it has the best crash safety potential and will not influence the comfortableness of the adults when they sit on the two sides. The height of the booster can be adjusted continuously according to the height of the child passenger. In comparison with the ordinary child booster seats, it needs not be installed, so the misuse of the child seats can be avoided significantly. Some new designs have been presented and stuctural design has been conducted. Meanwile, a sample was manufactured and a rear seat was refitted to the integrated child safety seat. Sled test with the new integrated child safety seat was conducted to study the protect performance of the new device. The test results also provide a support for the simulation study.
The multi-rigid body simulation models of the integrated child safety seat were developed using MADYMO software. The modle has been validated according to the test. Then, the key parameters of this integrated child safety seat were studied according to the responses of child dummy, such as the booster height, the upper anchorage point position of the belt, the belt guide loop position and the booster length. Besides, the 3 and 10 years old child dummy models were used to investigate the performance of the seat in frontal impact for children aged from 3 and 10. Side impact simulation modle was also established and the protect effect for children in lateral impact was discussed.
The results indicated that this new type of integrated child safety seat could be adjusted continuestly and the fit of the adults'safety belts on children could be improved. To some extent, the new integrated child safety seat can provide effective protection for the children aged approximately from 3 to 10 years old in frontal and lateral impact.
The research results had reference value on the study of children passenger safety and injury prevention technology in china.
引文
[1]全国汽车保有量增至6122万辆1.15亿人持驾驶证.www.chinanews.com.cn,2008-08-12
[2]方圆,吴光强.儿童乘员约束系统研究现状与展望.中国工程科学,2006,8(8)
[3]北京晨报.首部《机动车儿童乘员约束系统》征求意见稿.www.qianlong.com,2007-10-16
[4]中国婴童网.首部《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》 明年出台.www.baobei360.com/Articles/Html/2008-1-28/7800.html,2008-1-28
[5]鲁守卫,岳鹏翔.汽车儿童约束系统综述.道路交通与安全.2007,6(7)
[6]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Revised estimates of child restraint effectiveness.December,2003
[7]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Traffic Safety Facts-Children 2006.DOT HS 810 803,2006
[8]Economic Commission of Europe Regulation 44,Version 1.June,1998
[9]United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ECE R-44.03:Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Rrstrainting Devices for Child Occupants of Power-Driven Vehicles.June,1998
[10]李锋.儿童乘车安全的流行病学研究.中国儿童保健杂,2008,16(4)：436-438
[11]Lawrence E.Decina,Kathy H.Lococo,Alan W.Block.Misuse of Child Restraints:Results of a Workshop to Review Field Data Results.NHTSA Research Note.March 2005 Washingt on,DC.,1996
[12]Grant R. H, Brutel G.The Investigation of Accidents Involving Restrained Children as Part of the CREST Project (Child Restraint Systemfor Cars).International IRCOBI,September,1998:73-87
[13]Francoise CASSAN-Philippe LESIRE. Results of the EU"CREST"Program and Aims of the New EU Project "CHILD". Protection of Children in Cars Cologne,July 2003:12-14
[14]Kate de Jager,Francoise Cassan.The Latest Development in Child Safety.APSN Conference,December,2004:25-28
[15]吴芳瑜.台湾地区六岁与十岁儿童之碰撞模拟.台湾：国立成功大学,2005
[16]Burdi AR,Huelke DF,Snyder RG,Lowrey GH.Infants and Children in the Adult World of Automobile Safety Design:Pediatric and Anatomical Considerations for Design of Child Restraints,J. Biomechanics,Vol. 2,1968:267-280
[17]Kathleen DeSantis Klinich TRC,Roger A Saul,NRD-20,et al.Techniques for developing child dummy protection reference values.Event report,1996,1-3
[18]Gennarelli T.Mechanisms of brain injury.Emergency Medicine,1993,11: 5-11
[19]Kasai T,Ikata T,Katoh S,et al.Growth of the cervical spine with special reference to its lordosis and mobility.Spine,1996,21:2067-2073
[20]Garrett J W,Braunstein P W.The seat belt syndrome.Journal of Trauma,1962,2:220-238
[21]Lane J C.The seat belt syndrome in children.Accident Analysis and Prevention,1994,26:813-820
[22]Rieger H,Brug H.E.Fracture of the Pelvis in Children.Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research,1997(336):226-239
[23]Gray H.Gray's Anatomy.Courage Books.Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA, 1901
[24]Gennarelli TA.Mechanistic approach to the head injuries:clinical and experimental studies of the important types of injury.U. S. Government Printing Office,Washington DC,1981
[25]张震.儿童安全座椅将设“安全锁”.消费者报,2008-06-13
[26]Langwieder K,Hell W,Lowne R, et al.Side-impact to children in cars: Experience from international accident analysis and safety tests.In:Proc of 15th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference,Melbourne,1996a
[27]Agran P,Winn D,Dunkle D.Injuries among 4 to 9 year old restrained motor vehicle occupants by seat location and crash impact.American Journal of Disability of Children,1989,143:1317-1321
[28]Parenteau C,Viano D C.Field data analysis of rear occupant injuries,Part Ⅱ: Children,toddlers and infants.SAE 2003-01-0154,2003
[29]Vinay Nagabhushana,Richard M.Morgan,Jason (Yong Seok) Park,Alexander kuznetov.Impact risk for 1-8 year old children on the struck side in a Lateral Crash.SAE,2007
[30]Smith KM,Cummings P.Passenger seating position and the risk of passenger death in traffic crashes:a matched cohort study.Inj Prev.2006,12(2):83-86
[31]Elisa R,Braver,Randy,Whitfield,Susan A,Ferguson.Risk of death among child passengers in front and rear seating positions.SAE 973298,1997
[32]Howard A,Rothman L,Moses McKeag A,et al.Children in side-impact motor vehicle crashes:Seating position and injury mechanisms.Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care,2004,56:1276-1285
[33]Update.Fatal air bag-related injuries to children-United States,1993-1996.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1996,45(49):1073-1076
[34]Alfredo QH, Peter J, Geoffrey TM, et al. Airhag deployment and improperly restrained children:a lethal combination. J Trauma,2005, 59(3):729-733.
[35]Mittal MK,Kallan MJ,Durbin DR.Breathing difficulty and tinnitus among children exposed to airbag deployment. Accid Anal Prev,2007,39(3):624-628
[36]Rajiv Menon,Yogan Ghat,Stephen Ridella.Evaluation of restraint type and performance tested with 3 and 6-Year-Old Hybrid III dummies at a range of speeds.SAE,2004-01-0319v001
[37]Kahane C J,Kossar J,Chi G Y H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of child safety seats in actual use.SAE 831656,1983
[38]David W Eby,Lidia P Kostyniuk.A statewide analysis of child safety seat use and misuse in Michigan. Accident Analysis and Prevention,1999,31:555-566
[39]Arbogast K B,Cornejo R,Kallan M J,et al.Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints.In:Proc of 46th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.Tempe, Arizona,2002,213-230
[40]DR Durbin,Chen I,Smith R,et al. Effects of seating position and appropriate restraint use on the risk of injury to children in motor vehicle crashes EJ. Pediatrics,2005,115(3):305-309
[41]DR Durbin,MR Elliott,FK Winston Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. AMA,2003,289(21):2835-40
[42]Lotta Jakobsson,Henrik Wiberg,Irene Isaksson-Hellman,et.al.Reat seat safety for the growing child-a new 2-stage integrated booster cushion.Proc of 20th Int. ESV Conf.,Paper no.07-0322,Lyon,France,2007
[43]Dahl hybrid seat-seat with integrated child safety seat.http://www.dahlengineering.dk/,2006.
[44]Lundell B,Carlsson G,Nilsson P,Persson M,Rygaard C.Improving Rear Seat Safety-A Continuing Process.Paper no.S9-W-35,Proc of 13th Int.ESV Conf.,1991:1194-1200
[45]Bohman K,Bostrom O,Osvalder A-L,Eriksson M. Frontal impact protection of children seated on booster cushions-an attitude,handling and safety approach,Proc of 20th Int.ESV Conf.,Paper no.07-0268,Lyon,France,2007
[46]Bohman K,Bostrom O,Olsson J,Haland Y.The effect of a pretensioner and a load limiter on a HIII 6y,seated on four different types of booster cushions in frontal impacts,IRCOBI,Madrid,Spain,2006
[47]Stephanie Huang,Matthew P.Reed.Comparison of child body dimensions with rear seat geometry.SAE,Paper Number 2006-01-1142
[48]Kate de Jager,Michiel van Ratingen,et al.Assessing New Child Dummies and Criteria for Child Occupant Protection in Frontal Impact.On behalf of EEVC WG12 & WG18,05-0157
[49]钟志华,张维刚,曹立波,何文.汽车碰撞安全技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[50]Heiko Johannsen,Geoffrey Barley,Shaun Carine,Peter Claeson.Review of the Development of the ISO Side Impact Test Procedure for Child Restraint Systems,Proc of 20th Int.ESV Conf.,Paper no.07-0241,Lyon,France,2007
[51]Engineering Technology Associates,Inc.VPG/Safety Applications Manual VPG:Version2.0,2001
[2]方圆,吴光强.儿童乘员约束系统研究现状与展望.中国工程科学,2006,8(8)
[3]北京晨报.首部《机动车儿童乘员约束系统》征求意见稿.www.qianlong.com,2007-10-16
[4]中国婴童网.首部《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》 明年出台.www.baobei360.com/Articles/Html/2008-1-28/7800.html,2008-1-28
[5]鲁守卫,岳鹏翔.汽车儿童约束系统综述.道路交通与安全.2007,6(7)
[6]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Revised estimates of child restraint effectiveness.December,2003
[7]National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Traffic Safety Facts-Children 2006.DOT HS 810 803,2006
[8]Economic Commission of Europe Regulation 44,Version 1.June,1998
[9]United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ECE R-44.03:Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Rrstrainting Devices for Child Occupants of Power-Driven Vehicles.June,1998
[10]李锋.儿童乘车安全的流行病学研究.中国儿童保健杂,2008,16(4)：436-438
[11]Lawrence E.Decina,Kathy H.Lococo,Alan W.Block.Misuse of Child Restraints:Results of a Workshop to Review Field Data Results.NHTSA Research Note.March 2005 Washingt on,DC.,1996
[12]Grant R. H, Brutel G.The Investigation of Accidents Involving Restrained Children as Part of the CREST Project (Child Restraint Systemfor Cars).International IRCOBI,September,1998:73-87
[13]Francoise CASSAN-Philippe LESIRE. Results of the EU"CREST"Program and Aims of the New EU Project "CHILD". Protection of Children in Cars Cologne,July 2003:12-14
[14]Kate de Jager,Francoise Cassan.The Latest Development in Child Safety.APSN Conference,December,2004:25-28
[15]吴芳瑜.台湾地区六岁与十岁儿童之碰撞模拟.台湾：国立成功大学,2005
[16]Burdi AR,Huelke DF,Snyder RG,Lowrey GH.Infants and Children in the Adult World of Automobile Safety Design:Pediatric and Anatomical Considerations for Design of Child Restraints,J. Biomechanics,Vol. 2,1968:267-280
[17]Kathleen DeSantis Klinich TRC,Roger A Saul,NRD-20,et al.Techniques for developing child dummy protection reference values.Event report,1996,1-3
[18]Gennarelli T.Mechanisms of brain injury.Emergency Medicine,1993,11: 5-11
[19]Kasai T,Ikata T,Katoh S,et al.Growth of the cervical spine with special reference to its lordosis and mobility.Spine,1996,21:2067-2073
[20]Garrett J W,Braunstein P W.The seat belt syndrome.Journal of Trauma,1962,2:220-238
[21]Lane J C.The seat belt syndrome in children.Accident Analysis and Prevention,1994,26:813-820
[22]Rieger H,Brug H.E.Fracture of the Pelvis in Children.Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research,1997(336):226-239
[23]Gray H.Gray's Anatomy.Courage Books.Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA, 1901
[24]Gennarelli TA.Mechanistic approach to the head injuries:clinical and experimental studies of the important types of injury.U. S. Government Printing Office,Washington DC,1981
[25]张震.儿童安全座椅将设“安全锁”.消费者报,2008-06-13
[26]Langwieder K,Hell W,Lowne R, et al.Side-impact to children in cars: Experience from international accident analysis and safety tests.In:Proc of 15th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference,Melbourne,1996a
[27]Agran P,Winn D,Dunkle D.Injuries among 4 to 9 year old restrained motor vehicle occupants by seat location and crash impact.American Journal of Disability of Children,1989,143:1317-1321
[28]Parenteau C,Viano D C.Field data analysis of rear occupant injuries,Part Ⅱ: Children,toddlers and infants.SAE 2003-01-0154,2003
[29]Vinay Nagabhushana,Richard M.Morgan,Jason (Yong Seok) Park,Alexander kuznetov.Impact risk for 1-8 year old children on the struck side in a Lateral Crash.SAE,2007
[30]Smith KM,Cummings P.Passenger seating position and the risk of passenger death in traffic crashes:a matched cohort study.Inj Prev.2006,12(2):83-86
[31]Elisa R,Braver,Randy,Whitfield,Susan A,Ferguson.Risk of death among child passengers in front and rear seating positions.SAE 973298,1997
[32]Howard A,Rothman L,Moses McKeag A,et al.Children in side-impact motor vehicle crashes:Seating position and injury mechanisms.Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care,2004,56:1276-1285
[33]Update.Fatal air bag-related injuries to children-United States,1993-1996.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,1996,45(49):1073-1076
[34]Alfredo QH, Peter J, Geoffrey TM, et al. Airhag deployment and improperly restrained children:a lethal combination. J Trauma,2005, 59(3):729-733.
[35]Mittal MK,Kallan MJ,Durbin DR.Breathing difficulty and tinnitus among children exposed to airbag deployment. Accid Anal Prev,2007,39(3):624-628
[36]Rajiv Menon,Yogan Ghat,Stephen Ridella.Evaluation of restraint type and performance tested with 3 and 6-Year-Old Hybrid III dummies at a range of speeds.SAE,2004-01-0319v001
[37]Kahane C J,Kossar J,Chi G Y H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of child safety seats in actual use.SAE 831656,1983
[38]David W Eby,Lidia P Kostyniuk.A statewide analysis of child safety seat use and misuse in Michigan. Accident Analysis and Prevention,1999,31:555-566
[39]Arbogast K B,Cornejo R,Kallan M J,et al.Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints.In:Proc of 46th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.Tempe, Arizona,2002,213-230
[40]DR Durbin,Chen I,Smith R,et al. Effects of seating position and appropriate restraint use on the risk of injury to children in motor vehicle crashes EJ. Pediatrics,2005,115(3):305-309
[41]DR Durbin,MR Elliott,FK Winston Belt-positioning booster seats and reduction in risk of injury among children in vehicle crashes. AMA,2003,289(21):2835-40
[42]Lotta Jakobsson,Henrik Wiberg,Irene Isaksson-Hellman,et.al.Reat seat safety for the growing child-a new 2-stage integrated booster cushion.Proc of 20th Int. ESV Conf.,Paper no.07-0322,Lyon,France,2007
[43]Dahl hybrid seat-seat with integrated child safety seat.http://www.dahlengineering.dk/,2006.
[44]Lundell B,Carlsson G,Nilsson P,Persson M,Rygaard C.Improving Rear Seat Safety-A Continuing Process.Paper no.S9-W-35,Proc of 13th Int.ESV Conf.,1991:1194-1200
[45]Bohman K,Bostrom O,Osvalder A-L,Eriksson M. Frontal impact protection of children seated on booster cushions-an attitude,handling and safety approach,Proc of 20th Int.ESV Conf.,Paper no.07-0268,Lyon,France,2007
[46]Bohman K,Bostrom O,Olsson J,Haland Y.The effect of a pretensioner and a load limiter on a HIII 6y,seated on four different types of booster cushions in frontal impacts,IRCOBI,Madrid,Spain,2006
[47]Stephanie Huang,Matthew P.Reed.Comparison of child body dimensions with rear seat geometry.SAE,Paper Number 2006-01-1142
[48]Kate de Jager,Michiel van Ratingen,et al.Assessing New Child Dummies and Criteria for Child Occupant Protection in Frontal Impact.On behalf of EEVC WG12 & WG18,05-0157
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