约束理论在第三方物流企业中的应用研究
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摘要
我国的现代物流由于起步较晚，在宏观环境、设施配备、技术水平和管理水平等很多方面都落后于发达国家。如何为国内第三方物流企业的发展创造有利的条件，并引导它们沿着正常的轨道发展，是当前急需解决的问题。
本论文在学习国内外相关文献及研究成果的基础上，深入分析了我国现代物流的发展现状以及在发展过程中呈现出的问题，应用约束理论(Theory of constraints，TOC)的思维流程(Thinking Process，TP)从微观的角度进行研究分析，为第三方物流(Third-party Logistics，3PL)企业提供了一套识别和消除系统瓶颈、提高系统有效产出的管理方法和技术。
论文的核心内容分为三部分：第一部分是物流环境下约束理论的介绍，论文在这一部分将原有的作业评价指标和理论方法加以拓展，用来实时指导第三方物流企业的运作；第二部分是第三方物流企业中瓶颈识别和消除过程的介绍，这一部分主要是运用约束理论思维流程的思路和技术方法对第三方物流企业的瓶颈进行分析；第三部分是实证分析，首先运用思维流程对某一具体案例进行优化，然后利用约束理论的评价指标对优化的结果进行分析。
论文的创新点主要体现在：1．将曾经是“美国制造业秘密武器”的约束理论应用于物流业，运用思维流程识别物流企业的瓶颈，帮助其制定正确的发展战略。2．与传统的以成本为核心的核算体系不同，论文以系统的有效产出作为企业制定决策的目标。
论文的研究成果具有理论意义和实践意义。其理论意义在于开拓了约束理论在物流业这个新领域的应用；实践意义在于为我国的物流企业制定发展战略提供了一种新的指导方法，并提出了有效的改进建议。
Owing to the relatively late starting, modem logistics in China falls behind the developed countries in many aspects, such as macro-circumstances, facilities, technique, management and so on. It is urgent to create favorable conditions for the development of domestic logistic enterprises and lead them to develop along the right track.
Based on the relevant articles and researches from home and abroad, this paper makes a deep analysis on the current situation and problems in the development of our modem logistics. Combining Theory of Constraints (TOC)' Thinking process (TP), this paper microcosmically researches and offers a set of management methodology and technology to identify and eliminate the system bottlenecks and increase the throughput.
The main contents of this paper contain three parts: the first part introduces TOC under the logistic circumstances. In this part the article develops the performance measures and methods of TOC aiming to accurately indicate the operation of the 3PL enterprises; the second part introduces the process of identifying and eliminating bottlenecks in the 3PL enterprises. In this part it mainly analyzes the bottleneck of the 3PL enterprises with the thinking and technology of TOC's TP; the third part is experimental analysis, which optimizes a certain case with TP and analyzes the results with the performance measures of TOC.
This paper brings forth two new ideas: 1. It applies TOC that was ever considered the secret weapon in American manufacturing organizations to logistics. It identifies the bottleneck of enterprises with TP to help them make correct developing strategy. 2. Different from the traditional accounting system cored on the cost, the paper considers the system throughput as the aim of enterprises' strategy.
This research has most important theoretical and practical significances. The theoretical significances lie in that it applies TOC to a new field-logistics, and the theoretical significances lie in that it offers a new instruction to make developing strategy and some valid suggestions to improve the performance for our logistic enterprises.
本论文在学习国内外相关文献及研究成果的基础上，深入分析了我国现代物流的发展现状以及在发展过程中呈现出的问题，应用约束理论(Theory of constraints，TOC)的思维流程(Thinking Process，TP)从微观的角度进行研究分析，为第三方物流(Third-party Logistics，3PL)企业提供了一套识别和消除系统瓶颈、提高系统有效产出的管理方法和技术。
论文的核心内容分为三部分：第一部分是物流环境下约束理论的介绍，论文在这一部分将原有的作业评价指标和理论方法加以拓展，用来实时指导第三方物流企业的运作；第二部分是第三方物流企业中瓶颈识别和消除过程的介绍，这一部分主要是运用约束理论思维流程的思路和技术方法对第三方物流企业的瓶颈进行分析；第三部分是实证分析，首先运用思维流程对某一具体案例进行优化，然后利用约束理论的评价指标对优化的结果进行分析。
论文的创新点主要体现在：1．将曾经是“美国制造业秘密武器”的约束理论应用于物流业，运用思维流程识别物流企业的瓶颈，帮助其制定正确的发展战略。2．与传统的以成本为核心的核算体系不同，论文以系统的有效产出作为企业制定决策的目标。
论文的研究成果具有理论意义和实践意义。其理论意义在于开拓了约束理论在物流业这个新领域的应用；实践意义在于为我国的物流企业制定发展战略提供了一种新的指导方法，并提出了有效的改进建议。
Owing to the relatively late starting, modem logistics in China falls behind the developed countries in many aspects, such as macro-circumstances, facilities, technique, management and so on. It is urgent to create favorable conditions for the development of domestic logistic enterprises and lead them to develop along the right track.
Based on the relevant articles and researches from home and abroad, this paper makes a deep analysis on the current situation and problems in the development of our modem logistics. Combining Theory of Constraints (TOC)' Thinking process (TP), this paper microcosmically researches and offers a set of management methodology and technology to identify and eliminate the system bottlenecks and increase the throughput.
The main contents of this paper contain three parts: the first part introduces TOC under the logistic circumstances. In this part the article develops the performance measures and methods of TOC aiming to accurately indicate the operation of the 3PL enterprises; the second part introduces the process of identifying and eliminating bottlenecks in the 3PL enterprises. In this part it mainly analyzes the bottleneck of the 3PL enterprises with the thinking and technology of TOC's TP; the third part is experimental analysis, which optimizes a certain case with TP and analyzes the results with the performance measures of TOC.
This paper brings forth two new ideas: 1. It applies TOC that was ever considered the secret weapon in American manufacturing organizations to logistics. It identifies the bottleneck of enterprises with TP to help them make correct developing strategy. 2. Different from the traditional accounting system cored on the cost, the paper considers the system throughput as the aim of enterprises' strategy.
This research has most important theoretical and practical significances. The theoretical significances lie in that it applies TOC to a new field-logistics, and the theoretical significances lie in that it offers a new instruction to make developing strategy and some valid suggestions to improve the performance for our logistic enterprises.
引文
[1] 王玉荣．瓶颈管理[M]．机械工业出版社，2002：41-91
[2] 戴定一，贺登才．发展我国现代物流产业的相关政策建议[J]．2003，8(1)：42-47
[3] 王成竹．美国的物流及配送中心[J]．中国商贸．2000，8(2)：76-76
[4] 戴建设，王书宁．约束理论：原理技术和应用[J]．计算技术与自动化．1994，13(2)：61-65
[5] 周峰．DBR/LSM：物流协同管理技术[J]．管理现代化．1999，3(96)：14-19
[6] 王之泰．现代物流管理[M]．中国人民出版社，2001．7
[7] 宋华．现代物流与供应链管理[M]．经济管理出版社，2000
[8] 陈志祥．基丁ANP理论的供需协调绩效评价模型与算法[J]．计算机集成制造系统—CIMS．2004，10(3)：286-292
[9] 王莲芬．网络分析法(ANP)的理论与算法[J]．系统工程理论与实践．2001，(3)
[10] 冯健民，蔡一兵，李振海．约束理论在预防维护中的应用[J]．焦作工学院学报．1997，16(1)
[11] 徐昊宁，杨东超，孙宗禹，钟经农，廖钢．MRPII系统中TOC的研究及应用[J]．工业工程．2000，3(1)
[12] 李大伟，戴建设，龙继锐．面向并行工程的约束管理信息系统的研究与开发[J]．高技术通讯．1995．11
[13] 姜永波，刘洪伟．企业资源的约束与可拓[J]．商业研究．2002．3(242)：39-40
[14] 江成城，周丕娟．正确理解企业中的“瓶颈”因素[J]．商业研究．2002，1(238)：51-52
[15] 傅诒辉，戴建设．基于线性约束的系数矩阵可调的管理决策NLP模型[J]．系统工程学报．1997，12(1)
[16] 徐学军，顾培亮．生产和库存管理技术—MRP、JIT、TOC的比较研究[J]．决策与决策支持系统．1995，5(2)
[17] 阙定胜，陈统坚．TOC与MRPII的混合系统[J]．机械加工与自动化．2001，(5)
[18] 王炬香，王安麟，胡宗武．供应链管理中的战略库存[J]．制造业自动化．2001，23(3)
[19] 王晶，荣超，宫兆波．基于精益生产方式与约束理论的企业过程动态改进[J]．北京航空航天大学学报．2001，14(3)
[20] 傅诒辉，戴建设，李大伟．基于约束理论的一个管理决策NLP模型[J]．系统工程学报．1995，10(2)
[21] 徐学军，孙延明．订单生产优先权的确定方法研究[J]．工业工程与管理．2001，(3)
[22] 马士华，林勇，陈志祥．供应链管理[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[23] 丁立言．物流基础[M]．清华大学出版社，2000
[24] 王微．中国物流产业发展前景与政策[J]．重庆工学院学报．2002，16(5)
[25] 杭中茂．在整合的基础上发展物流产业[J]．财贸经济．2002，(10)
[26] 蒋阳生，吴国雄，陈彦如．物流与企业竞争战略[J]．重庆交通学院学报．2002，21(3)
[27] 蒋恩尧，侯向丽．物流与企业竞争力[J]．商业研究．2002，(254)
[28] 高扬．我国物流服务业应对全球竞争的发展战略[J]．安庆师范学院学报．2002，21(4)
[29] 刘洪深．我国第三方物流发展中存在的问题及对策[J]．财经理论与实践．2002，23(116)
[30] 谢庆红．论现代物流在我国的发展[J]．重庆大学学报．2002，8(2)
[31] 谢庆红．论现代企业的物流战略[J]．渝州大学学报．2002，19(3)
[32] 张景原．约束理论在供应链生产／分销整合决策模型中的应用研究[M]．浙江大学硕士学位论文．2002．11
[33] 郭德洪，李传昭，黄俊．第三方物流运作系统及其战略[J]．重庆大学学报．2002，8(4)
[34] 李云，王平．共同配送体系结构[J]．重庆邮电学院学报．2002，14(2)
[35] 陈子侠．日本开展物流配送的经验及其启示[J]．商业经济与管理．2002，1(123)
[36] 殷豪，刘仲英．配送计划模型探讨[J]．管理现代化．2001，2(107)
[37] Daniel Crepin. From design to action: Developing a corporate strategy[J]. Quality Progress. 2002,35(2)
[38] Richard A Reid, James R Cormier. Applying the TOC TP: a case study in the service sector[J]. Managing Service Quality. 2003,13(5)
[39] Samia Siha. A classified model for applying the theory of constraints to service organizations[J]. Managing Service Quality. 1999,9(4)
[40] Smith. M, Pretorius. P. Application of the TOC thinking processes to challenging assumptions of profit and cost center performance measurement[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2003,41(4)
[41] Scoggin, Segelhorst, Reid. A. Applying the TOC thinking process in manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2003,41(4)
[42] Rahman, Shams-ur. The theory of constraints' thinking process approach to developing strategies in supply chains[J]. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 2002,32(10)
[43] Taylor, Lloyd J. Goldratt's Thinking Process Applied to Medical Claims Processing[J]. Hospital Topics. 2002, 80(4)
[44] Shams-ur, Rahman. Theory of constraints A review of the philosophy and its applications[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 1998, 18(4)
[45] Hodes, David. Toc vs Six Sigma: the myth of a perfect 10[J]. Manufacturers' Monthly. 2004, (2)
[46] Young, Terry. Using industrial processes to-improve patient care[J]. British Medical Journal. 2004, 328(7432)
[47] Lin, J.T. Wang, F. K. Lee, W.T. Capacity-constrained scheduling for a logic IC final test facility[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2004, 42(1)
[48] Komai Janos, Maskin Eric, Roland Gerard. Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint[J]. Journal of Economic Literature. 2003,41(4)
[49] Hughes Susan B, Paulson Gjerde Kathy A. Do Different Cost Systems Make a Difference[J]. Management Accounting Quarterly. 2003, 5(1)
[50] Weisel James A. Boost Profits With Excel[J]. Journal of Accountancy. 2003, 196(6)
[51] Samuel H Huang, John P Dismukes. Manufacturing system modeling for productivity improvement[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2002, 21(4)
[52] M Scott Stegall. Running like a bottled tornado[J]. Quality Progess. 2003, 36(1)
[53] Jason Spitaletta. The transformation battlefield[J]. Industrial Engineer. 2003, 35(1)
[54] Taylor Ⅲ Lloyd J, Moersch Brian J, Franklin Geralyn McClure. Applying the Theory of Constraints to a Public Safety Hiring Process[J]. Public Personnel Management. 2003, 32(3)
[55] Ronen B, Pass S. Focused management:A business-oriented approach total quality management[J]. Industrial management. 1994, 36(3)
[56] Dettmer H.W. Quality and the theory of constraints[J]. Quality Progress. 1995, 28(4)
[2] 戴定一，贺登才．发展我国现代物流产业的相关政策建议[J]．2003，8(1)：42-47
[3] 王成竹．美国的物流及配送中心[J]．中国商贸．2000，8(2)：76-76
[4] 戴建设，王书宁．约束理论：原理技术和应用[J]．计算技术与自动化．1994，13(2)：61-65
[5] 周峰．DBR/LSM：物流协同管理技术[J]．管理现代化．1999，3(96)：14-19
[6] 王之泰．现代物流管理[M]．中国人民出版社，2001．7
[7] 宋华．现代物流与供应链管理[M]．经济管理出版社，2000
[8] 陈志祥．基丁ANP理论的供需协调绩效评价模型与算法[J]．计算机集成制造系统—CIMS．2004，10(3)：286-292
[9] 王莲芬．网络分析法(ANP)的理论与算法[J]．系统工程理论与实践．2001，(3)
[10] 冯健民，蔡一兵，李振海．约束理论在预防维护中的应用[J]．焦作工学院学报．1997，16(1)
[11] 徐昊宁，杨东超，孙宗禹，钟经农，廖钢．MRPII系统中TOC的研究及应用[J]．工业工程．2000，3(1)
[12] 李大伟，戴建设，龙继锐．面向并行工程的约束管理信息系统的研究与开发[J]．高技术通讯．1995．11
[13] 姜永波，刘洪伟．企业资源的约束与可拓[J]．商业研究．2002．3(242)：39-40
[14] 江成城，周丕娟．正确理解企业中的“瓶颈”因素[J]．商业研究．2002，1(238)：51-52
[15] 傅诒辉，戴建设．基于线性约束的系数矩阵可调的管理决策NLP模型[J]．系统工程学报．1997，12(1)
[16] 徐学军，顾培亮．生产和库存管理技术—MRP、JIT、TOC的比较研究[J]．决策与决策支持系统．1995，5(2)
[17] 阙定胜，陈统坚．TOC与MRPII的混合系统[J]．机械加工与自动化．2001，(5)
[18] 王炬香，王安麟，胡宗武．供应链管理中的战略库存[J]．制造业自动化．2001，23(3)
[19] 王晶，荣超，宫兆波．基于精益生产方式与约束理论的企业过程动态改进[J]．北京航空航天大学学报．2001，14(3)
[20] 傅诒辉，戴建设，李大伟．基于约束理论的一个管理决策NLP模型[J]．系统工程学报．1995，10(2)
[21] 徐学军，孙延明．订单生产优先权的确定方法研究[J]．工业工程与管理．2001，(3)
[22] 马士华，林勇，陈志祥．供应链管理[M]．机械工业出版社，2000
[23] 丁立言．物流基础[M]．清华大学出版社，2000
[24] 王微．中国物流产业发展前景与政策[J]．重庆工学院学报．2002，16(5)
[25] 杭中茂．在整合的基础上发展物流产业[J]．财贸经济．2002，(10)
[26] 蒋阳生，吴国雄，陈彦如．物流与企业竞争战略[J]．重庆交通学院学报．2002，21(3)
[27] 蒋恩尧，侯向丽．物流与企业竞争力[J]．商业研究．2002，(254)
[28] 高扬．我国物流服务业应对全球竞争的发展战略[J]．安庆师范学院学报．2002，21(4)
[29] 刘洪深．我国第三方物流发展中存在的问题及对策[J]．财经理论与实践．2002，23(116)
[30] 谢庆红．论现代物流在我国的发展[J]．重庆大学学报．2002，8(2)
[31] 谢庆红．论现代企业的物流战略[J]．渝州大学学报．2002，19(3)
[32] 张景原．约束理论在供应链生产／分销整合决策模型中的应用研究[M]．浙江大学硕士学位论文．2002．11
[33] 郭德洪，李传昭，黄俊．第三方物流运作系统及其战略[J]．重庆大学学报．2002，8(4)
[34] 李云，王平．共同配送体系结构[J]．重庆邮电学院学报．2002，14(2)
[35] 陈子侠．日本开展物流配送的经验及其启示[J]．商业经济与管理．2002，1(123)
[36] 殷豪，刘仲英．配送计划模型探讨[J]．管理现代化．2001，2(107)
[37] Daniel Crepin. From design to action: Developing a corporate strategy[J]. Quality Progress. 2002,35(2)
[38] Richard A Reid, James R Cormier. Applying the TOC TP: a case study in the service sector[J]. Managing Service Quality. 2003,13(5)
[39] Samia Siha. A classified model for applying the theory of constraints to service organizations[J]. Managing Service Quality. 1999,9(4)
[40] Smith. M, Pretorius. P. Application of the TOC thinking processes to challenging assumptions of profit and cost center performance measurement[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2003,41(4)
[41] Scoggin, Segelhorst, Reid. A. Applying the TOC thinking process in manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2003,41(4)
[42] Rahman, Shams-ur. The theory of constraints' thinking process approach to developing strategies in supply chains[J]. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 2002,32(10)
[43] Taylor, Lloyd J. Goldratt's Thinking Process Applied to Medical Claims Processing[J]. Hospital Topics. 2002, 80(4)
[44] Shams-ur, Rahman. Theory of constraints A review of the philosophy and its applications[J]. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 1998, 18(4)
[45] Hodes, David. Toc vs Six Sigma: the myth of a perfect 10[J]. Manufacturers' Monthly. 2004, (2)
[46] Young, Terry. Using industrial processes to-improve patient care[J]. British Medical Journal. 2004, 328(7432)
[47] Lin, J.T. Wang, F. K. Lee, W.T. Capacity-constrained scheduling for a logic IC final test facility[J]. International Journal of Production Research. 2004, 42(1)
[48] Komai Janos, Maskin Eric, Roland Gerard. Understanding the Soft Budget Constraint[J]. Journal of Economic Literature. 2003,41(4)
[49] Hughes Susan B, Paulson Gjerde Kathy A. Do Different Cost Systems Make a Difference[J]. Management Accounting Quarterly. 2003, 5(1)
[50] Weisel James A. Boost Profits With Excel[J]. Journal of Accountancy. 2003, 196(6)
[51] Samuel H Huang, John P Dismukes. Manufacturing system modeling for productivity improvement[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2002, 21(4)
[52] M Scott Stegall. Running like a bottled tornado[J]. Quality Progess. 2003, 36(1)
[53] Jason Spitaletta. The transformation battlefield[J]. Industrial Engineer. 2003, 35(1)
[54] Taylor Ⅲ Lloyd J, Moersch Brian J, Franklin Geralyn McClure. Applying the Theory of Constraints to a Public Safety Hiring Process[J]. Public Personnel Management. 2003, 32(3)
[55] Ronen B, Pass S. Focused management:A business-oriented approach total quality management[J]. Industrial management. 1994, 36(3)
[56] Dettmer H.W. Quality and the theory of constraints[J]. Quality Progress. 1995, 28(4)