生物活性水技术机理及应用研究
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摘要
本论文研究的是一种畜禽粪便废水资源化利用技术，该技术处理畜禽粪便废水的出水具有“生物活性”，应用在种植业可以促进农作物生长，并可抑制病虫害，从而减少甚至避免了农药的施用，不仅减少了环境污染，还能在区域内形成循环型农业，促进农业可持续发展。
首先，研究了生物活性水对水稻、小麦在种子萌发阶段的影响，结果表明，生物活性水能显著提高水稻、小麦种子发芽率、发芽势以及幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量。通过大田试验探索生物活性水应用于有机水稻的种植方法。多次重复试验验证生物活性水浸种处理能有效的促进了种子萌发，稀释100倍生物活性水(浸种12小时条件下)效果最好，可以作为实际水稻种植的参考依据。在育秧期生物活性水有壮秧作用。移栽后，不同种植密度条件下生物活性水都能增加叶龄，而且对纹枯病有一定抑制作用，但对叶面积指数、平均每株绿叶数呈现负面影响。虽然生物活性水处理对产量增加不是很明显，但增加了大米食味值。
为了解释生物活性水的机理，研究了工艺过程中主要有机物的降解，并用凝胶色谱分析了工艺过程中有机物数均分子量Mn、重均分子量Mw和分子量分布。工艺过程中Mn和Mw呈增加趋势，而分子量分布系数Mw／Mn比值却从223．2降到6．1。进一步研究表明，工艺过程中胡敏酸HA、富里酸FA含量呈逐步增加趋势，HA／TOC与FA／TOC分别从最初的34．80％和15．22％增加到52．12％和26．89％。对腐殖化指标和主要易降解有机物含量进行了相关性分析，发现多糖含量与各腐殖化指标(HS／TOC、HA／TOC、FA／TOC)没有相关性(P<0．05)，但蛋白质、油脂、单糖、氨基酸含量与HS／TOC、HA／TOC、FA／TOC存在强负相关性(P<0．01)，氨基酸与HA／HS存在相关性(P<0．05)，与FA／HS存在负相关性(P<0．05)。利用紫外一可见光谱和荧光光谱分析了工艺各段分离的HA、FA样品，测定了E_4／E_6、E_ET／E_BZ、Zsolnay指数、Kalbitz指数、Milori指数等指标。通过高效反向液相色谱分析，发现生物活性水中含有生物胺(腐胺、精胺、亚精胺)，可能是其“活性”的原因之一。
轻石作为工艺中填料起了重要作用，通过场发射环境扫描电子显微镜SEM观察发现，轻石在使用过程中“坑蚀”现象显著，而且X射线粉末多晶衍射XRD分析表明轻石相结构发生了变化、表观结晶度降低，这与SEM观察结果一致，都表明轻石在损耗，有矿物质营养溶出。SEM—EDS表明，轻石含Fe、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K等元素，这些元素当中Mg、K是植物必需矿物质营养。轻石比表面积大、多孔，是微生物吸附栖息的场所；同时轻石释放出矿物质可以刺激微生物生长，并提供了矿物质营养，特别是植物需要的必需元素和有益元素，这可能是生物活性水“活性”的另外一个原因。
A manure waste water resources utilization technology was studied in the paper, which can produce bioactive water (BW) at the same time of manure wastewater treatment. BW can promote the growth of crops and curb disease and pest, if bioactive water is applied on plant agriculture, thereby pesticide input may be in reduction or even avoid, which not only reduce the environmental pollution, but also promote the development of sustainable agriculture.
The effects of bioactive water on seed germination parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L. )and wheat(Triticum aestivum)was investigated in the experiment. All bioactive water treatments not only enhanced germination energy and final germination percentage of wheat and rice seeds, but also greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice seedling leaves. The methods of bioactive water application on organic rice cultivation were explored through field experiments. Bioactive water treatments exerted hormone-like activity for enhance seed germination of rice and 1% bioactive water treatment by diluting BW with clean water (soaking for 12 hours) most highly stimulated the seed germination of rice, which can be a suitable reference for rice cultivation. Bioactive water treatment improved the rice seedling in seedling period. After transplanting, bioactive water treatment increased seedling age in various plant densities and was effective for prevention from rice sheath blight to some extent, but had some negative impacts on leaf area index and average number of green leaves per plant. Also, Bioactive water treatment improved taste value although had little effect on yield.
The degradation of available easily-degradable substances such as carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in the reactor were studied. Weight-average molecular weight (Mw), number-average molecular weight (Mn) and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters in different stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography, and the result demonstrated the increase of Mn and Mw and the decease of the ratio Mw/Mn from 223.3 to 6.1. The organic matters were in continuous decrease as a result of degradation and aquatic humic substances (HS) also arised from microbial production from decomposing autochthonous biomass. The HA/DOC and FA/DOC increase from an initial 34.80%, 15.22% to final values of 52.12%, 26.89% in the process, reflected the formation of complex molecules from more simple molecules. The relationships between the degradation and humification process which the organic matter underwent during the process were analyzed. No type of correlation was observed between the water-soluble carbohydrate content and the humification indices (HS/TOC、HA/TOC、FA/TOC). An inverse strong correlation between the protein、lipid、monosaccharide、amino acids and some of the humification indices considered such as HS/TOC、HA/TOC、FA/TOC was found (P<0.01). There were an inverse correlation between the amino acids and FA/HS (P<0.05) but amino acids were strongly correlated with HA/HS (P<0.05). UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to evaluate the humification degree of HA and FA from the various stages of the process, and the difference in humification degree of HA and FA was reflected by E_4/E_6、E_(ET)/E_(BZ)、Zsolnay index、Kalbitz index、Milori index, which was in accordance with the results of other research. The major polyamines (plant regulators)- putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were found in bioactive water (the effluent of the process) by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, may explain the hormone-like activity mechanism of bioactive water.
The pumice stone played an important role in the process. The phenomenon of pitting corrosion of the pumice stone from the process was found obviously through SEM observation, and XRD analysis showed that there was a change in the structure and crystallinity of the stone. The observation results showed that minerals nutrition have been dissolved from the stone containing Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, and other elements, in which Mg, K is necessary to plant. The large surface area of the pumice stone was the adsorption sites for microbial habitats. The minerals released from the stone can stimulate microbial growth, while providing the minerals for the plants need, which may be another reason for the mechanism of bioactive water.
首先，研究了生物活性水对水稻、小麦在种子萌发阶段的影响，结果表明，生物活性水能显著提高水稻、小麦种子发芽率、发芽势以及幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量。通过大田试验探索生物活性水应用于有机水稻的种植方法。多次重复试验验证生物活性水浸种处理能有效的促进了种子萌发，稀释100倍生物活性水(浸种12小时条件下)效果最好，可以作为实际水稻种植的参考依据。在育秧期生物活性水有壮秧作用。移栽后，不同种植密度条件下生物活性水都能增加叶龄，而且对纹枯病有一定抑制作用，但对叶面积指数、平均每株绿叶数呈现负面影响。虽然生物活性水处理对产量增加不是很明显，但增加了大米食味值。
为了解释生物活性水的机理，研究了工艺过程中主要有机物的降解，并用凝胶色谱分析了工艺过程中有机物数均分子量Mn、重均分子量Mw和分子量分布。工艺过程中Mn和Mw呈增加趋势，而分子量分布系数Mw／Mn比值却从223．2降到6．1。进一步研究表明，工艺过程中胡敏酸HA、富里酸FA含量呈逐步增加趋势，HA／TOC与FA／TOC分别从最初的34．80％和15．22％增加到52．12％和26．89％。对腐殖化指标和主要易降解有机物含量进行了相关性分析，发现多糖含量与各腐殖化指标(HS／TOC、HA／TOC、FA／TOC)没有相关性(P<0．05)，但蛋白质、油脂、单糖、氨基酸含量与HS／TOC、HA／TOC、FA／TOC存在强负相关性(P<0．01)，氨基酸与HA／HS存在相关性(P<0．05)，与FA／HS存在负相关性(P<0．05)。利用紫外一可见光谱和荧光光谱分析了工艺各段分离的HA、FA样品，测定了E_4／E_6、E_ET／E_BZ、Zsolnay指数、Kalbitz指数、Milori指数等指标。通过高效反向液相色谱分析，发现生物活性水中含有生物胺(腐胺、精胺、亚精胺)，可能是其“活性”的原因之一。
轻石作为工艺中填料起了重要作用，通过场发射环境扫描电子显微镜SEM观察发现，轻石在使用过程中“坑蚀”现象显著，而且X射线粉末多晶衍射XRD分析表明轻石相结构发生了变化、表观结晶度降低，这与SEM观察结果一致，都表明轻石在损耗，有矿物质营养溶出。SEM—EDS表明，轻石含Fe、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K等元素，这些元素当中Mg、K是植物必需矿物质营养。轻石比表面积大、多孔，是微生物吸附栖息的场所；同时轻石释放出矿物质可以刺激微生物生长，并提供了矿物质营养，特别是植物需要的必需元素和有益元素，这可能是生物活性水“活性”的另外一个原因。
A manure waste water resources utilization technology was studied in the paper, which can produce bioactive water (BW) at the same time of manure wastewater treatment. BW can promote the growth of crops and curb disease and pest, if bioactive water is applied on plant agriculture, thereby pesticide input may be in reduction or even avoid, which not only reduce the environmental pollution, but also promote the development of sustainable agriculture.
The effects of bioactive water on seed germination parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L. )and wheat(Triticum aestivum)was investigated in the experiment. All bioactive water treatments not only enhanced germination energy and final germination percentage of wheat and rice seeds, but also greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice seedling leaves. The methods of bioactive water application on organic rice cultivation were explored through field experiments. Bioactive water treatments exerted hormone-like activity for enhance seed germination of rice and 1% bioactive water treatment by diluting BW with clean water (soaking for 12 hours) most highly stimulated the seed germination of rice, which can be a suitable reference for rice cultivation. Bioactive water treatment improved the rice seedling in seedling period. After transplanting, bioactive water treatment increased seedling age in various plant densities and was effective for prevention from rice sheath blight to some extent, but had some negative impacts on leaf area index and average number of green leaves per plant. Also, Bioactive water treatment improved taste value although had little effect on yield.
The degradation of available easily-degradable substances such as carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in the reactor were studied. Weight-average molecular weight (Mw), number-average molecular weight (Mn) and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters in different stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography, and the result demonstrated the increase of Mn and Mw and the decease of the ratio Mw/Mn from 223.3 to 6.1. The organic matters were in continuous decrease as a result of degradation and aquatic humic substances (HS) also arised from microbial production from decomposing autochthonous biomass. The HA/DOC and FA/DOC increase from an initial 34.80%, 15.22% to final values of 52.12%, 26.89% in the process, reflected the formation of complex molecules from more simple molecules. The relationships between the degradation and humification process which the organic matter underwent during the process were analyzed. No type of correlation was observed between the water-soluble carbohydrate content and the humification indices (HS/TOC、HA/TOC、FA/TOC). An inverse strong correlation between the protein、lipid、monosaccharide、amino acids and some of the humification indices considered such as HS/TOC、HA/TOC、FA/TOC was found (P<0.01). There were an inverse correlation between the amino acids and FA/HS (P<0.05) but amino acids were strongly correlated with HA/HS (P<0.05). UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to evaluate the humification degree of HA and FA from the various stages of the process, and the difference in humification degree of HA and FA was reflected by E_4/E_6、E_(ET)/E_(BZ)、Zsolnay index、Kalbitz index、Milori index, which was in accordance with the results of other research. The major polyamines (plant regulators)- putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were found in bioactive water (the effluent of the process) by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, may explain the hormone-like activity mechanism of bioactive water.
The pumice stone played an important role in the process. The phenomenon of pitting corrosion of the pumice stone from the process was found obviously through SEM observation, and XRD analysis showed that there was a change in the structure and crystallinity of the stone. The observation results showed that minerals nutrition have been dissolved from the stone containing Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, and other elements, in which Mg, K is necessary to plant. The large surface area of the pumice stone was the adsorption sites for microbial habitats. The minerals released from the stone can stimulate microbial growth, while providing the minerals for the plants need, which may be another reason for the mechanism of bioactive water.
引文
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