重型半挂厢式货车高速侧风气动稳定性分析与优化
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摘要
随着国内高等级公路的快速发展以及汽车工业的飞速进步,车辆实际行驶速度的不断提高,消费者对车辆的性能品质提出了越来越高的要求。车辆以较高车速行驶时,若受到较高风速的侧风作用,其燃油经济性、操纵稳定性以及乘坐舒适性均会有较大的影响,极端的情况下还会使车辆偏离正常的行驶方向甚至发生侧倾、侧滑等,导致严重的安全问题。同时,对重型半挂厢式货车而言,其自身的特征(长宽比大、车身高度及重心位置高)以及设计的轻量化趋势都会加剧重型半挂厢式货车的侧风敏感性。因此,开展重型半挂厢式货车在高速侧风作用下的气动稳定性研究对于提高重型半挂厢式货车的燃油经济性、操作稳定性、行驶安全性和乘坐舒适性具有重要的理论指导意义和工程应用价值。
针对重型半挂厢式货车本身的结构特点及工作环境,本文旨在研究重型半挂厢式货车自然侧风及环境侧风作用下的气动特性,建立重型半挂厢式货车的多体动力学模型,分析及评价重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的直线行驶能力,优化重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动特性及直线行驶能力,为提高车辆侧风作用下的气动稳定性提供可靠的理论依据及有效的研究方法。为此目的,以国际上的通用标模——MIRA阶梯背模型及本校风洞使用的调校模型为基础,对其自然侧风作用下的气动特性进行数值模拟研究和风洞试验验证,得出适用于车辆自然侧风数值模拟的湍流模型及数值模拟方法：将此湍流模型及数值模拟方法应用于重型半挂厢式货车不同车速及不同风速作用下气动特性的模拟计算,再次通过风洞试验验证其正确性,并在此基础上研究了附加装置对重型半挂厢式货车侧风气动特性的影响：采用STAR-CD动网格技术对重型半挂厢式货车环境侧风(超车和会车工况)作用下的气动特性进行了深入研究：对重型半挂厢式货车目然侧风作用下的侧倾、侧滑行车安全进行了分析,并建立重型半挂厢式货车ADAMS动力学模型,对自然侧风作用下空载重型半挂厢式货车的侧偏性能进行分析和评价；利用优化拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging模型构建近似模型.对影响重型半挂厢式货车气动稳定性的导流罩形状主要参数进行优化研究。本文的主要研究内容如下
1.对自然侧风作用下车辆气动特性模拟的三种方法及湍流模型进行研究。结果表明：方法三及Realizablek-ε湍流模型能很好地模拟稳态和非稳态自然侧风下车辆的气动特性：风洞六分力测量试验及粒子图像测速(PIV)试验很好地验证了湍流模型和方法的正确性
2.对重型半挂厢式货车目然侧风作用下气动特性进行分析。结果表明：重型半挂厢式货车的气动力、气动力矩和流场在不同侧风作用下均会发生显著改变；通过风洞六分力测量试验及表面压力测量试验再次证明方法三及Realizable k-ε湍流模型能很好地模拟重型半挂厢式货车稳态和非稳态侧风作用下的气动特性,重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下气动特性的变化是引起车辆侧风下行驶特性改变的重要因素；附加装置对重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力特性能起到较好的改善作用。
3.对重型半挂厢式货车超车和会车复杂行驶工况下的气动特性进行分析。结果表明：在超车、会车过程中,随着两车相对速度的增加,车辆受到的气动力不断增大；在超车、会车过程中车辆周围的流场产生相互干涉,作用于车身上的瞬时气动压力在整个过程中迅速变化。
4.对空载重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的行车安全性进行研究。结果表明：侧风风级在9级以下重型半挂厢式货车侧倾的可能性不大；在冰路面上行驶时,5级侧风就会使以80km/h行驶的重型半挂厢式货车发生侧滑；当侧风风级达到7级时,80km/h的行驶车速就使得车辆的侧向偏移值超出安全的范围。
5.对空载重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动稳定性进行分析及优化：结果表明：重型半挂厢式货车导流罩的安装,改变了车辆的气动特性,并影响其行驶特性,这对车辆的燃油经济性和行驶安全性均会产生影响。因此,以重型半挂厢式货车导流罩外形参数为设计变量,重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力及侧向偏移为设计目标,基于优化拉丁超立方抽样方法进行试验设计；并以试验设计方案为基础构建Kriging近似模型,经验证构建的近似模型可以很好的替代直接数值模拟：以Kriging近似模型为基础根据不同的优化目标采用不同的遗传算法进行优化设计。优化结果表明,与安装初始导流罩的重型半挂厢式货车相比以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车气动阻力最大降低了11.5%：以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的侧向偏移为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车侧向偏移最大降低了10.05%：而以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力以及侧向偏移同时作为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车气动阻力最大降低了6.23%,侧向偏移最大降低了4.67%。
综上所述,本文系统地对车辆高速侧风下的气动稳定性进行了深入细致的研究,对车辆高速侧风气动稳定性研究提供了可供参考的研究思路及方法
With the rapid development of domestic high-grade highways, soaring progress of the automotive industry and continuous increasement of vehicle running speed, higher and higher requirements are proposed on the performance of vehicles. If the vehicle subjects to high speed crosswinds while traveling at a high speed, its fuel economy, handling stability, driving safety and ride comfort will be significantly reduced. In extreme cases. it will lead to the vehicle's deviation from the normal driving direction or even rollover. side slip, etc., triggering serious security-problems. In the meantime, for a tractor-trailer vehicle, however, its characteristics (large aspect ratio, high body height and center of gravity) and the light weight trend of vehicle design will exacerbate the vehicle's crosswind sensitivity. Therefore, carrying out studies about the aerodynamic stability of the tractor-trailer vehicle under high-speed crosswind condition significant theoretical guidance and engineering application value on improving the vehicle's fuel economy, driving safety and ride comfort.
Considering structural features and working environment of the tractor-trailer vehicle, this paper intends to focus on the aerodynamic characteristics of the tractor-trailer vehicle under natural crosswinds and environmental crosswinds conditions, establish the multi-body dynamics models. analyze and evaluate its straight driving ability in the crosswind, optimize the aerodynamic characteristics and the straight driving ability, and then provide reliable theoretical basis and effective research methods for the improvement of the vehicle's aerodynamic stability under crosswind condition. For this purpose, this paper, based on the notchback MIRA model universally applied in the whole world and the adjustable model used in the wind tunnel in Hunan Universitv. conducts a numerical simulation research on the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle under crosswind condition and wind tunnel test verification. and obtains a turbulence model and a method of the numerical simulations for the vehicle in natural crosswind condition. By using the above mentioned model and method. a simulated calculation is carried out on aerodynamic characteristics of tractor-trailer vehicle under different conditions of running speed and wind speed followed by another wind tunnel test to verity its correctness. and further the effect of additional features on aerodvnamic characteristics of tractor trailer vehicle is taken into account. Intensive research is made on the aerodynamic characteristics of tractor-trailer vehicle in environmental winds (in working conditions of overtaking and passing each other) by applying the technique of STAR-CD moving mesh. Safe driving for the tractor-trailer vehicle in the crosswind is studied and further the ADAMS multi-body dynamics model is established to carry out analysis and evaluation of empty tractor-trailer vehicle's cornering performance under the action of crosswind. By utilizing Optimal Latin Hypercube sampling method and Kriging model to construct approximate model, this paper also conducts optimized research about the main parameters of wind deflector's shape, which has great effect on the aerodynamic stability of tractor-trailer vehicle. The main research contents are as follows.
1. Through the research of turbulence models and three simulation methods for vehicle aerodynamic characteristics under the condition of crosswind, we find that the third method and Realizable k-ε turbulence model can simulate vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics very well under the action of steady and unsteady natural crosswind respectively:that wind tunnel six component measurement test and particle image velocimetry (PIV) test confirm the correctness of the proposed turbulence model and simulation method.
2. Analysis results of tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics under crosswind condition show that the aerodynamic forces. moments and flow fields of tractor-trailer vehicle will be changed significantly under different crosswind conditions. Wind tunnel six component measurement test and surface pressure measurement test once again verify that the third method and Realizable k-e turbulence model can simulate tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics very well under the steady and unsteady crosswind conditions and that the change aerodynamic characteristics under crosswind condition is the key factor for the change of running characteristics under the same condition. The result also suggests that the drag force can be reduced by the additional devices obviously.
3. The analysis results of tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodvnamic characteristics under the working condition of overtaking and passing indicate that, in the process of overtaking and passing. with the increase of the relative velocity of two vehicles. the aerodynamic force is increased constantly; flow field around the vehicle in the process of overtaking and passing will generate mutual interference. causing the changes of turbulence. producing transient aerodynamic pressure distribution in the body of vehicle. and the pressure distribution will change rapidly in the process.
4. The safe driving research about the empty tractor-trailer vehicle suggest that the rollover is not likely to occur under strong gale; when driving on the ice load, the side slip may happen on condition that the running speed exceeds80km/h under breeze; and when under moderate gale, the lateral displacement value will exceed out of safety range at the very speed.
5. The research results of aerodynamic stability of empty tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition show that, the installation of wind deflector for tractor-trailer vehicle changes the aerodynamic characteristics and driving characteristics of the vehicle, and exerts an influence on fuel economy and driving safety. Therefore, taking the shape parameters of tractor-trailer vehicle's wind deflector as design variables and the aerodynamic drag and lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as design objectives. This paper applies Optimal Latin Hypercube sampling method to carry out the Design of Experiment (DOE). Based on the database of DOE. the Kriging approximate model is constructed and the fitting precision of the Kriging model is examined. Then, the Genetic Algorithms are used to optimize the shape of the wind deflector on the basis of Kriging model according to different optimization objectives. Optimization results show that after the optimization of wind deflector by taking aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as the optimal objective, the aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector reduces by up to11.5%compared with that of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with the initial wind deflector:after the optimization by taking lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as the optimal objective, the lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector is maximum10.05%lower:after the optimization by taking both aerodynamic drag and lateral displacement as optimal objectives at the same time, the aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector is maximum6.23%lower, and the lateral displacement maximum4.67%
In conclusion. this paper systematically conducts an intensive study on the aerodynamic stability of vehicles in high-speed crosswinds and contributes valuable reference for thinking and approaches to the research on this subject.
针对重型半挂厢式货车本身的结构特点及工作环境,本文旨在研究重型半挂厢式货车自然侧风及环境侧风作用下的气动特性,建立重型半挂厢式货车的多体动力学模型,分析及评价重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的直线行驶能力,优化重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动特性及直线行驶能力,为提高车辆侧风作用下的气动稳定性提供可靠的理论依据及有效的研究方法。为此目的,以国际上的通用标模——MIRA阶梯背模型及本校风洞使用的调校模型为基础,对其自然侧风作用下的气动特性进行数值模拟研究和风洞试验验证,得出适用于车辆自然侧风数值模拟的湍流模型及数值模拟方法：将此湍流模型及数值模拟方法应用于重型半挂厢式货车不同车速及不同风速作用下气动特性的模拟计算,再次通过风洞试验验证其正确性,并在此基础上研究了附加装置对重型半挂厢式货车侧风气动特性的影响：采用STAR-CD动网格技术对重型半挂厢式货车环境侧风(超车和会车工况)作用下的气动特性进行了深入研究：对重型半挂厢式货车目然侧风作用下的侧倾、侧滑行车安全进行了分析,并建立重型半挂厢式货车ADAMS动力学模型,对自然侧风作用下空载重型半挂厢式货车的侧偏性能进行分析和评价；利用优化拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging模型构建近似模型.对影响重型半挂厢式货车气动稳定性的导流罩形状主要参数进行优化研究。本文的主要研究内容如下
1.对自然侧风作用下车辆气动特性模拟的三种方法及湍流模型进行研究。结果表明：方法三及Realizablek-ε湍流模型能很好地模拟稳态和非稳态自然侧风下车辆的气动特性：风洞六分力测量试验及粒子图像测速(PIV)试验很好地验证了湍流模型和方法的正确性
2.对重型半挂厢式货车目然侧风作用下气动特性进行分析。结果表明：重型半挂厢式货车的气动力、气动力矩和流场在不同侧风作用下均会发生显著改变；通过风洞六分力测量试验及表面压力测量试验再次证明方法三及Realizable k-ε湍流模型能很好地模拟重型半挂厢式货车稳态和非稳态侧风作用下的气动特性,重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下气动特性的变化是引起车辆侧风下行驶特性改变的重要因素；附加装置对重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力特性能起到较好的改善作用。
3.对重型半挂厢式货车超车和会车复杂行驶工况下的气动特性进行分析。结果表明：在超车、会车过程中,随着两车相对速度的增加,车辆受到的气动力不断增大；在超车、会车过程中车辆周围的流场产生相互干涉,作用于车身上的瞬时气动压力在整个过程中迅速变化。
4.对空载重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的行车安全性进行研究。结果表明：侧风风级在9级以下重型半挂厢式货车侧倾的可能性不大；在冰路面上行驶时,5级侧风就会使以80km/h行驶的重型半挂厢式货车发生侧滑；当侧风风级达到7级时,80km/h的行驶车速就使得车辆的侧向偏移值超出安全的范围。
5.对空载重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动稳定性进行分析及优化：结果表明：重型半挂厢式货车导流罩的安装,改变了车辆的气动特性,并影响其行驶特性,这对车辆的燃油经济性和行驶安全性均会产生影响。因此,以重型半挂厢式货车导流罩外形参数为设计变量,重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力及侧向偏移为设计目标,基于优化拉丁超立方抽样方法进行试验设计；并以试验设计方案为基础构建Kriging近似模型,经验证构建的近似模型可以很好的替代直接数值模拟：以Kriging近似模型为基础根据不同的优化目标采用不同的遗传算法进行优化设计。优化结果表明,与安装初始导流罩的重型半挂厢式货车相比以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车气动阻力最大降低了11.5%：以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的侧向偏移为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车侧向偏移最大降低了10.05%：而以重型半挂厢式货车侧风作用下的气动阻力以及侧向偏移同时作为优化目标优化导流罩后,重型半挂厢式货车气动阻力最大降低了6.23%,侧向偏移最大降低了4.67%。
综上所述,本文系统地对车辆高速侧风下的气动稳定性进行了深入细致的研究,对车辆高速侧风气动稳定性研究提供了可供参考的研究思路及方法
With the rapid development of domestic high-grade highways, soaring progress of the automotive industry and continuous increasement of vehicle running speed, higher and higher requirements are proposed on the performance of vehicles. If the vehicle subjects to high speed crosswinds while traveling at a high speed, its fuel economy, handling stability, driving safety and ride comfort will be significantly reduced. In extreme cases. it will lead to the vehicle's deviation from the normal driving direction or even rollover. side slip, etc., triggering serious security-problems. In the meantime, for a tractor-trailer vehicle, however, its characteristics (large aspect ratio, high body height and center of gravity) and the light weight trend of vehicle design will exacerbate the vehicle's crosswind sensitivity. Therefore, carrying out studies about the aerodynamic stability of the tractor-trailer vehicle under high-speed crosswind condition significant theoretical guidance and engineering application value on improving the vehicle's fuel economy, driving safety and ride comfort.
Considering structural features and working environment of the tractor-trailer vehicle, this paper intends to focus on the aerodynamic characteristics of the tractor-trailer vehicle under natural crosswinds and environmental crosswinds conditions, establish the multi-body dynamics models. analyze and evaluate its straight driving ability in the crosswind, optimize the aerodynamic characteristics and the straight driving ability, and then provide reliable theoretical basis and effective research methods for the improvement of the vehicle's aerodynamic stability under crosswind condition. For this purpose, this paper, based on the notchback MIRA model universally applied in the whole world and the adjustable model used in the wind tunnel in Hunan Universitv. conducts a numerical simulation research on the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle under crosswind condition and wind tunnel test verification. and obtains a turbulence model and a method of the numerical simulations for the vehicle in natural crosswind condition. By using the above mentioned model and method. a simulated calculation is carried out on aerodynamic characteristics of tractor-trailer vehicle under different conditions of running speed and wind speed followed by another wind tunnel test to verity its correctness. and further the effect of additional features on aerodvnamic characteristics of tractor trailer vehicle is taken into account. Intensive research is made on the aerodynamic characteristics of tractor-trailer vehicle in environmental winds (in working conditions of overtaking and passing each other) by applying the technique of STAR-CD moving mesh. Safe driving for the tractor-trailer vehicle in the crosswind is studied and further the ADAMS multi-body dynamics model is established to carry out analysis and evaluation of empty tractor-trailer vehicle's cornering performance under the action of crosswind. By utilizing Optimal Latin Hypercube sampling method and Kriging model to construct approximate model, this paper also conducts optimized research about the main parameters of wind deflector's shape, which has great effect on the aerodynamic stability of tractor-trailer vehicle. The main research contents are as follows.
1. Through the research of turbulence models and three simulation methods for vehicle aerodynamic characteristics under the condition of crosswind, we find that the third method and Realizable k-ε turbulence model can simulate vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics very well under the action of steady and unsteady natural crosswind respectively:that wind tunnel six component measurement test and particle image velocimetry (PIV) test confirm the correctness of the proposed turbulence model and simulation method.
2. Analysis results of tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics under crosswind condition show that the aerodynamic forces. moments and flow fields of tractor-trailer vehicle will be changed significantly under different crosswind conditions. Wind tunnel six component measurement test and surface pressure measurement test once again verify that the third method and Realizable k-e turbulence model can simulate tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics very well under the steady and unsteady crosswind conditions and that the change aerodynamic characteristics under crosswind condition is the key factor for the change of running characteristics under the same condition. The result also suggests that the drag force can be reduced by the additional devices obviously.
3. The analysis results of tractor-trailer vehicle's aerodvnamic characteristics under the working condition of overtaking and passing indicate that, in the process of overtaking and passing. with the increase of the relative velocity of two vehicles. the aerodynamic force is increased constantly; flow field around the vehicle in the process of overtaking and passing will generate mutual interference. causing the changes of turbulence. producing transient aerodynamic pressure distribution in the body of vehicle. and the pressure distribution will change rapidly in the process.
4. The safe driving research about the empty tractor-trailer vehicle suggest that the rollover is not likely to occur under strong gale; when driving on the ice load, the side slip may happen on condition that the running speed exceeds80km/h under breeze; and when under moderate gale, the lateral displacement value will exceed out of safety range at the very speed.
5. The research results of aerodynamic stability of empty tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition show that, the installation of wind deflector for tractor-trailer vehicle changes the aerodynamic characteristics and driving characteristics of the vehicle, and exerts an influence on fuel economy and driving safety. Therefore, taking the shape parameters of tractor-trailer vehicle's wind deflector as design variables and the aerodynamic drag and lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as design objectives. This paper applies Optimal Latin Hypercube sampling method to carry out the Design of Experiment (DOE). Based on the database of DOE. the Kriging approximate model is constructed and the fitting precision of the Kriging model is examined. Then, the Genetic Algorithms are used to optimize the shape of the wind deflector on the basis of Kriging model according to different optimization objectives. Optimization results show that after the optimization of wind deflector by taking aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as the optimal objective, the aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector reduces by up to11.5%compared with that of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with the initial wind deflector:after the optimization by taking lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle under crosswind condition as the optimal objective, the lateral displacement of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector is maximum10.05%lower:after the optimization by taking both aerodynamic drag and lateral displacement as optimal objectives at the same time, the aerodynamic drag of tractor-trailer vehicle installed with optimal wind deflector is maximum6.23%lower, and the lateral displacement maximum4.67%
In conclusion. this paper systematically conducts an intensive study on the aerodynamic stability of vehicles in high-speed crosswinds and contributes valuable reference for thinking and approaches to the research on this subject.
引文
[1]谷正气.汽车空气动力学.北京：人民交通出版社,2005
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